scholarly journals Centenary conversations

2022 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Helen Clark ◽  
Robert Yates

Helen Clark is interviewed by Robert Yates for the first in a new series of ‘Centenary conversations’, celebrating 100 years of International Affairs. They discussed the COVID-19 crisis and reflect on whether the world is doing a better job than it did 100 years ago during the Spanish flu epidemic.

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viney Chawla ◽  
Pooja A Chawla

Background: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly at an unprecedented scale across continents and has emerged as the single biggest risk the world has faced in modern times. Some scientists are comparing it to Spanish flu that created havoc around a century ago. The fear of death by COVID-19 looms large at the world today. The disease has reached devastating proportions since its first reports in December 2019. Doctors are having a difficult time dealing with this challenge and the microbiologists are having sleepless nights to bring about an effective vaccine for this disease. Methods: A number of research and review articles have been exhaustively reviewed. The collected data was meticulously analysed and documented. Conclusion: This paper reviews the different types of corona viruses, the structure of SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID19, its transmission, virulence. Further, the article discusses the diagnosis, signs and symptoms like fever, breathlessness, cough, potential loss of taste or smell, sneezing, runny nose, fatigue, headache, sore throat and different treatment approaches including drug repurposing being tried by doctors around the globe that may come handy in the management of disease symptoms. The article describes the use of remdesivir, ribavarin, lopinavir, favipiravir, hydoxychloroquine, chloroquine, tocilizumab among others in treating COVID-19.


Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivek Pandey ◽  
Ankita Pathak ◽  
Mohammad Shahar Yar ◽  
Yuba Raj Pokharel

: A century after the outbreak of the Spanish flu, the world is suffering with another pandemic on because of the coronavirus. The virus took a toll of more than millions of lives worldwide and still continues to affect the health and socio-economic infrastructure all over the world. The study explores the epidemiology, etiology and transmission of the virus and its phylogenetic relationship with SARS and MERS coronavirus responsible for 2002 and 2012 viral outbreak. Highlights about the key features of the viral genome and essential viral proteins responsible for viral life cycle, evading host immune response, and viral immunopathology with therapeutics from “Recovery” and “Solidarity” trials, are major concern of the current review. The review culminated with a discussion on different classes of front-runners vaccines and their efficacy. An overall understanding of essential viral proteins and their role in pathogenesis, repurposed drugs and vaccine development is the rationale of the present review.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilson Alves de Paiva

A fictional book with five short stories that address the main pandemics in the world. The first story takes place in Ancient Greece, in 428 BC at the time of the Peloponnesian War. Tavros, the main character flees the plague by traveling to Gaul and discovers a mysterious water spring near the village of the Parisii. In AD 166, when Rome, is devasted by the plague, Marcus Aurelius sends out soldiers to the North. One of them, Lucius, arrives in the region of Lutecia and finds the same fountain that Tavros had been to. The water from this spring gives him strength to escape from the persecution of Christians and Jews. In his old age, Lucius becomes a Church elder and writes letters. One of them was read, many centuries later, by a Franciscan Parisian monk during the Middle Ages, who decides to pilgrimage to Jerusalem but is surprised by the Black Death. Back home, he is saved by the water spring, builds an orphanage and has his life converted into a book - which is red by a young journalist who takes the ship Demerara with his fiancée to Brazil in order to avoid the World War I, the Spanish flu and some Russian spies. The last story is about a Brazilian professor, called Lucius Felipe who, in 2019, travels to Paris to develop his postdoctoral studies. Unfortunately he has to return to Brazil due to the COVID-19 pandemic. But not before having visited Lutetia’s fountain and felt its power and the memories it holds.


2020 ◽  

In the past 100 years, the world has faced four distinctly different pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, the SARS pandemic of 2003, the H1N1 or “swine flu” pandemic of 2012, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Each public health crisis exposed specific systemic shortfalls and provided public health lessons for future events. The Spanish flu revealed a nursing shortage and led to a great appreciation of nursing as a profession. SARS showed the importance of having frontline clinicians be able to work with regulators and those producing guidelines. H1N1 raised questions about the nature of a global organization such as the World Health Organization in terms of the benefits and potential disadvantages of leading the fight against a long-term global public health threat. In the era of COVID-19, it seems apparent that we are learning about both the blessing and curse of social media.


