scholarly journals Poor-quality antimalarials further health inequities in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii36-iii47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R Evans ◽  
Colleen R Higgins ◽  
Sarah K Laing ◽  
Phyllis Awor ◽  
Sachiko Ozawa
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Early Death ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Research Impact ◽  
Health Inequities ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Rural Populations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
The Government

Abstract Substandard and falsified medications are a major threat to public health, directly increasing the risk of treatment failure, antimicrobial resistance, morbidity, mortality and health expenditures. While antimalarial medicines are one of the most common to be of poor quality in low- and middle-income countries, their distributional impact has not been examined. This study assessed the health equity impact of substandard and falsified antimalarials among children under five in Uganda. Using a probabilistic agent-based model of paediatric malaria infection (Substandard and Falsified Antimalarial Research Impact, SAFARI model), we examine the present day distribution of the burden of poor-quality antimalarials by socio-economic status and urban/rural settings, and simulate supply chain, policy and patient education interventions. Patients incur US$26.1 million (7.8%) of the estimated total annual economic burden of substandard and falsified antimalarials, including $2.3 million (9.1%) in direct costs and $23.8 million (7.7%) in productivity losses due to early death. Poor-quality antimalarials annually cost $2.9 million to the government. The burden of the health and economic impact of malaria and poor-quality antimalarials predominantly rests on the poor (concentration index −0.28) and rural populations (98%). The number of deaths among the poorest wealth quintile due to substandard and falsified antimalarials was 12.7 times that of the wealthiest quintile, and the poor paid 12.1 times as much per person in out-of-pocket payments. Rural populations experienced 97.9% of the deaths due to poor-quality antimalarials, and paid 10.7 times as much annually in out-of-pocket expenses compared with urban populations. Our simulations demonstrated that interventions to improve medicine quality could have the greatest impact at reducing inequities, and improving adherence to antimalarials could have the largest economic impact. Substandard and falsified antimalarials have a significant health and economic impact, with greater burden of deaths, disability and costs on poor and rural populations, contributing to health inequities in Uganda.

scholarly journals Catastrophic Health Expenditures And Impoverishment In Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana N. Kimani ◽  
Mercy G. Mugo ◽  
Urbanus M. Kioko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Out Of Pocket Payments ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditures ◽  
The Government ◽  
Catastrophic Expenditures

Background: Out-of-pocket health expenditures leave households exposed to the risk of financial catastrophe and poverty whenever they entail significant dissaving or the sale of key household assets. Even relatively small expenditures on health can be financially disastrous for poor households and similarly, large health care expenditures can lead to financial catastrophe and bankruptcy for rich households. Objective: There is increasing evidence that out-of-pocket expenditures act as a financial barrier to accessing health care, and are a source of catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment. This paper estimates the burden of out-of-pocket payments in Kenya; the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health care expenditure and impoverishment in Kenya. Methods: Using Kenya Household Health Expenditures and Utilization Survey data of 2007, the study uses both descriptive and econometric analysis to investigate the incidence and intensity of catastrophic health expenditures and impoverishment as well as the determinants of catastrophic health expenditures. To estimate the incidence and intensity of catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment, the study used both Wagstaff and van Doorslaer, (2002) and Xu et al. (2005) and applied various thresholds to demonstrate the sensitivity of catastrophic measures. For determinants of catastrophic health expenditures, a logit model was employed. Findings: Among those who utilized health care, 11.7 percent experienced catastrophic expenditures and 4 percent were impoverished by health care payments. In addition, approximately 2.5 million individuals were pushed into poverty as a result of paying for health care. The poor experienced the highest incidence of catastrophic expenditures. Conclusion: The paper recommends that the government should establish avenues for reducing the burden of out-of-pocket expenditures borne by households. This could be through a legal requirement for everyone to belong to a health insurance and targeting the poor, the elderly and chronically ill through the devolved system of the government and devolved funds.

scholarly journals How Brazil and Mexico Diverged on Social Protection in the Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (823) ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Nora Lustig ◽  
Mart Trasberg
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Financial Aid ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Long Term Consequences ◽  
The Government

