scholarly journals 1116Spatial diffusion of the 2015-2016 Zika, dengue, and chikungunya epidemics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Razal Dalvi ◽  
Jose Braga
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Spatial Diffusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diffusion Pattern ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Text: Different countries, especially Brazil, that have faced recurrent dengue epidemics for decades and chikungunya epidemics since 2014, have had to restructure their health services to combat a triple epidemic of arboviruses - Zika, dengue, and Chikungunya - transmitted by the same vector, mainly Aedes aegypti, in 2015-2016. Several efforts have been made to better understand these three arboviruses. The knowledge of the patterns of spatial diffusion of diseases during an epidemic can contribute to the planning of surveillance actions and control of these diseases. This study aimed to identify spatial diffusion processes of these viruses in the context of the triple epidemic in 2015-2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods Text: Two study designs were used: cross-sectional and ecological. Zika, dengue, and chikungunya cases notified to the national notificable disease surveillance system of the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2015 and 2016 were used. The residential addresses of the cases were geocoded. Sequential Kernel maps, nearest-neighbor ratios calculated cumulatively over time, Moran global autocorrelation correlograms, and local autocorrelation changes over time were used to identify spatial diffusion patterns. Results Text: Our findings suggest an expansion diffusion pattern for the 2015-2016 triple epidemic of Zika, dengue and chikungunya in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as the sites most affected by the diseases. Conclusions Text: The spatial diffusion pattern of expansion was suggested by the results of the spatial analysis used. Key messages Text: These findings can be considered for more effective control measures and for new studies on the dynamics of these three arboviruses.

scholarly journals Spatial diffusion of the 2015–2016 Zika, dengue and chikungunya epidemics in Rio de Janeiro Municipality, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. R. Dalvi ◽  
J. U. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Spatial Diffusion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Diffusion Pattern ◽  
Study Designs ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Different countries, especially Brazil, that have faced recurrent dengue epidemics for decades and chikungunya epidemics since 2014, have had to restructure their health services to combat a triple epidemic of arboviruses – Zika, dengue and Chikungunya – transmitted by the same vector, mainly Aedes aegypti, in 2015–2016. Several efforts have been made to better understand these three arboviruses. Spatial analysis plays an important role in the knowledge of disease dynamics. The knowledge of the patterns of spatial diffusion of these three arboviruses during an epidemic can contribute to the planning of surveillance actions and control of these diseases. This study aimed to identify the spatial diffusion processes of these viruses in the context of the triple epidemic in 2015–2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two study designs were used: cross-sectional and ecological. Sequential Kernel maps, nearest-neighbour ratios calculated cumulatively over time, Moran global autocorrelation correlograms, and local autocorrelation changes over time were used to identify spatial diffusion patterns. The results suggested an expansion diffusion pattern for the three arboviruses during 2015–2016 in Rio de Janeiro. These findings can be considered for more effective control measures and for new studies on the dynamics of these three arboviruses.

An Experiment to Model Spatial Diffusion Process with Nearest Neighbor Analysis and Regression Estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Lee ◽  
Jinn-Guey Lay ◽  
Wei Chien Benny Chin ◽  
Yu-Lin Chi ◽  
Ya-Hui Hsueh
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Process ◽  
Nearest Neighbor ◽  
Diffusion Processes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Spatial Diffusion ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Over Time

Spatial diffusion processes can be seen in many geographic phenomena that spread or migrate across space and over time. Studies of these processes were mostly done with verbal description until Hägerstrand (1966) started to approach it with quantitative models. A variety of attempts were made to continue this effort, but only with various degrees of success. Recognizing the critical role that distances between geographic objects or events play in a spatial diffusion process, we experimented with a new approach that uses these distances to detect and distinguish different types of spatial diffusion processes. Our approach is a two-step process that first calculates nearest neighbor ratios in a point process at each time step and then applies regression curve estimation to observe how these ratios change over time. We first report the results from applying this method to three spatio-temporal data sets which show the feasibility of our approach. We then report results of randomly simulated spatial diffusion processes to see if our approach is effective for the purpose of distinguishing different types of spatial diffusion processes. With only extreme cases as exceptions, our experiment found that using estimated regression curves of nearest neighbor ratios over time is usable in classifying spatial diffusion processes to either contagious/expansion or hierarchical/relocation diffusion processes.

