scholarly journals Assessing the effectiveness of vehicle emission regulations on improving perinatal health: a population-based accountability study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D Willis ◽  
Elaine L Hill ◽  
Molly L Kile ◽  
Susan Carozza ◽  
Perry Hystad
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Exhaust Pipe ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
And Control ◽  
Residual Confounding ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Since the 1990s, extensive regulations to reduce traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) have been implemented, yet the effectiveness of these regulations has not been assessed with respect to improving infant health. In this study, we evaluate how infant health risks associated with maternal residences near highways during pregnancy have changed over time. Methods We created a population-based retrospective birth cohort with geocoded residential addresses in Texan metropolitan areas from 1996 through 2009 (n = 2 259 411). We compared term birthweight (37–42 weeks of gestation) among maternal residences <300 m from a highway (high TRAP exposure) (n = 394 346) and 500–3500 m from a highway (comparison group) (n = 1 865 065). We implemented linear regressions to evaluate interactions between high TRAP exposure and birth year, adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status and neighbourhood context. In addition, we used propensity score matching to further reduce residual confounding. Results From 1996 to 2009, outdoor NO2 decreased by 51.3%, based on regulatory monitoring data in Texas. Among pregnant women who resided in the high TRAP zone during pregnancy, interaction terms between residential location and birth year show that birthweight increased by 1.1 g [95% confidence interval CI): 0.7, 1.5) in unadjusted models and 0.3 g (95% CI: 0.0, 0.6) in matched models. Time-stratified models also show decreasing impacts of living in high TRAP areas on birthweight when comparing infants born in 1996–97 with 2008–09. Sensitivity analyses with alternative exposure and control groups show consistent results. Conclusions Infant health risks associated with maternal residence near highways have reduced over time, paralleling regulatory measures to improve exhaust pipe emissions.

scholarly journals Incidence and prevalence of giant cell arteritis in Ontario, Canada

Rheumatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 3250-3258
Author(s):  
Lillian Barra ◽  
Janet E Pope ◽  
Priscila Pequeno ◽  
Farah E Saxena ◽  
Mary Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Population Based Study ◽  
Health Administrative Data ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objective To estimate trends in the incidence and prevalence of GCA over time in Canada. Methods We performed a population-based study of Ontario health administrative data using validated case definitions for GCA. Among Ontario residents ≥50 years of age we estimated the annual incidence and prevalence rates between 2000 and 2018. We performed sensitivity analyses using alternative validated case definitions to provide comparative estimates. Results Between 2000 and 2018 there was a relatively stable incidence over time with 25 new cases per 100 000 people >50 years of age. Age-standardized incidence rates were significantly higher among females than males [31 cases (95% CI: 29, 34) vs 15 cases (95% CI: 13, 18) per 100 000 in 2000]. Trends in age-standardized incidence rates were stable among females but increased among males over time. Incidence rates were highest among those ≥70 years of age. Standardized prevalence rates increased from 125 (95% CI 121, 129) to 235 (95% CI 231, 239) cases per 100 000 from 2000 to 2018. The age-standardized rates among males rose from 76 (95% CI 72, 81) cases in 2000 to 156 (95% CI 151, 161) cases per 100 000 population in 2018. Between 2000 and 2018, the age-standardized rates among females similarly increased over time, from 167 (95% CI 161, 173) to 304 (95% CI 297, 310) cases per 100 000 population. Conclusion The incidence and prevalence of GCA in Ontario is similar to that reported in the USA and northern Europe and considerably higher than that reported for southern Europe and non-European populations.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic disparities in survival after high-risk neuroblastoma treatment with modern therapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Zheng ◽  
Anran Li ◽  
Clement Ma ◽  
Karina Ribeiro ◽  
Lisa Diller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
High Poverty ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Multivariable Analyses ◽  
Over Time

