Was There a Money Economy in Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman England?*

The English Historical Review ◽

10.1093/ehr/cez269 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Henry Fairbairn

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Political Change ◽

Small Scale ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Money Economy ◽

Precise Understanding ◽

The Social ◽

English Society

Abstract This article asks whether there was a money economy in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England (924–1135). In simple terms, a money economy can be defined as an economic system where money has replaced barter as the principal means of exchange. Bolton has also recently stated that ‘when the use of coin becomes the norm and not the exception … we have the beginnings of a money economy’. These two complementary definitions will provide the basis against which the question will be answered. One focus of this article is therefore on a thorough examination of the documentary material in order to demonstrate the value of monetary equivalents and small-scale transactions in this period. The second focus is on assembling, collating and analysing the abundant numismatic material in the form of single coin finds and coin hoards, an approach which affords more specific evidence of how money was actually used. The combination of approaches proposed here makes possible the formation of a more precise understanding of how money was—and was not—used across the social spectrum of English society during a period of momentous political change.

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Slave raiding and slave trading in early England

Anglo-Saxon England ◽

10.1017/s0263675100001125 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 99-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

David Pelteret

Keyword(s):

Social History ◽

Slave Trade ◽

Social Classes ◽

Anglo Saxon ◽

Norman Conquest ◽

Regional Variations ◽

The Social ◽

Domesday Book ◽

English Society ◽

History Of

Slaves were an integral and numerically important part of English society in the Anglo-Saxon period. They appear in the earliest English law code promulgated between 597 and 616 by Æthelberht of Kent; nearly half a millennium later at the beginning of the Norman age their continued widespread presence in English society is attested by Domesday Book. Yet they do not seem to have excited much attention from scholars. The longest treatment in print remains that by Kemble, which was written over a century ago. Stenton in his magisterial survey of Anglo-Saxon England made only four references to them. Some other recent histories, however, have discussed slavery in more detail. Professor Whitelock rightly included slaves in her analysis of the social classes of England up to the time of the Norman Conquest. H. P. R. Finberg took this further in his agrarian history of Anglo-Saxon England by dividing the society into three chronological periods and examining the regional variations within England during those periods. Both works mention the slave trade. This receives a more detailed discussion in H. R. Loyn's economic and social history. But the evidence on slavery in England is mostly fragmentary and in widely scattered sources. Inevitably general histories of the period but skim the surface. Only by patiently assembling all the evidence, as Professor Verlinden has been doing for many years in his studies on slavery in continental Europe, can knowledge about this significant element in English society be advanced.

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Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002509 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Peter C. Mundy

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Early Development ◽

Emotional Development ◽

Social Motivation ◽

Social Attention ◽

Social Emotional Development ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Precise Understanding ◽

The Social ◽

History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

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Methodological approaches to assessing the socio-economic system of the region

Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki ◽

10.21499/2078-4023-2018-35-2-18-24 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 18-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. A. Bessonova ◽

Y. V. Kelesh

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Federal District ◽

Central Federal District ◽

The Social ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Methodological Approaches

The author's interpretation of the concept of «socio-economic system of the region» is given in the article. The main stages of methodologies for assessing the socio-economic system are considered. The methodology developed by the authors for assessing the development of the social and economic system of the region is based on the implementation of certain principles, compliance with a number of requirements and consisting of 8 stages. The developed methodology was tested in assessing the development of SES regions in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation.

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Multilingualism in Vanuatu: Four case studies

International Journal of Bilingualism ◽

10.1177/13670069211023132 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 136700692110231

Author(s):

Mary Walworth ◽

Amy Dewar ◽

Thomas Ennever ◽

Lana Takau ◽

Iveth Rodriguez

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Primary Data ◽

Small Scale ◽

Language History ◽

Speech Communities ◽

The Pacific ◽

Historical Processes ◽

The Social ◽

Original Contribution ◽

B Mobility

Each of the 65 inhabited islands of Vanuatu hosts its own unique linguistic environment in which varying degrees of multilingualism are found. This paper defines various types of small-scale multilingual settings in Vanuatu and explores what sociohistorical factors have led to them. This paper is based on first-hand observations and primary data collected by the authors in four locations in the Pacific Island nation of Vanuatu since 2016: two neighboring villages of Emae Island (Makatu and Tongamea), North Malekula, and on Maewo Island. The assessments of multilingualism in these examples from Vanuatu were qualitative, based on observations of sociolinguistic practices in each of these areas, as well as data from language history and language use surveys carried out in each place. Through defining and comparing the types of multilingualism present in the four case studies, we identify patterns in the social and historical processes that lead to various kinds of multilingualism: (a) interaction of linguistic and sociocultural identities and (b) mobility of both individuals and entire speech communities. The examples described in this paper are used to highlight the diversity of multilingualism found in Vanuatu and to explore how their differing linguistic environments and histories have contributed to their varying degrees of multilingualism. This paper makes an original contribution to knowledge about the small-scale multilingual situations in Vanuatu, offering descriptions of previously undocumented and endangered multilingual environments. Through an examination of the sociocultural motivations for multilingualism, alongside historical migrations of speaker groups and marked sociolinguistic identities, this paper contributes to research on why and how small-scale multilingualism can develop. Furthermore, this paper provides the foundation for future, more rigorous investigations into the small-scale multilingual situations of this highly understudied region.

