Mutations Causing Constitutive Invertase Synthesis in Yeast: Genetic Interactions with snf Mutations

Genetics ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Lenore Neigeborn ◽  
Marian Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Constitutive Mutation ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
High Level ◽  
Yeast Genetic ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACT We have selected 210 mutants able to grow on sucrose in the presence of 2-deoxyglucose. We identified recessive mutations in three major complementation groups that cause constitutive (glucose-insensitive) secreted invertase synthesis. Two groups comprise alleles of the previously identified HXK2 and REG1 genes, and the third group was designated cid1 (constitutive invertase derepression). The effect of cid1 on SUC2 expression is mediated by the SUC2 upstream regulatory region, as judged by the constitutive expression of a SUC2-LEU2-lacZ fusion in which the LEU2 promoter is under control of SUC2 upstream sequences. A cid1 mutation also causes glucose-insensitive expression of maltase. The previously isolated constitutive mutation ssn6 is epistatic to cid1, reg1 and hxk2 for very high level constitutive invertase expression. Mutations in SNF genes that prevent derepression of invertase are epistatic to cid1, reg1 and hxk2; we have previously shown that ssn6 has different epistasis relationships with snf mutations. The constitutive mutation tup1 was found to resemble ssn6 in its genetic interactions with snf mutations. These findings suggest that CID1, REG1 and HXK2 are functionally distinct from SSN6 and TUP1.

Current proposals for the Thames barrier and the organization of the investigations

1972 ◽  
Vol 272 (1221) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
River Thames ◽  
High Level ◽  
A Site ◽  
Very High

A considerable area of London close to the River Thames is liable to flood if the water in the river reaches an exceptionally high level. The very high waters which occur from time to time due to exceptional meteorological conditions are steadily increasing in level. After considering the possible ways of meeting this threat, by raising the existing flood defences, constructing a barrage across the mouth of the estuary, or the provision of a removeable flood barrier, to be closed only when a dangerous surge tide was liable to occur, the third course has been chosen as the best method. A site in Woolwich Reach has been chosen for a structure with four main openings of 61 m (200 ft), and the rising sectorf gate has been selected as the type of gate to be developed for the main openings.

scholarly journals Systematic identification of pleiotropic genes from genetic interactions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth N. Koch ◽  
Michael Costanzo ◽  
Raamesh Deshpande ◽  
Brenda Andrews ◽  
Charles Boone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Networks ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Systematic Identification ◽  
Modular Structures ◽  
Yeast Genetic ◽  
Expression Variance

SummaryModular structures in biological networks are ubiquitous and well-described, yet this organization does not capture the complexity of genes individually influencing many modules. Pleiotropy, the phenomenon of a single genetic locus with multiple phenotypic effects, has previously been measured according to many definitions, which typically count phenotypes associated with genes. We take the perspective that, because genes work in complex and interconnected modules, pleiotropy can be treated as a network-derived characteristic. Here, we use the complete network of yeast genetic interactions (GI) to measure pleiotropy of nearly 2700 essential and nonessential genes. Our method uses frequent item set mining to discover GI modules, annotates them with high-level processes, and uses entropy to measure the functional spread of each gene’s set of containing modules. We classify genes whose modules indicate broad functional influence as having high pleiotropy, while genes with focused functional influence have low pleiotropy. These pleiotropy classes differed in a number of ways: high-pleiotropy genes have comparatively higher expression variance, higher protein abundance, more domains, and higher copy number, while low pleiotropy genes are more likely to be in protein complexes and have many curated phenotypes. We discuss the implications of these results regarding the nature and evolution of pleiotropy.

scholarly journals Study on Proposal of Men’s Styles Using Angkor Wat as the Motive

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 957-965
Author(s):  
Jong Min Lee ◽  
Seon Hye Kim ◽  
Yoo Jung Kim ◽  
Yong-mi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Standards ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Currently, Korea's cultural standards are very high in the world. In line with this heightened level, Korea's beauty industry is also at a high level. But the Barber industry in Korea is not like that. However the number of barbershops is expected to increase gradually as many hair salons do, and the level of barbershops is expected to improve. Therefore, we started this paper because it was determined that new attempts and suggestions of styles were needed for men's hair styles. In order to produce the work of this study, a total of four works were produced based on the theoretical basis of Angkor Wat's concept, the literature on hair tattoos, Internet data. The first work based on the motive of “Nāga” in Angkor Wat is expressed by combining a ducktail and a hair tattoo. The second work based on the “Mahābhārata” in Angkor Wat is expressed by combining a pompadour and a hair tattoo. The third work based on the tower in Phnom Bakheng is expressed by combining iron windings and a hair tattoo. The fourth work based on the central tower in Angkor Wat is expressed by combining iron techniques and hair tattoo. Based on the sculpting work, which is the link between architecture and men's hair, the possibility of creating a male hairstyle by combining hair tattoos was shown in this study, and Barber work was worth it compared to sculpture and other art.

