'Imagine all the people. . .': polyphonic flowers in the hands and voices of Indians in 16th-century Mexico

Early Music ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ros-Fabregas
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
The People

Siberia: Myths and Realities

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
N.G.O. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Political History ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of

Janet Hartley’s Siberia: A History of The People is simultaneously a survey of the history of Siberia and its peoples from the 16th century to the present and a corrective to popular preconceptions. She succeeds on both counts for the most part, but more so for the first objective. Some of her conclusions with regard to the political history in particular are subject to closer scrutiny and possible objection. Nevertheless, the book is an important contribution to Siberian scholarship in English.

scholarly journals Para o estudo das aves em Portugal (séculos XIII-XVI): conflitos e proteção, segundo o testemunho das fontes jurídicas e os livros de viagensPara el estudio de las aves en Portugal (siglos XIII-XVI): conflictos y protección, según el testigo de las fuentes jurídicas y los libros de viajesA contribution to the study of birds in Portugal (13th-16th Centuries): conflicts and protection, according to the testimony of the legal documents and travel books

2017 ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Maria Alice Da Silveira Tavares
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
City Councils ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The People ◽  
Travel Books ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

Este texto tem o objetivo de estudar as aves em Portugal, na Idade Média (séculos XIIIXV) e nos primórdios do século XVI, a partir de documentação jurídica, régia e local (costumes e foros, posturas, atas de vereação...) e dos livros de viagens, as Saudades da Terra, de Gaspar Frutuoso, sobre os arquipélagos portugueses, Açores e Madeira. Pretende-se, por um lado, dar a conhecer as aves que faziam parte da paisagem portuguesa; os conflitos e os delitos resultantes das relações quotidianas entre as pessoas e estes animais. Na segunda parte, analisaremos as penas, os mecanismos de controlo e as medidas “proteção” para a preservação das aves.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Portugal, aves, séculos XIII-XVI, conflitos, proteção.RESUMENEste texto tiene el objetivo de estudiar las aves en Portugal, en la Edad Media (siglos XIII-XV) y a principios del siglo XVI, a partir de la documentación jurídica, regia y local (fueros extensos, ordenanzas, actas municipales...) y de los libros de viajes, las Saudades da Terra, de Gaspar Frutuoso, sobre los archipiélagos portugueses, Azores y Madeira. Se pretende, por un lado, dar a conocer las aves que formaban parte del paisaje portugués; los conflictos y los delitos resultantes de las relaciones cotidianas entre las personas y estos animales. En la segunda parte, analizaremos las penas, los mecanismos de control y las medidas de “protección” para la preservación de lasaves.PALABRAS CLAVE: Portugal, aves, siglos XIII-XVI, conflictos, protección.ABSTRACTThis text describes the study of birds in the Middle Ages (13th-15th centuries) and atthe beginning of the 16th Century in Portugal through both royal and local legal documents (customs and laws, municipal by-laws, minutes of the city councils, etc.) and Saudades da Terra, a series of travel books on the Azores and Madeira Islands by Gaspar Frutuoso. The study seeks to present the birds that were part of the Portuguese landscape as well as the conflicts and the crimes generated from daily relations between the people and these animals. In the second part, it will examine the punishment, control mechanisms and the “protection” measures for the bird’s preservation.KEY WORDS: Portugal, birds, 13th-16th centuries, conflicts, protection.

scholarly journals Prosesi Pementasan Dan Persepsi Masyarakat Lampung Selatan Terhadap Barong Ket Dan Rangda Dalam Upacara Dewa Yajnya

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-57
Author(s):  
Suyono Suyono ◽  
Iluh Kristiyanti
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
The People ◽  
Art Forms ◽  
The Village ◽  
Good And Evil

Barong and Rangda dances are one of the art forms that exist in Balinese society. This dance is a traditional Balinese dance that uses a large animal mask with four legs. Barong and Rangda dance tells the story of the conflict between good and evil. The origins of Barong and Rangda are thought to have existed since the 16th century, during the reign of Dalem Waturunggung. This is indicated by the presence of Karang Bhoma, which is placed above the door or kori agung at the Paduraksa temple. In the form of barong and rangda, it seems that there is a mixture of Javanese artists with Balinese artists and has been influenced or inspired by Barongsae from China. In Sidowaluyo and Balinuraga villages, the Barong Ket and Rangda dances are performed at certain times, namely at large shrines at temples. However, not all people in the village know or understand the art of Barong Ket and Rangda and the reasons for their performance at the yajña ceremony. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance procession and the perceptions of the people of South Lampung towards the performance of Barong Ket and Rangda in dewa yajña ceremony.

