scholarly journals Migrant carers in Europe: double jeopardy of labour market exploitation and hostile environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
E Kuhlmann ◽  
V Burau ◽  
M Falkenbach ◽  
K Klasa ◽  
E Pavolini
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Double Jeopardy ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Health Labour Market ◽  
Cash Benefits

Abstract Background Many health systems have responded to growing population needs and expanded long-term care services for older people (LTC). However, no country managed to adequately increase the human resources for health. A large group of transnationally mobile migrant carers fill the gaps and mitigate policy failure. This study aims to explore the connections between health labour markets, migrant care workers and populism and to reveal blind spots in the governance of the LTC workforce. Methods An explorative comparative approach was applied, which draws on a rapid review of the literature, public statistics and document analysis. A novel analytical framework was developed, which is informed by transsectoral governance and combines four major dimensions: LTC system (e.g. cash benefits, public responsibility), health labour market situation (supply-demand) in the LTC sector, labour migration policies relevant for LTC, and the role of populist parties. Five EU countries were selected which represent different conditions in LTC: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Poland. Results Typologies of sending and receiving countries are no longer sustainable, but transnational mobility flows still impact differently in healthcare systems and national labour markets. Undersupply coupled with cash-benefits and a culture of family responsibility are predicting high inflows of migrant carers, who are channelled in low-level positions or in the informal care sector. These conditions can often be observed in countries with strong populist movements. Conclusions Health labour markets, LTC systems, culture and political factors combine to create a double jeopardy for migrant carers, exploited as labour market subjects and exposed to hostile social environments as individual citizens. Action has to be taken to improve public health advocacy for migrant carers and to establish effective European health labour market regulation and transnational health workforce governance.

scholarly journals Health labour markets: an overview of some human factors that influence demand and supply

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dussault ◽  
P Zurn
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
World Health ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Labour Market

Abstract Background The global demand for health workers is expected to double by 2030 and it is estimated that if need is taken into account, there will be a deficit as high as 18 million according to the World Health Organization's Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030. Combined with inequities in the access to qualified health workers, this impedes progress towards the achievement of universal health coverage, global health security and the SDGs. This paper addresses health labour market deficiencies. It aims to provide guidance for a comprehensive analysis of health labour market dynamics, including the political and social factors that, in addition to economic ones influence the behaviour of health workers and of employers. Methods This paper uses the material of the WHO Health Labour Market Analysis Guidebook, which is based on the most recent literature on the demand and supply of health workers and on factors that affect them. It also draws from empirical analysis conducted recently by WHO in four regions of the world. Results On the supply side, the paper illustrates how social norms, such as those related to gender, influence the decision to become a health professional, the choice of a specialty, the choice of a practice location, and labour market participation. As to demand, examples are given of how professional interest groups' political actions (councils, trade unions) influence the division of tasks and which types of jobs will be offered. Conclusions The analysis of the dynamics of health labour markets must include human factors to achieve a better understanding of the forces that drive health worker shortages and surpluses, skills-mix and geographical imbalances, and suboptimal performance and to develop effective policies to address these issues.

An Uneven Playing Field: The Contract of Employment and Labour Market Regulation

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham F. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Exchange Model ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Voluntary Exchange ◽  
Labour Market Regulation ◽  
Contract Of Employment ◽  
Contrary View

Proponents of voluntary exchange in labour markets place great reliance on the contract of employment as an appropriate vehicle for the practical implementation of their exchange model. This paper argues a contrary view and suggests that the contract of employment may not be an appropriate vehicle for the voluntary exchange of labour.

scholarly journals Labour market regulation as global social policy: The case of nursing labour markets in Oman

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal A. Ennis ◽  
Margaret Walton-Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Skilled Migration ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Migration Policies

