Extraction Efficiency Study—Examination of Three Procedures for Extracting 14C-Labeled and Unlabeled Residues of Organophosphorus Pesticides and Carbaryl from Bean Leaves and Kale

1971 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall R Watts
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Rapid Extraction ◽  
Bean Plants ◽  
Bean Leaves

Abstract Two rapid extraction procedures which consist of sample blending with ethyl acetate or acetonitrile and an exhaustive Soxhlet extraction procedure using 10% methanol in chloroform were tested for efficiency of extraction of 14C-labeled residues of carbaryl, malathion, and phosphamidon on laboratory-grown and treated bean plants. The extraction procedures were also tested on field-treated kale containing 7–11 day old residues of azinphosmethyl, parathion, and malathion. The extraction efficiencies of the 3 procedures were in very close agreement for all residues in both studies. More than 90% of the 14C-containing residues were extracted from treated bean leaves. The extraction efficiencies for field-weathered residues on kale were judged to be essentially 100%, since several hours of additional Soxhlet extraction did not remove any more residue.

Comparison of extraction efficiency of various methods to extract L-DOPA from Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (04) ◽  
pp. 5343
Author(s):  
Ragni Vora ◽  
Ambika N. Joshi* ◽  
Nitesh C. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Mucuna Pruriens ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Uv Detector ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Hplc Mobile Phase ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Seed Extracts

Mucuna pruriens seeds are noted to be a natural source of L-DOPA and are also used as a substitute for the synthetic L-DOPA. In the present study; attempts are made to develop suitable method(s) for extraction of L-DOPA from the powdered seeds of Mucuna pruriens using different solvents and conditions. The Seed powder was subjected to 7 different extraction methods and Method 1 was subjected to various solvent concentrations. Some methods used de-fatting procedure, either the method was cold maceration or in high temperature. Soxhlet extraction was also used in one of the extraction methods. All the extracts were analyzed using RP-HPLC. Mobile Phase used was Water: Methanol: AcetoNitrile (100:60:40) (v/v) containing 0.2% Triethylamine, pH = 3.3 and monitored at 280 nm with variable wavelength UV detector. The extraction was best with Methanol Water mixture in a cold maceration technique and overall gives good extraction efficiency of 13.36 % L-DOPA and id the best method giving highest extraction efficiency. The De-fatting method was the 2nd best methods giving approximately 8.8% L-DOPA and Method 5 viz, heat reflux method gives 8.7% L-DOPA making it the 3rd best method. There are not many studies done for optimization of extraction technique for L-DOPA despite an extensive work is reported for isolation, identification and pharmacological activities of L-DOPA from various plant sources. Keeping this in view, present investigation was done to study the extraction efficiency of various extraction methods of L-DOPA content in seed extracts of Mucuna pruriens and compare it.

scholarly journals Comparison between Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Conventional Soxhlet Extraction for Rosemary Antioxidants, Yield, Composition, and Environmental Footprint

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Hirondart ◽  
Natacha Rombaut ◽  
Anne Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier ◽  
Antoine Bily ◽  
Farid Chemat
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Pressurized Liquid Extraction ◽  
Carnosic Acid ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Initial Composition ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Preparation Step

Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the environmental impact not only in term of analysis but also in the sample preparation step. Within this objective, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated to determine the initial composition of key antioxidants contained in rosemary leaves: Rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA), and carnosol (CO). An experimental design was applied to identify an optimized PLE set of extraction parameters: A temperature of 183 °C, a pressure of 130 bar, and an extraction duration of 3 min enabled recovering rosemary antioxidants. PLE was further compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) in term of global processing time, energy used, solvent recovery, raw material used, accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness to extract quantitatively RA, CA, and CO from rosemary leaves. A statistical comparison of the two extraction procedure (PLE and CSE) was achieved and showed no significant difference between the two procedures in terms of RA, CA, and CO extraction. To complete the study showing that the use of PLE is an advantageous alternative to CSE, the eco-footprint of the PLE process was evaluated. Results demonstrate that it is a rapid, clean, and environmentally friendly extraction technique.

scholarly journals Phytochemical analysis, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activity of Acalypha indica leaf extracts in different organic solvents

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chekuri Sudhakar ◽  
Narendar Vankudothu ◽  
Shivaprasad Panjala ◽  
Nirmala Babu Rao ◽  
Roja Rani Anupalli
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Acalypha Indica