Mexico and Brazil, both among the region’s hardest hit by COVID-19, took strikingly different steps to mitigate the economic impact of the pandemic. Although President Jair Bolsonaro dismissed the need for social distancing measures, the government provided substantial financial aid to citizens though cash transfer programs, avoiding potentially sharp increases in poverty and inequality. Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who also displayed a dismissive attitude about the virus, made relatively little effort to protect the poor and unemployed from its effects, despite his pro-poor rhetoric. As a result, the Mexican economy was projected to contract by 9 percent in 2020, while poverty sharply increased. Rising malnutrition and missed schooling may have long-term consequences for inequality.

scholarly journals PEREMAJAAN KOTA UNTUK PERMUKIMAN KUMUH DI PERKOTAAN: ANTARA STRATEGI DAN SOLUSI

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Oot Hotimah
Keyword(s):  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Community Involvement ◽  
Urban Poor ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government

Improvement of social welfare is the responsibility of the government. One way to overcome poverty and improve the poor quality of the living environment of the urban poor is a more humane manner by involving them in development planning. The conventional approach in the form of eviction for urban renewal undertaken during this creates urban social problems more acute and complicated and not sustainable in overcoming poverty. One of the policies that need to be taken, among others, is to build low-rent flats and community involvement in public policy making. The advantage is the increased sense of community and they can become agents of development control.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Fiskal dalam Trend Pembangunan Ekonomi Jangka Panjang Indonesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
I K. G. Bendesa ◽  
Ni Putu Wiwin Setyari
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Macro Variables

The role of taxes in financing Indonesia's economic development is very dominant and increasingly important. Even in its history, the role of taxes when a government was built has been carried out in various forms, such as levies in the agriculture, trade and others. Although the role of tax is important, the level of tax revenue in Indonesia is still relatively low. The focus of the government on infrastructure development is very reasonable because Indonesian infrastructure is still lacking despite the poor quality. With the improvement and development of infrastructure, economic growth is expected to increase. This research will analyze the role of tax in Indonesia's development, especially for two decades. The role of taxes can be seen in different periods, namely before the crisis and after the crisis of 1998. The role of taxes in fiscal policy is related to other macro variables, such as interest rates, exchange rates, foreign trade, and government budgets. Linking the role of tax to this variable results in recommendations for Indonesia's development, specifically the role of tax in two different periods.

scholarly journals Analisis Framing Detik.com dan Kompas.com Terhadap Pemberitaan Kualitas Udara Jakarta Terburuk di Dunia

Koneksi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Nishya Gavrila ◽  
Farid Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

On July 29, 2019, Jakarta's air quality was ranked first on the AirVisual.com website with the worst air quality statement in the world. According to AirVisual.com, Jakarta's Air Quality Index (AQI) stands at 188, which means the air quality in Jakarta is not healthy. On the same date, Detik.com and Kompas.com reported on the poor quality of Jakarta's air. The reason the author chose the latter is because based on the Alexa.com site, both news portals have the highest number of visitor readers in Indonesia. This study aims to determine and analyze Detik.com and Kompas.com in framing unhealthy air quality in Jakarta. The approach in this study uses a constructivist paradigm. by using Robert N. Entman's framing model that defines problems, diagnoses causes, makes moral judgment and recommendation treatment. From the results of this study, Detik.com further explained the response of Anies Baswedan regarding poor air quality in Jakarta, while on Kompas.com that poor air quality in Jakarta was a challenge for the government and the government could be convicted if it continued. Pada tanggal 29 Juli 2019, kualitas udara Jakarta menempati peringkat pertama di situs AirVisual.com dengan pernyataan kualitas udara terburuk di dunia. Menurut AirVisual.com, Air Quality Index (AQI) Jakarta berada pada angka angka 188, yang artinya kualitas udara di Jakarta tidak sehat. Pada tanggal yang sama Detik.com dan Kompas.com memberitakan tentang buruknya kualitas udara Jakarta. Alasan penulis memilih kedua tersebut karena berdasarkan situs Alexa.com, kedua portal berita tersebut memiliki jumlah pengunjung pembaca terbanyak di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis Detik.com dan Kompas.com dalam membingkai kualitas udara di Jakarta yang tidak sehat.Pendekatan dalam penelitian ini memakai paradigma konstruktivis, dengan menggunakan framing model Robert N. Entman yakni define problems, diagnose cause, make moral judgement dan treatment recommendation. Dari hasil penelitian ini, Detik.com lebih menjelaskan tanggapan dari Anies Baswedan terkait buruknya kualitas udara Jakarta, sementara pada Kompas.com bahwa buruknya kualitas udara di Jakarta merupakan tantangan pemerintah dan pemerintah bisa dipidana jika terus dibiarkan.