Theatrical arts of Jews in Belarus

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-47
Author(s):  
Vasil F. Batsiayev
Keyword(s):  
International Education ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Functional Method ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The People ◽  
Historical Periods

Introduction. Spiritual culture occupies an important place in the life of the Jews in Belarus. Its important component is art, including theatrical. In Belarus since the 16th century there are many different Jewish theatrical associations, but they have not been sufficiently studied to date. There are no special works on this problem in the ethnological literature. At the same time, the analysis of the process of their creation, repertoire and activity, determination of forms and structure is of great scientific interest and is of great practical importance. Research Methods. The structural method was applied for studying Jewish theater associations in Belarus. This method allowed to identify their forms (clubs, enterprises, studios, theaters) and structure. To consider the process of creating theater associations, activities in different historical periods, the comparative-historical method was applied. The functional method was also used, with the help of which the functions of theatrical associations were clarified. Results. On the basis of the analyzed scientific literature, the article examines the process of creating Jewish theatrical associations in Belarus, identifies their forms, structure, clarifies the drama and activities in various historical periods. Theatrical associations are also characterized, which used in their performances works of modern and classical drama, which absorbed the best features of Jewish culture on the Belarusian land, widely turned to Jewish literature, staged the first plays of many authors. Discussion and Conclusion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the theatrical art of the Jews of Belarus began to develop in the 16th century, and the repertoire of Jewish theatrical associations (clubs, enterprises, studios and theaters) consisted mainly of Jewish classical and Soviet drama, Western European comedies. They also staged a high tragedy, vaudeville and operettas. The performances of these associations are characterized by a striving for bright stylized folk shows with sharp satirism, grotesque, buffoonery, carnivalism. Jewish theatrical art has made a notable contribution to Jewish culture. It contributed to the ideological, aesthetic and international education of the people.

scholarly journals «ИЗОБРАЖАЯ ЖЕРТВУ»: ПАФОС ОБЛИЧЕНИЯ И МУЧЕНИЧЕСТВА В СОЧИНЕНИЯХ ИВАНА ГРОЗНОГО И АНДРЕЯ КУРБСКОГО

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Alexey Popovich
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Willingness To Sacrifice ◽  
Ivan The Terrible ◽  
The Ideal

The article explores changes in the use of the categories of victim and sacrifice in political literary artefacts in the second half of the 16th century: namely, the correspondence between Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky and Kurbsky’s History of the Grand Prince of Moscow. The study shows that the writers of this time used the literary topoi of victim in a fundamentally different way to earlier authors in medieval Russia. The article defines the main means of poetics and rhetoric in the works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrey Kurbsky. The methods for updating the topos of victim for both authors are similar. Each of them desacralizes a high Christian idea and uses it and a topos for subjective and, as a rule, ideological purposes. Such changes are possible due to the mixing of earthly (profane) and heavenly (sacred) logic when dealing with the categories of victim and sacrifice, which is typical for this time. If, for Kurbsky, the people killed by the tsar are new martyrs, then for Ivan the Terrible, they are justly punished traitors. The tsar believes that subjects should be ready to sacrifice their lives for him. Kurbsky does not deny the necessity of willingness to sacrifice, but he consistently proves that the tsar’s personality does not correspond to Christian ideas about the ideal monarch, so he convinces the reader of the possibility of confronting the tsar. At the same time, both authors characterize themselves as a person affected by the actions of the other and use the literary topoi of victim.

scholarly journals Riik räägib rahvale: soomekeelsed korraldused Rootsi ajal

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Kari Tarkiainen
Keyword(s):  
16Th Century ◽  
New Words ◽  
Ecclesiastical Law ◽  
Public Meetings ◽  
The People ◽  
The Law ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

