scholarly journals Protective and Exacerbating Cognition and Attribution Factors From the Cognitive Discrepancy Theory of Loneliness

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 40-40
Author(s):  
Jillian Minahan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Attributional Style ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Purpose In Life ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Control Constraints ◽  
Discrepancy Theory ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Discrepancy

Abstract According to the cognitive discrepancy theory, although the discrepancy between actual and desired social resources may result in loneliness, Perlman and Peplau (1998) suggested that cognitive processing and attributional style also impact the interpretation of social information. Previous empirical research investigating predictors of loneliness have not assessed a wide range of cognition and attribution factors, so this study filled this gap by examining how protective (optimism, sense of mastery, and purpose in life) and exacerbating (depression, control constraints, negative self-perceptions of aging (SPA), and experiences of age-based discrimination) factors influence and moderate the experience of loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally using a sample of 3,345 Americans aged 50 years and older from the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Optimism (βs = -.15, -.13), mastery (βs = -.08, -.07), purpose in life (βs = -.19, -.18), depression (βs = .22,.14), control constraints (βs = .18, .17), negative SPA (βs = .13, .14), and experiences of ageism (βs = .07, .06) were significantly related to loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally, respectively. Optimism buffered the negative impact of poor functional social resources (e.g., low social support) on loneliness cross-sectionally while control constraints, negative SPA, and experiencing ageism exacerbated the relationship between low functional social resources and loneliness cross-sectionally. None of the protective or exacerbating factors modulated the relationship between functional social resources and loneliness longitudinally. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions that target loneliness. Targeting maladaptive cognitions may be particularly effective in reducing loneliness.

scholarly journals The Impact of Structural and Functional Social Resources on Loneliness Among Americans Age 50 Years and Older

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 540-540
Author(s):  
Jillian Minahan
Keyword(s):  
Social Resources ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Quality Aspects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Discrepancy ◽  
Structural Aspects

Abstract Social isolation and loneliness have many negative consequences (e.g., Cacioppo et al., 2006; Griffin et al., 2018; Uchino, 2006), especially among older adults (Perissinotto et al., 2012). According to the cognitive discrepancy theory (CDT), loneliness is the negative psychological state resulting from the perceived discrepancy between one’s desired level of social resources and one’s actual level of social resources (Peplau & Perlman, 1982; Perlman & Peplau, 1998). Social resources have both structural (e.g., objective) and functional (e.g., perceptions of the quality) aspects (Holt-Lunstad, 2017). The relationship between structural and functional social resources has been described as a filtration process in which functional aspects mediate the association between structural aspects and loneliness (Cacioppo et al., 2016; Hawkley et al., 2008, Hawkley & Kocherginsky, 2018). However, this filtration model has not been empirically tested within the CDT. This study examined the relationship among structural social resources (SSR), functional social resources (FSR), and loneliness cross-sectionally and longitudinally using a sample of 3,345 Americans aged 50 years and older from the 2008 and 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Results showed that there was a significant indirect effect both cross-sectionally (β = -.07) and longitudinally (β = -.06) such that FSR mediated the relationship between SSR and loneliness. Ultimately, the CDT is useful in explaining the complex relationship between structural and functional aspects of one’s social resources with loneliness, and interventions may seek to target the functional aspects of one’s social network to improve loneliness, rather than focusing solely on structural aspects.

scholarly journals A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis of the Relationship Between Loneliness and Depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 593-593
Author(s):  
Jillian Minahan ◽  
Karen Siedlecki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Reciprocal Relationship ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Panel Analysis ◽  
Discrepancy Theory ◽  
Psychological Features ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cognitive Discrepancy

Abstract Loneliness and depression have similar psychological features but are theoretically and statistically distinct (Hawkley et al., 2008). Most research has examined a unidirectional relationship between loneliness and depression (Cacioppo et al., 2006). Cacioppo et al. (2010), however, found that loneliness predicted subsequent depression, but depression did not predict subsequent loneliness. We extended this work by examining the reciprocal relationship between loneliness and depression in 1,560 healthy adults (ages ranging from 18-95 years at baseline) from the Virginia Cognitive Aging Project using cross-lagged panel analysis across three time points. Depression more strongly predicted subsequent loneliness (βs= 0.16 and 0.23, p < .05) than vice versa. These findings are consistent with the cognitive discrepancy theory, suggesting that affective processing, like depression, can negatively impact one’s perception of their social environment (Burholt & Scharf, 2014). Our findings highlight the need for increased longitudinal research examining the relationships among indices of well-being across adulthood.