This article examines global social policy formation in the area of skilled migration, with a focus on the Gulf Arab region. Across the globe, migration governance presents challenges to multiple levels of authority; its complexity crosses many scales and involves a multitude of actors with diverse interests. Despite this jurisdictional complexity, migration remains one of the most staunchly defended realms of sovereign policy control. Building on global social policy literature, this article examines how ‘domestic’ labour migration policies reflect the entanglement of multiple states’ and agencies’ interests. Such entanglements result in what we characterize as a ‘multiplex system’, where skilled-migration policies are formed within, and shaped by, globalized policy spaces. To illustrate, we examine policies that shape the nursing labour market in Oman during a period when the state aims to transition from dependence on an expatriate to an increasingly nationalized labour force. Engaging a case-study methodology including a survey of migrant healthcare workers, semi-structured interviews and data analysis, we find that nursing labour markets in Oman represent an example of global policy formation due to the interaction of domestic and expatriate labour policies and provisioning systems. The transnational structuring of policy making that emerges reflects a contingent process marked by conflicting outcomes. We contend that Oman’s nursing labour market is an example of new spaces where global social policies emerge from the tension of competing national state and market interests.

scholarly journals 2.G. Workshop: The health labour market and the human face of the health workforce: analysis, advocacy and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Primary Care ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Health Workforce ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Health Workforce Governance ◽  
Health Labour Market ◽  
International Data

Abstract Background Health workforce research and data have significantly improved over recent years. Many countries have stepped up efforts to establish more complex health workforce monitoring and planning systems, to increase the stock of care workers, and to introduce new education and training programs. There is now also greater attention to skill-mix and task-shifting models. However, major policy problems and knowledge gaps remain. Health systems across countries have largely failed to respond adequately to the globalisation of health labour markets and the growing mobility. Furthermore, research on needs and demands of the health workforce is still poorly developed. Health policy largely ignores the 'human being' behind every single healthcare worker. Objectives This workshop connects health labour market data (macro-level) with the 'human face' of the health workforce (micro-level) and brings a global approach (transnational level) to the analysis, with a focus on Europe. It aims to identify gaps in health workforce policies and to highlight a need for a public health approach, which moves beyond nationally-defined health workforce policy of 'faceless numbers' of health professionals and carers. The workshop relates to ethical, cultural and social aspects of the health labour market. It also builds on the research that has revealed the connections between working conditions, staff turn-over, job satisfaction and quality of care. It acknowledges that we have a European labour market for health workers, but very little common policies developing the European health workforce. The workshop introduces novel results drawn from major international data sources (WHO, OECD, EUROSTAT), from a European primary care survey, cross-country comparative research and in-depths country case studies. Next to the nursing, medical and primary care workforce, specific attention is paid the long-term care and geriatric sectors. A particular area of concern are the threats of labour market migration to the individual professional and the sending countries. Two major policy recommendations are emerging from the research: (1) to move beyond national health labour market policy and develop a transnational regulatory framework to reduce growing inequality in Europe and globally caused by health workforce shortage and labour market migration; (2) to bring the 'human face' of the health workforce into data analysis and policymaking. The workshop will stimulate critical debate and improve knowledge exchange across countries and between researchers and international data holders. It will strengthen public health advocacy and action for future health workforce governance with a 'human face' to create a sustainable workforce and support the implementation of the SDGs. Key messages Analysis must connect health labour markets with the ‘human face’ of the health workforce. Action is needed to develop a global regulatory framework for effective and ethically responsibile health workforce governance.

Labour Market Regulations and Growth

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Badunenko
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth ◽  
Capital Deepening ◽  
Labour Market Regulation

This chapter builds a model in which labour market regulations influence labour productivity growth through labour markets. The model decomposes labour productivity growth into components attributable to (i) changes in efficiency; (ii) technological change; (iii) physical capital deepening; (iv) human capital accumulation; (v) labour market regulations changes. The empirical analysis Penn World Tables and Economic Freedom of the World data is performed for 1970–95 and 1995–2014. Findings can be summarized as follows. First, physical capital deepening is the major driving force behind productivity growth over the period. Labour market regulation changes having contributed next to nothing during 1970–95, become the second most important force of economic growth after 1995. Second, relatively rich nations benefit more from changes to labour market regulations than do relatively poor nations. Finally, contributions from labour market regulations changes to growth is stronger for countries with less liberalized labour markets.