scholarly journals RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION OF DRY BULK JETTY AT TELUK LAMONG MULTIPURPOSE TERMINAL

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Bayu Puji Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Risk Measurement ◽  
Site Condition ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Risk is a situation that is uncertain and there is an element of danger, the consequences that could occur due to a process that is ongoing or upcoming events. One of them in construction, where activity in this activity, there is some risk that may occur and give a great impact in the success of the completion of the work. Approaches were made to the risks involved with understanding/identification of risk, risk measurement, risk mapping, the response to risk. So with the existence of such activities can provide a recommendation as to whether the risks are acceptable, divided, reduced or avoided. This research was conducted with descriptive quantitative research methods. The results of this study concluded that there were 7 risk factors in very high level understanding of contract documents i.e., different site condition, productivity, quality equipment/material quality, smooth cash flow, the competence of sub contractors, and the influence of the weather. Against the risk of handling very high i.e. by way of doing business – business everything possible so that it can reduce the level of risk that exists so that the work can be resolved properly and the third project targets can be achieved.

scholarly journals AN ANALYSIS ON THE DIFFICULTIES LEVEL OF THREE ONLINE WRITTEN TEXTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Wanda Giovani
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Written Texts ◽  
Reading Materials ◽  
Lexical Density ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

This research aims to elaborate the difficulty levels of three different texts that bring the same topic. This research is a discourse analysis which was done by analyzing the lexical density, nominalization, and the finiteness of the texts. The three texts that have been analyzed were taken online from Wikipedia and two personal blogs for English research. The results show that the first text can be taken as the most complex text for high level readers, the second text for the intermediate level readers, and the third text for the elementary or low level readers. In terms of lexical density, the first text gains very high percentage which is up to 60%, this shows that the text is the most informative of all. Whereas, the second text and the third text’s lexical density are both 50%, which indicates that there are lack of contents in them.  Regarding to nominalization, the first text is still on the highest level with 12 nominalizations, the second text is on the intermediate level with 10 nominalizations, and the third text is on the lowest level, without any nominalization. The last is from the finiteness side. The first text has the lowest number of finiteness; the second text has the second highest number of finites, whereas the third text has the highest number of finites of all. This is the result of the highest number of lexical density and nominalization of the first text that decreases the frequency of sentences in it. The results of this research can be useful for online readers to decide what kind of reading materials which are suitable for their English levels.

GENES AFFECTING THE REGULATION OF SUC2 GENE EXPRESSION BY GLUCOSE REPRESSION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-858
Author(s):  
Lenore Neigeborn ◽  
Marian Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Glucose Repression ◽  
Invertase Activity ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
Glycerol Utilization ◽  
Suc2 Gene ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with defects in sucrose or raffinose fermentation were isolated. In addition to mutations in the SUC2 structural gene for invertase, we recovered 18 recessive mutations that affected the regulation of invertase synthesis by glucose repression. These mutations included five new snf1 (sucrose nonfermenting) alleles and also defined five new complementation groups, designated snf2, snf3, snf4, snf5 and snf6. The snf2, snf4 and snf5 mutants produced little or no secreted invertase under derepressing conditions and were pleiotropically defective in galactose and glycerol utilization, which are both regulated by glucose repression. The snf6 mutant produced low levels of secreted invertase under derepressing conditions, and no pleiotropy was detected. The snf3 mutants derepressed secreted invertase to 10-35% the wild-type level but grew less well on sucrose than expected from their invertase activity; in addition, snf3 mutants synthesized some invertase under glucose-repressing conditions.—We examined the interactions between the different snf mutations and ssn6, a mutation causing constitutive (glucose-insensitive) high-level invertase synthesis that was previously isolated as a suppressor of snf1 . The ssn6 mutation completely suppressed the defects in derepression of invertase conferred by snf1, snf3, snf4 and snf6, and each double mutant showed the constitutivity for invertase typical of ssn6 single mutants. In contrast, snf2 ssn6 and snf5 ssn6 strains produced only moderate levels of invertase under derepressing conditions and very low levels under repressing conditions. These findings suggest roles for the SNF1 through SNF6 and SSN6 genes in the regulation of SUC2 gene expression by glucose repression.