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Sentimental Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship: A Study of China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program

Management and Organization Review ◽

10.1111/more.12043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 55-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Daphne W. Yiu ◽

William P. Wan ◽

Frank W. Ng ◽

Xing Chen ◽

Jun Su

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

Emerging Economies ◽

Social Entrepreneurship ◽

Local Development ◽

Rural Poverty ◽

Educational Opportunities ◽

The Social ◽

Perceived Social Status ◽

Private Entrepreneurs ◽

Entrepreneurial Activities

Social entrepreneurship plays an important role in local development in emerging economies, but scholars have paid little attention to this emerging phenomenon. Under the theory of moral sentiments, we posit that some entrepreneurs are altruistically motivated to promote a morally effective economic system by engaging in social entrepreneurial activities. Focusing on China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program, a social entrepreneurship program initiated by China's private entrepreneurs to combat poverty and contribute to regional development, we find that private entrepreneurs are motivated to participate in such programs if they have more past distressing experiences, including limited educational opportunities, unemployment experience, rural poverty experience, and startup location hardship. Their perceived social status further strengthens these relationships. Our study contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by offering a moral sentiment perspective that explains why some entrepreneurs voluntarily join a social entrepreneurship program to mitigate poverty in society.

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Knowledge, attitudes and practice of family planning: profile of a Bedouin community in Saudi Arabia

Journal of Biosocial Science ◽

10.1017/s0021932000009871 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 453-461 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zohair A. Sebai

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Family Planning ◽

Social Status ◽

Small Scale ◽

Age Group ◽

The Social ◽

The Family ◽

History Of ◽

Or History

SummaryFamily planning is not being practised in Wadi Turaba in western Saudi Arabia, which is a Bedouin community with different stages of settlement. Children are wanted in the family, and the more children, especially boys, the better the social status of the family in the community. The desire of a mother for more children does not appear to be affected by her age group, history of previous marriages or history of previous pregnancies.Knowledge about contraceptives practically does not exist, except on a small scale in the settled community. Every woman, following the Koranic teachings, weans her child exactly at the age of 2 years, which obviously leads to the spacing of births. In rather rare situations, coitus interruptus is practised.

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Introduction: Moral and Market disordering in the time of Covid-19

Cultural Dynamics ◽

10.1177/09213740211014304 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 145-161

Author(s):

Michaeline A Crichlow ◽

Dirk Philipsen

Keyword(s):

Economic System ◽

High Growth ◽

Special Issue ◽

Relational Approach ◽

Market Values ◽

The Social ◽

The World ◽

World Economic ◽

Triadic Relationship ◽

The U.S

This special issue composed of essays that brainstorm the triadic relationship between Covid-19, Race and the Markets, addresses the fundamentals of a world economic system that embeds market values within social and cultural lifeways. It penetrates deep into the insecurities and inequalities that have endured for several centuries, through liberalism for sure, and compounded ineluctably into these contemporary times. Market fundamentalism is thoroughly complicit with biopolitical sovereignty-its racializing socioeconomic projects, cheapens life given its obsessive focus on high growth, by any means necessary. If such precarity seemed normal even opaque to those privileged enough to reap the largess of capitalism and its political correlates, the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic with its infliction of sickness and death has exposed the social and economic dehiscence undergirding wealth in the U.S. especially, and the world at large. The essays remind us of these fissures, offering ways to unthink this devastating spiral of growth, and embrace an unadulterated care centered system; one that offers a more open and relational approach to life with the planet. Care, then becomes the pursuit of a re-existence without domination, and the general toxicity that has accompanied a regimen of high growth. The contributors to this volume, join the growing global appeal to turn back from this disaster, and rethink how we relate to ourselves, to our neighbors here and abroad, and to the non-humans in order to dwell harmoniously within socionature.

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Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1610961113 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 113 (43) ◽

pp. 12114-12119 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Luke Glowacki ◽

Alexander Isakov ◽

Richard W. Wrangham ◽

Rose McDermott ◽

James H. Fowler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

Network Structure ◽

Social Dynamics ◽

Small Scale ◽

East African ◽

Nomadic Pastoralists ◽

Social Network Structure ◽

The Social ◽

Total Impact ◽

Social Network Position

Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, between-group conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual’s decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual’s social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders’ greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.

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The devil is in the detail: Bourdieu and teachers’ early career learning

International Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education ◽

10.1108/ijmce-02-2016-0011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 19-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jane Kirkby ◽

Julianne Moss ◽

Sally Godinho

Keyword(s):

Beginning Teachers ◽

Research Question ◽

Professional Knowledge ◽

Early Career ◽

Cultural Learning ◽

Small Scale ◽

Cultural Reproduction ◽

Analysis Tool ◽

Content Type ◽

The Social

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present how the social learning theory of Bourdieu (1990; Bourdieu and Passeron, 1990) can be a valuable tool to investigate mentoring relationships of beginning teachers with their more experienced colleagues. Bourdieu’s work provides a lens to magnify the social exchanges that occur during the mentoring relationship, so that what tends to be hidden in the “logic of practice” (Bourdieu, 1990) is drawn into view. The paper shows how the mentor is ascribed power that enables domination, and how this tends to result in cultural reproduction. A case study is used to identify aspects of social and cultural learning that demonstrate this process. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on a year-long narrative inquiry of beginning secondary teachers’ mentoring experiences in the state of Victoria, Australia. The data were generated through in-depth interviews and participants’ diary entries to answer the research question “What personal, professional knowledge is developed through beginning teachers’ early experiences with induction and mentoring?” Findings The researcher found that attention to minutiae of mentor/mentee interactions can suggest how symbolic violence shapes personal, professional knowledge. Research limitations/implications This small-scale study has some limitations. However, as an illustration of organisational learning, with strong connections to Bourdieu’s theoretical work, it can provide some illuminating insights into how policy can be enacted at the micro-level. In particular, there are implications for how mentor teachers engage in their roles and understand the potential impact of their interactions with beginning teachers. Originality/value This study applies Bourdieu’s framework of cultural reproduction as an analysis tool for a qualitative study of the mentoring of beginning teachers.

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