2018 ◽  
pp. 25-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa ŁOŚ-NOWAK

The world of the 21st century provides an intriguing space for academic reflection, offering new challenges and stimulating new concepts of international relations. In this context there emerges the significant question of the essence and direction of these concepts. They may entail deconstruction followed by a reconstruction of the research space in this field. Astrategy of resetting cannot be excluded here, either. Assuming that reconstruction is the appropriate solution there are significant issues of its scope and direction. If a total reset is considered rational we need to address the issue of what it should involve. This is a difficult question for researchers into international relations because it would mean that the hitherto achievements of this subject are being questioned. The post-positivist approach of numerous researchers, which manifests their response to the positivist methodology in the field of international relations, has not so far produced a unified methodological formula or a relatively coherent theory of international relations. Questions concerning the function of science, the nature of the social world (ontology) and the relationship between knowledge and the world (epistemology) remain open. Therefore, it may be worth going back to M. Wight’s provocative thesis that it is impossible to construct a reasonable theory of international relations, mainly owing to the dichotomy of the two fields of research that – in his opinion – cannot be overcome, namely the dichotomy of the ‘international’ (the realm of external affairs of states) and ‘internal’ (the realm of internal affairs within state), which are mutually exclusive because of their specificity; and once again ask the questions of how sensible the thesis of the dichotomy of both these environments is in a world that is strongly conditioned by the cross-border actors, interdependence and globalization. While the separateness of the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ state environments was, for Wight, an important obstacle, making it impossible to construct an academic theory explaining international relations, at the same time the current theory regarding their exclusivity in the context of the internalization of international affairs and the externalization of conditions inside states seems unsustainable. This phenomenon currently allows us to explain the imperative for combining these two environments, overlapping them …breaking down the old, established orders as a result of the now clearly visible phenomena and processes of the ‘internal state’ merging into the ‘international environment’ and vice versa, the disappearance of the traditional functions of borders, the weakening of old institutions and structures for steering the international environment as well as replacing them with entirely new institutions and structures.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Klengel

The radical aesthetic of the historical avant-garde movements has often been explained as a reaction to the catastrophic experience of the First World War and a denouncement of the bourgeoisie’s responsibility for its horrors. This article explores a blind spot in these familiar interpretations of the international avant-garde. Not only the violence of the World War but also the experience of a worldwide deadly pandemic, the Spanish flu, have moulded the literary and artistic production of the 1920s. In this paper, I explore this hypothesis through the example of Mário de Andrade’s famous book of poetry Pauliceia desvairada (1922), which I reinterpret in the light of historical studies on the Spanish flu in São Paulo. An in-depth examination of all parts of this important early opus of the Brazilian Modernism shows that Mário de Andrade’s poetic images of urban coexistence simultaneously aim at a radical renewal of language and at a melancholic coming to terms with a traumatic pandemic past.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-160
Author(s):  
Akram Belmehdi ◽  
Saliha Chbicheb

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is considered as the biggest global health crisis for the world since the Spanish flu, also known as the 1918 flu pandemic. Driven by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus infection, the rapid spread of this disease and the related pneumonia COVID-19 are a challenge for healthcare systems in over the world, and it is a constantly evolving situation with new symptoms and prognostic factors. SARS-CoV-2 has lately been detected in infected patient’s oral cavity; the COVID-19 outbreak is an alert that all dental and other health professionals must be vigilant in defending against the infectious disease spread. This review summarizes an update from current medical literature about the relationship between oral cavity and coronavirus disease by presenting some oral aspects which was detected in infected patients such as the oral lesions related to this virus and its therapeutic protocol, taste disorders and also the diagnostic value of saliva for SARS-CoV-2.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Sacco

"H1 N1 is a virus that has been sensationalized by the media since the first case was discovered in Mexico during the spring of 2009. People around the world feared that the virus would mutate into something as severe as the 1918 Spanish flu, one of the deadliest plagues in history. However experts had discovered by June of 2009 that the Spanish flu was not comparable to H1 N1. Yet for six months newspaper reporters continued to compare the ew epidemic to the Spanish flu, thus keeping alive the threat of an unstoppable pandemic. One year has passed since the first case of H1 N1 was confirmed. After all of the attention that H1 N1 received, it proved to be not much different than a typical seasonal flu, resulting in a lower death rate (Schabas and Rau, 2010). Recently, a number of investigations have begun to determine if the World Health Organization (WHO) overemphasized the level of risk, resulting in a large quantity of sensationalized media coverage, and citizens in a state of panic.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1753-1768
Author(s):  
M.A. Pronin ◽  
◽  
V.V. Ananishnev ◽  

The coronavirus pandemic, which has become a challenge not only for doctors, but also for psychologists around the world, will have a long-term psychological effect for Russians. At the same time, a way out of the crisis can, on the contrary, make people stronger and speed up the economic recovery, as it was after the plague and the Spanish flu, experts say. According to historical data on the consequences of plague and Spanish flu epidemics in Europe and the United States, given in a report by Dmitry Ushakov, Director of the Institute of psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it often turned out that people who survived them lived longer, and the most affected regions showed higher recovery rates. Experts note the growing demand for psychological assistance among people who have witnessed a global pandemic. Problems related to the consequences of stress that people faced in self-isolation have become more acute. These are also problems related to the violation of the traditional way of life, being isolated, in General, there is a certain aggression around the world, an increase in domestic violence, and many other issues. Psychologists found themselves in the situation of an included experiment. Despite the absence of a “mental epidemic”, citizens of various countries, experiencing fear and confusion, turned to its Internet to get the necessary information about the pandemic in order to eliminate fears for their health and the health of their relatives, including mental health. Its Internet today contains a lot of chats (correspondence) both in the professional language among medical personnel, as well as non-specialists. Thus, the pandemic has started to have an impact not only on health but also on the language itself. Some of the opportunities that can give science and society to learn the language of the pandemic are discussed in this article.


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