scholarly journals Studi evaluasi Pencahayaan Alami Pada Gedung Kuliah Bersama Iii Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ode Rapija Gw ◽  
Beta Suryo Kusumo .
Keyword(s):  
Light Level ◽  
Visual Comfort ◽  
Floor Level ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lecture Room ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Level ◽  
Computer Labs ◽  
Very High ◽  
Window Level

In Gedung Kuliah Bersama (GKB) III at University Muhammadiyah of Malang, at the first floor with a low-level of illumination should be used for audio-visual rooms or meeting, or it’s not used to read, write a long time (often), and for a thorough job, so it does not require a high level of illumination, because the majority of rooms on the first floor level of 30 lux illumination only and the maximum light level is only about 300 lux at the window. On the second floor with office functions majors and computer labs are appropriate to the level of illumination most of the rooms reached 200 lux, at the window level to 500 lux maximum lighting. Lecture room on 3 and 4 floors have a very high level of illumination, on the third floor reached 120-240 lux in the most of the rooms and around the window to 1200 lux, the uneven illumination very disturbing visual comfort of user room. On the fourth floor most of the rooms have lighting levels of 200-400 lux and 1800 lux maximum reached around the windows.Key Words: Lighting levels or level of illumination, GKB ( Gedung Kuliah Bersama )

scholarly journals Opini Publik Tentang Penggunaan Teknologi Video Asisten Wasit Sebagai Solusi Kompetisi Liga 1 Sepak Bola Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
Vanny Adriani ◽  
Deddy Irwandy
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
The Third ◽  
Data Collection Process ◽  
Football Match ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High ◽  
Sports Activities

The use of video assistant referees (VAR) is one solution to football problems in Indonesia. Indonesian football has a problem for years, namely the problem of trust in referees due to many referee bribery scandals and others. Based on this problem, this research focuses on public opinion toward VAR technology use in football. The research methodology is descriptive research, and this research is directed to make careful and detailed observations of the observed phenomena. This descriptive study aims to highlight current issues or problems through a data collection process that allows the researcher to describe the situation more fully than is possible without using this method. Researchers also seek to see phenomena related to technology involvement in sports activities from the players, organizers, spectators, and other stakeholders. The research results found that Public Opinion is formed into three types, for the first type who has a very high level of identification with the football club who is dissatisfied with the use of Video Assistant Referee Technology (VAR), the second type of public who enjoy football matches with debate in a football match less satisfied with the use of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology, and the third type for the more modern public sees the use of Video Assistant Referee (VAR) technology as a solution in decisions used in the Indonesian Football League  Competition.

Genetic control of trichome branch number in Arabidopsis: the roles of the FURCA loci

Development ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 126 (24) ◽  
pp. 5547-5557 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Luo ◽  
D.G. Oppenheimer
Keyword(s):  
Cell Shape ◽  
Genetic Interactions ◽  
Secondary Branch ◽  
Branch Number ◽  
Recessive Mutations ◽  
New Genes ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Hair Morphogenesis ◽  
New Mutations

We are using trichome (hair) morphogenesis as a model to study how plant cell shape is controlled. During a screen for new mutations that affect trichome branch initiation in Arabidopsis, we identified seven new mutants that show a reduction in trichome branch number from three branches to two. These mutations were named furca, after the Latin word for two-pronged fork. These seven recessive mutations were placed into four complementation groups that define four new genes: FURCA1, FURCA2, FURCA3 and FURCA4. The trichome branch number phenotype indicates that the FURCA genes encode positive regulators of trichome branch initiation. Analysis of double mutants suggests that primary and secondary branch initiation events are not genetically distinct, but rely on the levels of partially redundant groups of regulators of trichome branch initiation. Based on the analysis of both epistatic and additive genetic interactions between the FURCA genes and other genes that control trichome branch number, we propose a model that explains how these genes interact to control trichome branch initiation. This model successfully predicts the phenotypes of all the single and double mutants examined and suggests points of control of the trichome branch pathway.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

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