New forms of intra-European migration, labour market dynamics and social inequality in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Verwiebe ◽  
Laura Wiesböck ◽  
Roland Teitzer
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
European Continent ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Migration

This article deals mainly with new forms of Intra-European migration, processes of integration and inequality, and the dynamics of emerging transnational labour markets in Europe. We discuss these issues against the background of fundamental changes which have been taking place on the European continent over the past two decades. Drawing on available comparative European data, we examine, in a first step, whether the changes in intra-European migration patterns have been accompanied by a differentiation of the causes of migration. In a second step, we discuss the extent to which new forms of transnational labour markets have been emerging within Europe and their effects on systems of social stratification.

The Role of Migration in the Formation of Regional Labour Markets Amidst the Second Wave of Depopulation in Modern Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
A. V. Topilin ◽  
A. S. Maksimova
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Sample Surveys ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
Regional Labour Markets ◽  
The Impact

The article reflects the results of a study of the impact of migration on regional labour markets amidst a decline in the working-age population in Russia. After substantiating the relevance of the issues under consideration, the authors propose a methodological analysis toolkit, the author’s own methodology for calculating the coefficients of permanent long-term external and internal labour migration in regional labour markets, and the coefficient of total migration burden. In addition, the authors provide an overview of the information and statistical base of the study. According to current migration records, data of Rosstat sample surveys on Russian labour migrants leaving for employment in other regions, regional labour resources balance sheets based on the calculated coefficients of labour market pressures, the authors analyzed the impact of migration on the Russian regional labour markets over the past decade. It revealed an increasing role of internal labour migration in many regions, primarily in the largest economic agglomerations and oil and gas territories. At the same time, the role of external labour migration remains stable and minimum indicators of the contribution of permanent migration to the formation of regional labour markets continue to decrease. It has been established that irrational counter flows of external and internal labour migration have developed, which indicates not only an imbalance in labour demand and supply but also a discrepancy between the qualitative composition of migrants and the needs of the economy. It is concluded that the state does not effectively regulate certain types of migration, considering its impact on the labour market. The authors justified the need for conducting regular household sample surveys according to specific programs to collect information about labour migrants and the conditions for using their labour. In addition to the current migration records, using interregional analysis, this information allows making more informed decisions at the federal and regional levels to correct the negative situation that has developed in the regional labour markets even before the coronavirus pandemic had struck.

Uitbraak COVID-19 in de verpleeghuiszorg

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Informal Caregivers ◽  
Rapid Review ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Care Facilities

Long-term care for older adults is highly affect by the COVID-19 outbreak. The objective of this rapid review is to understand what we can learn from previous crises or disasters worldwide to optimize the care for older adults in long term care facilities during the outbreak of COVID-19. We searched five electronic databases to identify potentially relevant articles. In total, 23 articles were included in this study. Based on the articles, it appeared that nursing homes benefit from preparing for the situation as best as they can. For instance, by having proper protocols and clear division of tasks and collaboration within the organization. In addition, it is helpful for nursing homes to collaborate closely with other healthcare organizations, general practitioners, informal caregivers and local authorities. It is recommended that nursing homes pay attention to capacity and employability of staff and that they support or relieve staff where possible. With regard to care for the older adults, it is important that staff tries to find a new daily routine in the care for residents as soon as possible. Some practical tips were found on how to communicate with people who have dementia. Furthermore, behavior of people with dementia may change during a crisis. We found tips for staff how to respond and act upon behavior change. After the COVID-19 outbreak, aftercare for staff, residents, and informal caregivers is essential to timely detect psychosocial problems. The consideration between, on the one hand, acute safety and risk reduction (e.g. by closing residential care facilities and isolating residents), and on the other hand, the psychosocial consequences for residents and staff, were discussed in case of other disasters. Furthermore, the search of how to provide good (palliative) care and to maintain quality of life for older adults who suffer from COVID-19 is also of concern to nursing home organizations. In the included articles, the perspective of older adults, informal caregivers and staff is often lacking. Especially the experiences of older adults, informal caregivers, and nursing home staff with the care for older adults in the current situation, are important in formulating lessons about how to act before, during and after the coronacrisis. This may further enhance person-centered care, even in times of crisis. Therefore, we recommend to study these experiences in future research.

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