The Problem of Identifying and Modeling the Relationship between Monetary Factor and Inflation in the Russian Economy

2008 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
A. Porshakov ◽  
A. Ponomarenko
Keyword(s):  
Money Supply ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Supply Side Factors

The role of monetary factor in generating inflationary processes in Russia has stimulated various debates in social and scientific circles for a relatively long time. The authors show that identification of the specificity of relationship between money and inflation requires a complex approach based on statistical modeling and involving a wide range of indicators relevant for the price changes in the economy. As a result a model of inflation for Russia implying the decomposition of inflation dynamics into demand-side and supply-side factors is suggested. The main conclusion drawn is that during the recent years the volume of inflationary pressures in the Russian economy has been determined by the deviation of money supply from money demand, rather than by money supply alone. At the same time, monetary factor has a long-run spread over time impact on inflation.

HUBUNGAN KEPADATAN BIVALVIA DENGAN PARAMETER LINGKUNGAN DI PESISIR TANJUNG PURA KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
Sudiyar . ◽  
Okto Supratman ◽  
Indra Ambalika Syari
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Random System ◽  
System Method ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anadara Granosa

The destructive fishing feared will give a negative impact on the survival of this organism. This study aims to analyze the density of bivalves, distribution patterns, and to analyze the relationship of bivalves with environmental parameters in Tanjung Pura village. This research was conducted in March 2019. The systematic random system method was used for collecting data of bivalves. The collecting Data retrieval divided into five research stasions. The results obtained 6 types of bivalves from 3 families and the total is 115 individuals. The highest bivalve density is 4.56 ind / m², and the lowest bivalves are located at station 2,1.56 ind / m²,  The pattern of bivalve distribution in the Coastal of Tanjung Pura Village is grouping. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Anadara granosa species was positively correlated with TSS r = 0.890, Dosinia contusa, Anomalocardia squamosa, Mererix meretrix, Placamen isabellina, and Tellinella spengleri were positively correlated with currents r = 0.933.

Work Stress and Organisational Citizenship Behaviours (OCBs) in Call Centers Employees

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita ◽  
Urvashi Singh ◽  
Shalini Singh ◽  
Rajnee Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Call Centers ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
Call Centre ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Nuclear Families ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Stress At Work ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between organisational stress and organisational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) in employees of call centers. The study also further explored as how stress at work set-up has negative impact on OCBs. A sample of 250 employees working in call centre of Gurgaon belonging to an age group of 25-30 years were selected on availability basis. All were working married couples living in nuclear families. Job stress survey (Spielberger & Vagg, 1999) and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour (Bateman & Organ, 1983) were administered. Data was analysed by using simple correlation and multiple regression. Results showed the negative relationship between organisational stress and OCBs. Results of regression analysis also exhibited the negative impact of stress on OCBs. The implications for the employees are discussed.

Is There Racial Discrimination in Police Stop-and-Searches of Black Youth? A Toronto Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunliang Meng ◽  
Sulaimon Giwa ◽  
Uzo Anucha
Keyword(s):  
Racial Profiling ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Black Youth ◽  
White People ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Neighbourhood Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Race And Place ◽  
Stop And Search

Our study investigated racial profiling of Black youth in Toronto and linked this racial profiling to urban disadvantage theory, which highlights neighbourhood-level processes. Our findings provide empirical evidence suggesting that because of racial profiling, Black youth are subject to disproportionately more stops for gun-, traffic-, drug-, and suspicious activity-related reasons. Moreover, they show that drug-related stop-and-searches of Black youth occur most excessively in neighbourhoods where more White people reside and are less disadvantaged, demonstrating that race-and-place profiling of Black youth exists in police stop-and-search practices. This study shows that the theoretical literature in sociology on neighbourhood characteristics can contribute to an understanding of the relationship between race and police stops in the context of neighbourhood. It also discusses the negative impact of racial profiling on Black youth.

scholarly journals Relationships Among the Feeding Behaviors of a Mirid Bug on Cotton Leaves of Different Ages and Plant Biochemical Substances

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Song ◽  
Zhaoke Dong ◽  
Lili Li ◽  
Zengbin Lu ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Cotton Leaf ◽  
Young Plant ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Probing Behavior ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mirid Bug ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) (Hemiptera: Miridae) tends to feed on young plant tissues. To explore the relationship between stylet probing behaviors of adult A. lucorum and conditions of cotton leaves, we conducted an experiment using electropenetrography (EPG). Behaviors were recorded on four cotton varieties, in relation to thickness and biochemical traits of differently-aged leaves. Cotton leaf age had a significant effect on the probing behavior of A. lucorum but cotton variety did not. One-day-old leaves of A. lucorum received the highest mean number of stylet probes (penetrations) per insect, and longest mean durations per insect of combined stylet probing or its components, cell rupture and ingestion behaviors. All of the leaf traits (thickness and biochemical substances) were similar among these four cotton varieties. Leaf thickness had a significantly negative effect on the same four variables above. Gossypol and tannin also had a negative impact on combined probing duration. Redundancy analysis showed that the four EPG variables were closely related to nutrient substances (amino acids, sugar, and water) while they had the opposite relationship with plant defense substances (gossypol and tannin). On cotton in the seedling stages, A. lucorum fed more readily on the youngest, thinnest leaves in our no-choice EPG experiments. Nutrients and chemical resistance substances determined the probing duration of A. lucorum. Our findings can contribute to better understanding of patterns of feeding and host consumption by A. lucorum, ultimately improving cotton resistance to A. lucorum.