scholarly journals ASPHALT EXTRACTION TEST INVESTIGATION: POST AUDIT URGENCY AND THE FOLLOW UPS (CASE STUDY: ROAD SEGMENT MAINTENANCE Ir. SOEKARNO Rd–BATU)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Riandono Pramaputro
Keyword(s):  
Poor Quality ◽  
Road Maintenance ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Extraction Test ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Asphalt Content ◽  
The Government ◽  
Test Investigation

In the most common opinions, the asphalt content test cannot be carried out during the post audit. But there are complaints about the poor quality of hotmix asphalt works in public sector projects from road users. In these cases, auditors must maintain reputation of the Government to accommodate trust in the development that has been done, by carrying out the function of monitoring and evaluating, including in the evaluating of road maintenance work. From visual observations, the the most conditions of routine maintenance work (on the study object) are not good as expected. Also, the test results of the asphalt content in the mixture (extraction) have proven that the quality does not meet the required technical specifications, in where the density value and the mixed asphalt content is 15.24% lower than the allowable tolerance. Under these conditions, auditors can assume that the similarity range of asphalt concrete (AC-WC) quality is still too far from the required specifications. Complaints about the poor quality of hotmix asphalt works must be accommodated by auditors to maintain the image and reputation of the Government in the trust of Regional Development.

scholarly journals Hybridization of genres and crisis in the quality of television: the role of audiovisual councils present television

Comunicar ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maite Ribés-Alegría
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Simple Rule ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Government

Today, the process by which professionals select and consider the quality of programmes is very easy: they estimate the size of the audience and if a programme has a high audience, it means that it is good. This is a simple rule that makes that all the televisions offer low-quality contents. Many authors prove this fact in their studies and they complain about the poor quality of programmes that are broadcast in all channels. Moreover, they ask for the creation of an institution that regulates this situation because they consider that the action of the government and its regulations are not enough to guarantee the quality of television. Because of these reasons, this study expects to reflect the need to create an independent institution that regulates the operation of television to ensure and guarantee its quality and to keep it working as a public service. We would also like to show that a good solution is the creation of audiovisual councils. To prove it, this paper will first focus on the Catalonia Broadcasting Council and its functions and will then deal with the need of a state audiovisual council. La hipótesis que señaló Postman en 1985 en la que afirmaba que «la televisión reduce cualquier tipo de contenidos a un común denominador: la cultura del entretenimiento» parece haberse confirmado. Así, aquella televisión que nació como servicio público, es decir, que defendía la producción y emisión de una programación, integrada por programas diversificados en todo tipo de géneros, con el fin de atender las necesidades democráticas, sociales y culturales del conjunto de los ciudadanos, parece haber olvidado sus funciones reduciéndolas a la espectacularización y, por tanto, al entretenimiento. La televisión ha sufrido cambios importantes en su parrilla de programación. Así, se ha diluido la frontera entre el género informativo y el espectáculo, surgiendo nuevos géneros cuya clasificación se sitúa entre la información, el entretenimiento y el espectáculo, a los que Prado et al. (1999) han pasado a designar como subgéneros del Info-Show. Hoy en día subgéneros del info-show, tales como el periodismo satírico, el reality game, el periodismo de entretenimiento, etc. que se traducen en programas como «Gran Hermano», «La Casa de tu vida», «Crónicas Marcianas», «Homo Zapping», etc., son verdaderos fenómenos televisivos. ¿Representan este tipo de programas a todos los géneros? ¿Fomentan la cohesión social? ¿Responden a una televisión de calidad? A través de la presente comunicación se pretende constatar la inoperatividad del Estado ante esta cuestión y la necesidad de la creación de organismos independientes que promuevan, de forma no coercitiva, la autorregulación de los contenidos audiovisuales. Pensamos que este trabajo sólo puede ser desempeñado por los Consejos Audiovisuales, ya que únicamente una entidad independiente y plural puede adoptar decisiones socialmente legitimadas en materia de contenidos. Esta es una realidad que ya se empieza a dar en algunas Comunidades Autónomas (como Cataluña, Navarra o Madrid), pero que tiene pendiente su desarrollo en el ámbito estatal y en algunas zonas del territorio español como en la Comunidad Valenciana. Por todo ello, consideramos oportuno observar su trayectoria y descubrir sus principales funciones, en especial en el caso de Cataluña, donde opera el «Consell de l’Audiovisual de Catalunya (CAC)» desde el año 2000, examinando su grado de eficiencia en estos últimos años y su incidencia en la mejora de la calidad de la oferta televisiva.