Kuningas ja lääniülemad avaldasid Rootsis 16. saj alates korraldusi, mida levitati kas rahvakoosolekutel või kirikukantslist ette lugedes. See tava kodifitseeriti 1686. a kirikuseadusega. Korralduste ettelugemine muutus jumalateenistuse osaks ja nende kuulamine oli kõigile kohustuslik. Kuna riigi idaosas Soomes ei osatud rootsi keelt, hakati korraldusi soome keelde tõlkima, mistõttu Rootsi võimuperioodi lõpuks moodustasid sellised tekstid umbes neljandiku kõikidest korraldustest. Selle süsteemi tugisammasteks muutusid Kantseleikolleegiumi juures tegutsenud soomendajad ja kuninglik trükikoda, kellel oli korralduste publitseerimise privileeg. Tekstidest olid kõige tähtsamad 3–4 korda aastas esitatud palvepäevaplakatid, mis sisaldasid aktuaalseid uudiseid kõnealuse kirikupüha jaoks Piibli tekstide valguses. Korraldusi trükiti 17. saj enamasti Turus, kuid 18. saj peamiselt Stockholmis.Korralduste tekstidel on varasemal ajal arvatud olevat suhteliselt vähene tähendus soome kirjakeele arengule, mis hakkas 19. saj kulgema purismi suunas, loobudes tollases kultuurkeeles tavalistest rootsipärasustest. Uuemad vana soome kirjakeele uurimused näitavad siiski, et kuulmise järgi omandatud ning tõlkijate loodud uudissõnu ja neologisme oli rahvakeelde kandunud üsnagi suurel määral ja sedakaudu siirdusid nad ka tänapäeva soome keelde. Nõudlus soomekeelsete tekstide järele riigi idaosas ei näita 16.–18. saj mitte soomlaste rahvustunnet, vaid selle aluseks oli hoopis vajadus tagada kõikide inimeste võrdsus seaduse ees. Korraldustel oligi suur ühiskondlik tähtsus laiade rahvakihtide õigustaju arenemise ja seadustetundmise lisandumise seisukohast.Abstract. Kari Tarkiainen: The state speaks to the people: Ordinances issued in Finnish during the era of Swedish rule. In Sweden, the king and governors issued ordinances since the 16th century that were disseminated by reading them out at public meetings or from the church pulpit. This custom was codified by the ecclesiastical law of 1686. The reading out of ordinances became a part of the church service and it was compulsory for everyone to listen to them. Since people in Finland, which was the eastern part of the nation, did not understand Swedish, the ordinances started being translated into Finnish, for which reason such texts accounted for about one fourth of all ordinances by the end of the period of Swedish rule. The persons working for the Chancellery Council who translated the texts into Finnish and the royal printing house, which possessed the privilege for printing the ordinances, became the mainstays of this system. The most important of the texts were the placards presented 3–4 times a year proclaiming days of prayer, which included topical news for the church holiday in the light of biblical texts. Ordinances were printed mostly in Turku during the 17th century, but mostly in Stockholm in the 18th century.In earlier times it was thought that the texts of these ordinances had relatively little meaning for the development of written Finnish, which started proceeding in the 19th century in the direction of purism, rejecting common Swedish idioms from the civilised language of that time. More recent studies of old written Finnish nevertheless indicate that new words and neologisms adopted by ear and created by translators had carried over into popular language to quite a great extent and were transferred from there into contemporary Finnish as well. The demand for texts in Finnish in the eastern part of the nation is not indicative of the national feeling of Finns in the 16th–18th centuries. Instead, the basis for this was the need to ensure the equality of all people before the law. The ordinances were indeed very important socially in developing perception of the law among the broad strata of the population and in adding knowledge of the laws.Keywords: Swedish legislation; translation; old written Finnish; neologisms; placards declaring days of prayer; the course of a church service; disciplining of the people

Early African Pasts: Sources, Interpretations, and Meanings

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schoenbrun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Early History ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
African History ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
The People ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Written Sources

Writing Africa’s history before the 10th century almost always means relying on sources other than written documents, which increase in number especially from the 16th century onward. Archaeology (including the study of art objects), the comparative study of historically related languages, paleo-environmental studies, and oral traditions provide the bulk of information. Writing Africa’s early history ideally involves collaboration among experts in using each kind of source, an increasingly common practice. Despite the challenges of analysis and interpretation posed by this base of sources, early African history has a depth and breadth akin to the histories made from the written sources in archives. Even so, whereas written documents provide details about individuals and precise dates, the sources for writing early African histories more often provide detail about conceptualization, for example, of time, hospitality, and individualism and about larger, environmental contexts shaping those concepts and shaped by the actions of the people who held them. Translating such concepts and scales of action into accounts accessible to those—including many historians—not steeped in the methodological conventions underlying the analysis of each source is a major challenge facing historians of Africa’s earlier past.