scholarly journals Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey Pilot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B Pouwels ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Julie V Robotham ◽  
Paul Birrell ◽  
Andrew B Gelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Patient Contact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To estimate the percentage of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) over time in the community in England and to quantify risk factors. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of population-representative households with longitudinal follow-up if consent given. Setting: England. Participants: 34,992 Individuals aged 2 years and over from 16,722 private residential households. Data were collected in a pilot phase of the survey between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Main outcome measures: Percentage of individuals in the community testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using throat and nose swabs. Individuals were asked about any symptoms and potential risk factors. Results: The percentage of people in private-residential households testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 reduced from 0.32% (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.19% to 0.52%) on 26 April to 0.08% (95% CrI 0.05% to 0.12%) on 28 June, although the prevalence stabilised near the end of the pilot. Factors associated with an increased risk of testing positive included having a job with direct patient contact (relative exposure (RE) 4.06, 95% CrI 2.42 to 6.77)), working outside the home (RE 2.49, 95% CrI 1.39 to 4.45), and having had contact with a hospital (RE 2.20, 95% CrI 1.09 to 4.16 for having been to a hospital individually and RE 1.95, 95% CrI 0.81 to 4.09 for a household member having been to a hospital). In 133 visits where individuals tested positive, 82 (61%, 95% CrI 53% to 69%) reported no symptoms, stably over time. Conclusion: The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals declined between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported. Working outside your home was an important risk factor, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be essential for early detection of increases in infections following return to work and other relaxations of control measures.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Serovars in Conventional and Organic Chickens from Louisiana Retail Stores

2009 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 1165-1172 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHOFIYAH IKA LESTARI ◽  
FEIFEI HAN ◽  
FEI WANG ◽  
BEILEI GE
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Baton Rouge ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
Chicken Sample ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Over Time

In this 1-year survey from October 2006 to September 2007, we isolated and characterized 126 Salmonella isolates from conventionally raised (n = 141) and organically raised (n = 53) chicken carcasses obtained from 27 retail stores in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Salmonella was isolated from 22% of conventional and from 20.8% of organic chicken samples. Eight Salmonella serovars were identified; predominant ones included Kentucky, Hadar, and Enteritidis. The vast majority of isolates within the same chicken sample possessed the same pulsed-field gel pattern. All Salmonella isolates were susceptible to amikacin, ceftriaxone, and ciprofloxacin; however, decreased susceptibility to quinolones (7.1%) or extended-spectrum cephalosporins (45.2%) was observed. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials (two or more) was found among 52.4% of the Salmonella isolates. Antimicrobial resistance profiles differed greatly among Salmonella serovars and also depended on the type of chicken from which they were recovered. Salmonella Kentucky isolates from organic chicken samples were susceptible to 11 of the antimicrobials tested, whereas those from conventional chickens were only susceptible to 4 antimicrobials. Three Salmonella Kentucky isolates from conventional chickens possessed multidrug resistance phenotype MDR-AmpC. Results of this study provide baseline data on both prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella in retail chickens in this region and emphasize the need for implementing effective control measures to reduce Salmonella contamination and the levels of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella in both conventionally and organically raised poultry products. Further studies involving larger sample sizes over time are needed to better monitor and assess the trend of prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility among Salmonella serovars in retail chickens.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 pandemic among residents of Jharkhand state, India: An online survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Rai ◽  
Nishant Nishant ◽  
D Singh ◽  
Nitin Kulkarni ◽  
Shailesh Chaurasia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background: People's adherence to control measures is imperative in the fight against COVID-19. The present study was done to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among residents of Jharkhand and to assist government in deciding further course of action during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This study was an online cross sectional survey. The link to the questionnaire was displayed on the official website of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand, National Health Mission, Jharkhand, official website of all districts under Jharkhand state administration, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme and Information & Public Relations department. Participation of residents in the survey was also extensively propagated using mass media mainly local television networks, radio channel and newspapers. Results: A total of 4683 responses were received from all districts of Jharkhand. Majority of the participants were young adults (47.5%) and number of male participants was more than the females (81.4%). Mean correct knowledge score for participants of this study was 10.73+2.2 (maximum attainable score was 14) while mean practice score for the participants was 4.5+0.69 (maximum attainable score was 5). Knowledge score of the participants was significantly associated with their age, education status and economic class (p<0.05). The participants largely held an optimistic attitude and healthy practices towards COVID-19. Conclusions: Participants had positive attitude but were also logically worried and uncertain about near future. Adequate knowledge of participants was visible in the practices of residents. There was however a gap across age groups, gender, literacy and income levels which should be addressed in future campaigns.