scholarly journals Polymorphic Iterable Sequential Effect Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-79
Author(s):  
Colin S. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Algebraic Structure ◽  
Position Effect ◽  
Type Systems ◽  
Sequential Effect ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Sequential Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Categorical Semantics

Effect systems are lightweight extensions to type systems that can verify a wide range of important properties with modest developer burden. But our general understanding of effect systems is limited primarily to systems where the order of effects is irrelevant. Understanding such systems in terms of a semilattice of effects grounds understanding of the essential issues and provides guidance when designing new effect systems. By contrast, sequential effect systems—where the order of effects is important—lack an established algebraic structure on effects. We present an abstract polymorphic effect system parameterized by an effect quantale—an algebraic structure with well-defined properties that can model the effects of a range of existing sequential effect systems. We define effect quantales, derive useful properties, and show how they cleanly model a variety of known sequential effect systems. We show that for most effect quantales, there is an induced notion of iterating a sequential effect; that for systems we consider the derived iteration agrees with the manually designed iteration operators in prior work; and that this induced notion of iteration is as precise as possible when defined. We also position effect quantales with respect to work on categorical semantics for sequential effect systems, clarifying the distinctions between these systems and our own in the course of giving a thorough survey of these frameworks. Our derived iteration construct should generalize to these semantic structures, addressing limitations of that work. Finally, we consider the relationship between sequential effects and Kleene Algebras, where the latter may be used as instances of the former.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic and Quality of Life among Romanian Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4065
Author(s):  
Germina-Alina Cosma ◽  
Alina Chiracu ◽  
Amalia Raluca Stepan ◽  
Marian Alexandru Cosma ◽  
Marian Costin Nanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Quality Of Life Scale ◽  
Life Scale ◽  
Personality Item ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study was to analyze athletes’ quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study involved 249 athletes between 15 and 35 of age, M = 21.22, SD = 5.12. The sample was composed of eight Olympic Games medalists, three European medalists, 67 international medalists, and 63 national medalists. The instruments used were: (1) COVID-19 Anxiety Scale, (2) Athlete Quality of Life Scale, (3) Impact of Pandemic on Athletes Questionnaire, and (4) International Personality Item Pool (IPIP Anxiety, Depression, and Vulnerability Scales). The results indicate significant differences in COVID-19 anxiety depending on the sport practiced, F (9239) = 3.81, p < 0.01, showing that there were significant differences between sports. The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic mediates the relationship between trait anxiety and the athletes’ quality of life. The percentage of mediation was 33.9%, and the indirect effect was −0.11, CI 95% (−0.18, −0.03), Z = −2.82, p < 0.01. Trait anxiety has an increasing effect on the intensity of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 0.23, CI 95% (.10, 0.35), Z = 3.56, p < 0.01, and the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has a decreasing effect on quality of life, −0.47, CI 95% (−0.67, −0.27), Z = −4.62, p < 0.01. Gender and age did not moderate the relationship between the negative impact of COVID-19 and athletes’ quality of life. The results of the study highlighted the impact that social isolation and quarantine have on athletes’ affective well-being.

scholarly journals Treatment patterns and appropriateness of antipsychotic prescriptions in patients with schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Verónica Gamón ◽  
Isabel Hurtado ◽  
José Salazar-Fraile ◽  
Gabriel Sanfélix-Gimeno
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Patterns ◽  
Mental Condition ◽  
Comorbid Condition ◽  
Concomitant Treatment ◽  
Antipsychotic Medications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
High Level

AbstractSchizophrenia is a chronic mental condition presenting a wide range of symptoms. Although it has a low prevalence compared to other mental conditions, it has a negative impact on social and occupational functions. This study aimed to assess the appropriateness of antipsychotic medications administered to schizophrenic patients and describe current treatment patterns for schizophrenia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in all patients over the age of 15 with an active diagnosis of schizophrenia and treated with antipsychotics between 2008 and 2013 in the Valencia region. A total of 19,718 patients were eligible for inclusion. The main outcome assessed was inappropriateness of the pharmacotherapeutic management, including polypharmacy use. Altogether, 30.4% of patients received antipsychotic polypharmacy, and 6.8% were prescribed three or more antipsychotics. Overdosage affected 318 individuals (1.6%), and 21.5% used concomitant psychotropics without an associated psychiatric diagnosis. Women and people with a comorbid condition like anxiety or depression were less likely to receive antipsychotic polypharmacy. In contrast, increased polypharmacy was associated with concomitant treatment with other psychoactive drugs, and only in user on maintenance therapy, with more visits to the mental health hospital. Overall, we observed a high level of inappropriateness in antipsychotic prescriptions. Greater adherence to guidelines could maximize the benefits of antipsychotic medications while minimizing risk of adverse effects.

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