MASUK DAN BERKEMBANGNYA ISLAM DI KERAJAAN KUTAI KARTANEGARA

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Samsir Samsir
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Political Pressure ◽  
Central Kalimantan ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The People ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
In The Beginning

The condition of Islam in the beginning of its entry in Kutai Kertanegara was still simple. After following developments today as developments in the field of science and technology, the process of spreading Islam has progressed. After Islam was accepted by the king and the people of Kutai in a peaceful manner. So the King of the Crown Prince or the Noble King of Islam ordered his people to abandon the teachings of their religion by replacing Islam. The development of Islamic religious teachings increased rapidly with the birth of several Islamic organizations which not only fought for the interests of a group of people but also maintained the existence of Islam, besides the strategic location of Kutai Kartanegara. The Central Kalimantan region is central, causing it to get migration from all parties which gives rise to races and acculturation of cultures which gives rise to a culture that has a variety of styles. In the 16th century, the migration of the Malay to the East was due to the pressure of political pressure which violently flared in western Indonesia with the fall of Malacca in 1511 AD. The great flow of Malay migration to the East began with capital to Makassar where they controlled spices. -rempah Maluku together with Javanese people. Aceh's expansion of Johor and other regions of the Malacca Peninsula at the beginning of the 17th century. The disruption of the Dutch over Malacca in 1941 AD in Western Indonesia added to the swift flow to the East. With the acceptance of Islam as the official religion of the kingdom by the king of the Crown, all of his people also abandoned the religion previously believed. As a broadcaster on Islam, Lord Tunggang Parangan began teaching about monotheism and the teachings of Islam as a whole. For his patience and tenacity to teach about Islamic teachings, religious teachers and scholars were born who could help continue the mission in developing Islam in Kutai, especially in East Kalimantan. Thus Islam in East Kalimantan can develop both through education, marriage, trade, as well as art and culture.

The Mexico that Spain Encountered

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Schroeder
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Food Technology ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Local Resources ◽  
The People ◽  
Vast Territory

The Spaniards had little idea of what to expect when they set foot in North America. Mexico, as the region is known today, was in the 16th century a vast territory with a grand history. Inhabited by diverse peoples for millennia, great civilizations had risen and then fallen, only to be supplanted by others. The term “Mesoamerican” aptly describes the majority of peoples who lived in or near Mexico, for they shared many culture traits that depended not only on local resources but also on their ingenuity in exploiting all that was available. Food, technology, ball courts, monumental architecture, calendars, and record keeping are practices that characterize Mesoamerica. And in most instances, trade, whether local or long distance or by foot or canoe, served to join different groups across the land through an exchange of commodities, ideas, and the people themselves. Best known, and it might be said the first among many, are the Maya and the Aztecs.

Holy Week and the Theater of Art: Sculpture, Retables, and the Spanish Baroque Aesthetic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Japón
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Wars ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
Spanish Baroque

In the 16th century, the social and political changes derived from the European religious wars between Catholic and Protestant countries, economic crises, and the Counter-Reformation had an enormous impact on the evolution of visual culture. These transformations drastically changed the way in which the Catholic faithful interacted with works of art. The exemplary uses given to the images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints were promoted as intermediaries between God and people. The intense realism in art served precisely this objective, since the faithful could recognize themself in these figures. In addition, the rise of the brotherhoods and penitentiary guilds led to the popularization of behaviors that imitated the Passion of Christ, such as public self-flagellation. Therefore, the Spanish processional sculpture was fully brought forward by many of these brotherhoods. Processions used theatrical resources and were very successful among the people. In the 17th century, the Hispanic baroque aesthetic was strongly linked to the Catholic Church and was especially evident during Holy Week. The public processions and their artistic resources were very successful, so much so that they have survived to the present, evolving and adapting to each period.

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