scholarly journals Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 tracks early interstate transmission of P.1 lineage and diversification within P.2 clade in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. e0009835
Author(s):  
Alessandra P. Lamarca ◽  
Luiz G. P. de Almeida ◽  
Ronaldo da Silva Francisco ◽  
Lucymara Fassarella Agnez Lima ◽  
Kátia Castanho Scortecci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Northeast Region ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Novel Variants

The sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The novel viral lineages P.1 (Variant of Concern Gamma) and P.2, respectively identified in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) in order to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil in the first months of 2021. Here, we showed a widespread dispersal of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions and, except for Amazonas, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified in the sampled states. We estimated the origin of P.2 lineage to have happened in February, 2020 and identified that it has differentiated into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December and its origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of lineage P.7, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and P.7 are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, which co-dominated the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil with the B.1.1.33 strain. We also identified the occurrence of a new lineage descending from B.1.1.33 that convergently carries the E484K mutation, N.9. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to identify novel variants of interest and monitor for vaccine effectiveness.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 pandemic among residents of Jharkhand state, India: An online survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Rai ◽  
Nishant Nishant ◽  
DK Singh ◽  
Nitin Madan Kulkarni ◽  
Shailesh Kumar Chaurasia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Radio Channel ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

Abstract Background People's adherence to control measures is imperative in the fight against COVID-19. The present study was done to evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among residents of Jharkhand and to assist government in deciding further course of action during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods This study was an online cross sectional survey. The link to the questionnaire was displayed on the official website of Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi, Government of Jharkhand, National Health Mission, Jharkhand, official website of all districts under Jharkhand state administration, Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme and Information & Public Relations department. Participation of residents in the survey was also extensively propagated using mass media mainly local television networks, radio channel and newspapers. Results A total of 4683 responses were received from all districts of Jharkhand. Majority of the participants were young adults (47.5%) and number of male participants was more than the females (81.4%). Mean correct knowledge score for participants of this study was 10.73 + 2.2 (maximum attainable score was 14) while mean practice score for the participants was 4.5 + 0.69 (maximum attainable score was 5). Knowledge score of the participants was significantly associated with their age, education status and economic class (p < 0.05). The participants largely held an optimistic attitude and healthy practices towards COVID-19. Conclusions Participants had positive attitude but were also logically worried and uncertain about near future. Adequate knowledge of participants was visible in the practices of residents. There was however a gap across age groups, gender, literacy and income levels which should be addressed in future campaigns.