The Application of Brick Wall and Bamboo Reinforced Concrete Frame for Redevelopment of Traditional Houses in Pengotan Village

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 477-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Nyoman Sutarja
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Brick Wall ◽  
Poor Household ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Government

Majority of people in Pengotan Village, Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia, do not have healthy and decent housing and neighborhoods. In 2008, the Central Statistics Board (BPS) announced that there were 134,804 poor households in Bali, including those in Bangli regency. Pengotan village is one of the nine villages in Bangli regency with the highest number of poor households (956,517). One of indicators that determine the poor household status is the poor quality of traditional houses inhabited, such as untilled floor (exposed soil) and low quality bamboo wall. Thus it is necessary to redevelop those houses into habitable houses that meet the standard of safety, health and comfort. This standard was set by the government through the Building Act No. 28/2002. Some aspects of the house redevelopment are the physical aspects of the house, redesign of the system of structure with the addition of brick walls and bamboo reinforced concrete frame, also replacement of roof and floor. This study aims to improve the physical safety and thermal comfort of the building.

An experience of performing spirometry by trained general practitioners

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
M. A. Pokhaznikova ◽  
E. A. Andreeva ◽  
O. Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioners ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Male Gender ◽  
Study Research ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Quality Of Research ◽  
Forced Expiratory Maneuver ◽  
Maximal Effort

The article discusses the experience of teaching and conducting spirometry of general practitioners as part of the RESPECT study (RESearch on the PrEvalence and the diagnosis of COPD and its Tobacco-related aetiology). A total of 33 trained in spirometry general practitioners performed a study of 3119 patients. Quality criteria met 84.1% of spirometric studies. The analysis of the most common mistakes made by doctors during the forced expiratory maneuver is included. The most frequent errors were expiration exhalation of less than 6s (54%), non-maximal effort throughout the test and lack of reproducibility (11.3%). Independent predictors of poor spirogram quality were male gender, obstruction (FEV1 /FVC<0.7), and the center where the study was performed. The number of good-quality spirograms ranged from 96.1% (95% CI 83.2–110.4) to 59.8% (95% CI 49.6–71.4) depending on the center. Subsequently, an analysis of the reasons behind the poor quality of research in individual centers was conducted and the identified shortcomings were eliminated. The poor quality of the spirograms was associated either with the errors of the doctors who undertook the study or with the technical malfunctions of the spirometer.

Verán ustedes las chozas más humildes. El discurso de pobreza en la diplomacia pública cardenista dirigida a Estados Unidos

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-281
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dümmer Scheel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Deal ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Government ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas ◽  
The New Deal

El artículo analiza la diplomacia pública del gobierno de Lázaro Cárdenas centrándose en su opción por publicitar la pobreza nacional en el extranjero, especialmente en Estados Unidos. Se plantea que se trató de una estrategia inédita, que accedió a poner en riesgo el “prestigio nacional” con el fin de justificar ante la opinión pública estadounidense la necesidad de implementar las reformas contenidas en el Plan Sexenal. Aprovechando la inusual empatía hacia los pobres en tiempos del New Deal, se construyó una imagen específica de pobreza que fuera higiénica y redimible. Ésta, sin embargo, no generó consenso entre los mexicanos. This article analyzes the public diplomacy of the government of Lázaro Cárdenas, focusing on the administration’s decision to publicize the nation’s poverty internationally, especially in the United States. This study suggests that this was an unprecedented strategy, putting “national prestige” at risk in order to explain the importance of implementing the reforms contained in the Six Year Plan, in the face of public opinion in the United States. Taking advantage of the increased empathy felt towards the poor during the New Deal, a specific image of hygienic and redeemable poverty was constructed. However, this strategy did not generate agreement among Mexicans.

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