Background: Modern therapeutic advances in high-risk neuroblastoma have improved overall survival (OS), but it is unclear whether these survival gains have been equitable. This study sought to examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and OS in children with high-risk neuroblastoma, and to investigate whether SES-associated disparities have changed over time. Procedure: In this population-based cohort study, children <18 years diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma (diagnosis at age ≥12 months with metastatic disease) from 1991-2015 were identified through the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Associations of county-level SES variables and OS were tested with univariate Cox proportional hazards regression. For a sub-cohort diagnosed after 2007, insurance status was examined as an individual-level SES variable. Multivariable regression analyses with treatment era and interaction terms were performed when SES variables reached near-significance (p≤0.1) in univariate and bivariate modeling with treatment era. Results: Among 1,217 children, 2-year OS improved from 53.0±3.4% in 1991-1998 to 76.9±2.9% in 2011-2015 (p<0.001). In univariate analyses, children with Medicaid (hazard ratio [HR]=1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.05-1.86, p=0.02) and those in high-poverty counties (HR=1.74, CI=1.17-2.60, p=0.007) experienced an increased hazard of death. No interactions between treatment era and SES variables were statistically significant in multivariable analyses, indicating that changes in OS over time did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Low SES is associated with inferior survival in children with high-risk neuroblastoma. Survival disparities have not widened over time, suggesting equitable access to and benefit from therapeutic advances. Interventions to narrow existing disparities are paramount.

An Estimation of Endogenous Formaldehyde Exposure due to Consumption of Indonesian Opah Fish (Lampris guttatus) in Three Major Export Destination Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umi Anissah ◽  
Ajeng Kurniasari Putri ◽  
Giri Rohmad Barokah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
International Market ◽  
Formaldehyde Content ◽  
Export Volume ◽  
Formaldehyde Exposure ◽  
Export Destination ◽  
Export Product ◽  
Over Time

The demand for Indonesian opah fish as an export product is increasing in the international market. Three countries (Malaysia, Mauritius, and Taiwan) recorded as the leading export destination of Indonesian opah fish. However, as the fish kept in a frozen state during export transportation, the endogenous formaldehyde may increase over time. This research presented the health risk assessment of population in the leading export destination countries that consumed opah fish from Indonesia. The study aimed to reveal the most potential export destination country that may accept an increasing volume of opah fish supply from Indonesia. The potency was determined from current export volume, the amount of endogenous formaldehyde content, and fish consumption at each country. The data were calculated with @Risk®7.0 software. The results showed opah fish consumed by Malaysian can be categorized as safe. Increasing the number of opah fish imported by Malaysian as much as six times, 12 times, 18 times, 27 and 36 times relatively does not cause health risks related to the presence of its endogenous formaldehyde. Moreover, opah fish consumed by Taiwanese is also safe, but with increasing the number of consumptions by more than 26 times is suspected to be potentially causing a health problem. However, opah fish consumed in Mauritius was categorized as unsafe and potentially caused health risks. Based on these results, Indonesia may consider to increase the opah fish export to Malaysia and Taiwan in the future.

Indicated preventive interventions for anxiety in children and adolescents: a review and meta-analysis of school based programs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan Hugh-Jones ◽  
Sophie Beckett ◽  
Pavan Mallikarjun
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Adolescent Anxiety ◽  
School Based ◽  
Intervention Intensity ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
And Control

Schools are promising sites for the delivery of prevention and early intervention programs to reduce child and adolescent anxiety. It is unclear whether universal or targeted approaches are most effective. This review and meta-analysis examines the effectiveness of school-based indicated interventions and was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42018087628].MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing indicated school programs for child and adolescent anxiety to active or inactive control groups. Twenty original studies, with 2076 participants, met the inclusion criteria and 18 were suitable for meta-analysis. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses explored intervention intensity, delivery agent and control type. A small beneficial effect was found for indicated programs compared to controls on self-reported anxiety symptoms at post-test (g = -0.28, CI = -0.50, -0.05, k= 18). The small effect was maintained at 6 (g = -0.35, CI= -0.58, -0.13, k = 9) and 12 months (g = -0.24, CI = -0.48, 0.00, k = 4). Based on two studies, &gt;12 month effects were very small (g = -0.01, CI= -0.38, 0.36). No differences were found based on intervention intensity, delivery agent and control type. There was evidence of publication bias and a relatively high risk of contamination in studies. Findings support the value of school based indicated programs for child and adolescent anxiety. Effects at 12 months outperform many universal programs. High quality, randomised controlled and pragmatic trials are needed, with attention control groups and beyond 12 month diagnostic assessments are needed.