Worldwide Surveillance of Foodborne Disease: the Need to Improve†

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWEN C. D. TODD
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Foodborne Disease ◽  
E Coli

A foodborne-disease surveillance program is an essential part of a food safety program. Foodborne surveillance should be able to issue early alerts on contaminated food to which a large population is exposed; collate notifications of enteric diseases and laboratory isolations; report foodborne disease incidents on a regular basis; and use sentinel and specific epidemiological studies as required. Although most countries have some kind of reporting of notifiable diseases, few have foodborne-disease surveillance programs, and little is known of foodborne disease in general on a worldwide basis. However, in the last decade many European countries have generated annual reports to join those of Canada, England/Wales, Japan and the United States. In addition, a few other countries are attempting to develop foodborne-disease reporting programs but are hampered by lack of resources. However, it is apparent that staphylococcal intoxication has been decreasing in most nations, except in some Latin American countries where cheese from unpasteurized milk and cream-filled desserts are widely consumed. In contrast, salmonellosis has been increasing or remaining steady as the main foodborne disease in practically all other countries. Newly-recognized agents such as E. coli O157:H7 and other verotoxigenic E. coli, or previously-known agents in new food associations such as Clostridium botulinum, are also being documented in several countries. Although the socioeconomic impact of foodborne diseases is very high, there are at best limited effective control measures to reduce them, even in industrialized countries. One reason control is difficult to achieve is that surveillance is inadequate and the burden of foodborne disease is not fully understood by policy-makers. Another reason is that a consistent and coordinated effort by industry and government is required, as has been practiced in Sweden to reduce substantially the Salmonella contamination of poultry. Improvement of surveillance on a worldwide basis is all the more important with increasing world trade and travel, and international organizations need to take a lead role in accomplishing this.

scholarly journals Parasitic Zoonoses in Humans and Their Dogs from a Rural Community of Tropical Mexico

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ortega-Pacheco ◽  
Juan F. J. Torres-Acosta ◽  
Alejandro Alzina-López ◽  
Eduardo Gutiérrez-Blanco ◽  
Manuel E. Bolio-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Community ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Parasitic Zoonoses

A cross-sectional study was made on 89 inhabitants and their dogs from a rural community of Yucatan, Mexico, to determine the serological prevalence of some zoonotic parasitic agents. Samples were taken to monitor the presence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. In humans, the serological prevalence ofT. canis,T. gondii, andT. spiraliswas 29.2%, 91.0%, and 6.7%, respectively. No associations were found between positive cases and studied variables. From the total of blood samples taken from dogs, 87 (97.6%) were seropositive toT. gondii; only 52 viable fecal samples were collected from dogs of which 46.2% had the presence of gastrointestinal parasites with low to moderate intensity; from those, 12% had the presence ofT. canis. This study demonstrates the presence of the studied zoonotic agents in the area particularlyT. gondiiwhich suggest a common source of infection in dogs and humans and a high number of oocyts present in the environment. Preventive measures must be designed towards good prophylactic practices in domestic and backyard animals (T. canisandT. spiralis). Contaminated sources withT. gondii(food and water) should be further investigated in order to design effective control measures.

A 17-year review of foodborne outbreaks: describing the continuing decline in England and Wales (1992–2008)

2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. GORMLEY ◽  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
N. RAWAL ◽  
I. A. GILLESPIE ◽  
S. LEBAIGUE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phage Type ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Period ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYSystematic national surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks effectively serves the development of public health policy on food safety. The Health Protection Agency has maintained a collaborative surveillance system for foodborne outbreaks in England and Wales since 1992. Up to 2008, 2429 foodborne outbreaks were identified, described and analysed for changes over time. Salmonella spp. accounted for half of the outbreaks, although the proportion of these decreased over the surveillance period. Similarly, the proportion of outbreaks caused by Clostridium perfringens decreased, while those attributed to Campylobacter spp. and Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 increased. Although poultry meat was the most frequently implicated food vehicle in outbreaks followed by miscellaneous foods and red meats, the proportion of outbreaks attributed to meats in fact decreased over time but those linked to miscellaneous foods did not. Over the surveillance period, the proportion of outbreaks linked to eggs and S. Enteritidis non-phage-type 4, particularly in food service establishments, increased, highlighting the importance of this organism/setting/vehicle association. Contributory factors in most outbreaks were cross-contamination, inadequate heat treatment, and inappropriate food storage. This study describes the overall decline in foodborne outbreaks, providing evidence that the introduction and adherence to effective control measures provide the best means of minimizing the risk of foodborne infection.

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