Israel’s Ground Forces in the Occupied Territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Eyal Ben-Ari ◽  
Uzi Ben-Shalom
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Force Generation ◽  
Institutional Autonomy ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
The West ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
Media Monitoring ◽  
Israel Defense Forces ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) routinely rotate ground forces in and out of the Occupied Territories in the West Bank. While these troops are trained for soldiering in high-intensity wars, in the Territories they have long had to carry out a variety of policing activities. These activities often exist in tension with their soldierly training and ethos, both of which center on violent encounters. IDF ground forces have adapted to this situation by maintaining a hierarchy of ‘logics of action’, in which handling potentially hostile encounters takes precedence over other forms of policing. Over time, this hierarchy has been adapted to the changed nature of contemporary conflict, in which soldiering is increasingly exposed to multiple forms of media, monitoring, and juridification. To maintain its public legitimacy and institutional autonomy, the IDF has had to adapt to the changes imposed on it by creating multiple mechanisms of force generation and control of soldierly action.

Domains of Socialization

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-90
Author(s):  
Joan E. Grusec
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Group Participation ◽  
Guided Learning ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
Affect And Cognition ◽  
And Control ◽  
Value Learning ◽  
Over Time

This chapter surveys how behavior, affect, and cognition with respect to parenting and moral development have been conceptualized over time. It moves to a discussion of domains of socialization; that is, different contexts in which socialization occurs and where different mechanisms operate. Domains include protection where the child is experiencing negative affect, reciprocity where there is an exchange of favors, group participation or learning through observing others and engaging with them in positive action, guided learning where values are taught in the child’s zone of proximal development, and control where values are learned through discipline and reward. Research using narratives of young adults about value-learning events suggests that inhibition of antisocial behavior is more likely learned in the control domain, and prosocial behavior more likely in the group participation domain. Internalization of values, measured by narrative meaningfulness, is most likely in the group participation domain.

Body mass index and risk of all-cause mortality in normotensive and hypertensive adults: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Qionggui Zhou ◽  
Xuejiao Liu ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Pei Qin ◽  
Yongcheng Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Hypertension Status ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Chinese Cohort ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objective: The impact of baseline hypertension status on the BMI–mortality association is still unclear. We aimed to examine the moderation effect of hypertension on the BMI–mortality association using a rural Chinese cohort. Design: In this cohort study, we investigated the incident of mortality according to different BMI categories by hypertension status. Setting: Longitudinal population-based cohort Participants: 17,262 adults ≥18 years were recruited from July to August of 2013 and July to August of 2014 from a rural area in China. Results: During a median 6-year follow-up, we recorded 1109 deaths (610 with and 499 without hypertension). In adjusted models, as compared with BMI 22-24 kg/m2, with BMI ≤18, 18-20, 20-22, 24-26, 26-28, 28-30 and >30 kg/m2, the HRs (95% CI) for mortality in normotensive participants were 1.92 (1.23-3.00), 1.44 (1.01-2.05), 1.14 (0.82-1.58), 0.96 (0.70-1.31), 0.96 (0.65-1.43), 1.32 (0.81-2.14), and 1.32 (0.74-2.35) respectively, and in hypertensive participants were 1.85 (1.08-3.17), 1.67 (1.17-2.39), 1.29 (0.95-1.75), 1.20 (0.91-1.58), 1.10 (0.83-1.46), 1.10 (0.80-1.52), and 0.61 (0.40-0.94) respectively. The risk of mortality was lower in individuals with hypertension with overweight or obesity versus normal weight, especially in older hypertensives (≥60 years old). Sensitivity analyses gave consistent results for both normotensive and hypertensive participants. Conclusions: Low BMI was significantly associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality regardless of hypertension status in rural Chinese adults, but high BMI decreased the mortality risk among individuals with hypertension, especially in older hypertensives.

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barizien ◽  
Morgan Le Guen ◽  
Stéphanie Russel ◽  
Pauline Touche ◽  
Florent Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

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