The herb <em>Acalypha indica </em>which belongs to Euphorbiaceae family has multiple medicinal properties which include anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, anti-helmintic, anti-cancerous, anti-venom, and neuro-protective activity. The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activity of <em>Acalypha indica </em>leaves extracts in different solvent extractions like methanol, hexane, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Fresh leaves of the plant were collected and shade dried. Dried leaves were milled to obtain powder. Powder was subjected to soxhlet extraction using solvents and extracts were successively obtained. Phytochemical analysis was conducted following standard methods.  Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of Alkaloids, Phenols, Saponins, Flavanoids and Amino acids. Leaf extract of methonal have shown the highest anti-oxidation capacity than hexane, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether. Anti-microbial activity has been performed on microbes like <em>Bacillus sps</em>, <em>E.coli,</em> <em>Psuedomonas sps</em> and <em>Streptococcus sps.</em> A highest value of zone of inhibition was found in methanol extract against <em>E.coli.</em> These results provide evidence that <em>Acalypha indica </em>leaf extract possesses vital phytochemicals, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Hence this plant can be studied further for drug analysis for finding potent medicines for diseases.

scholarly journals Methodological study of extraction procedures applied to urban particulate matter

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jirina Sysalova ◽  
Jirina Szakova ◽  
Walter Goessler ◽  
Jana Tremlova
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Arsenic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Icp Oes ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Species Occurrence ◽  
Air Filters ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe modified BCR three-step sequential extraction procedure has been applied to two different samples of urban particulate matters (PM). The distribution of selected trace elements As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn was investigated and, in a comparative study, the presence of common organic air filters in extraction procedures was evaluated. Analytes in separate fractions were determined by ICP-OES and GFAAS, respectively, depending on concentration levels. While, due to air filters, a significant increase of some analytes mobility in individual fractions has been observed in case of the jet-milled PM (tunnel Letna), but in case of the PKC sample such effect was not found. The analyte impurities built in some filters has been tested, and the impact on the reliability of analyte results has been discussed. The arsenic species occurrence and their stability in presence of air filters (size 47 mm) were investigated in both urban PM samples as well, using HPLC-ICP-MS technique. Water soluble and by three-step BCR procedure extractable arsenic forms are shown in chromatograms

Effect of Age, Sex and Feeding Regimen on Fat Digestibility in Individual Rats as Determined by a Rapid Extraction Procedure

1958 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Squibb ◽  
Alvaro Aguirre ◽  
J. Edgar Braham ◽  
Nevin S. Scrimshaw ◽  
Edwin Bridgforth
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Rapid Extraction ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Fat Digestibility

scholarly journals HPTLC determination of diosgenin in fenugreek seeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Król-Kogus ◽  
Khenifi Mohammed Lamine ◽  
Piotr Migas ◽  
Messaoud Boudjeniba ◽  
Mirosława Krauze-Baranowska
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Fenugreek Seeds ◽  
Hydrolysis Products ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Abstract A new HPTLC-densitometric method for diosgenin determination in fenugreek seeds was established after optimization of the conditions for efficient saponin extraction and acid hydrolysis. Several procedures were tested, the best of which was a three-step Soxhlet extraction, followed by hydrolysis of the obtained methanolic extract with 2 mol L-1 H2SO4. Best diosgenin separation from other hydrolysis products was obtained on HPTLC Si60F254 plates u sing a mixture of n-heptane/ethyl acetate (7:3, V/V) and modified anisaldehyde as a spraying reagent. The method was preliminarily validated and the determined amounts of diosgenin in fenugreek seeds of Polish and African origin were found to be similar and ranged from 0.12-0.18 %.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AMOUNT OF INSULIN EXTRACTABLE FROM BEEF PANCREAS: II. EFFECTS OF ALTERING THE EXTRACTION PROCEDURE ON THE CHANGES IN THE INSULIN EXTRACTABLE FROM AGING PANCREAS AND ON RECOVERY OF INSULIN

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 537-543
Author(s):  
C. J. Labuschagne ◽  
B. K. Haessig ◽  
Gerald A. Wrenshall
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Transient Increase ◽  
Progressive Decrease ◽  
Ethanol Extraction ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽  
Factors Influencing

Using variants of a hydrochloric acid – ethanol extraction procedure, which are described, only about one-tenth of the crude insulin extractable from beef pancreas was found to be extracted in the same way as crystallized Zinc-Insulin added to extraction fluid. An effective conjugation of most of the extractable crude insulin from beef pancreas with non-insulin factors thus appears to have occurred at least during the acid–alcohol phase of extraction. Nevertheless the mouse-convulsion method used for insulin assay proved effective in estimating the amount of this conjugated fraction of the extractable insulin following the addition either of the unconjugated Zinc-Insulin-Toronto or of the conjugated Protamine Zinc Insulin (Toronto) to the crude insulin in acid alcoholic extracts of pure beef pancreas. The phases of transient increase and progressive decrease in the insulin extractable from initially fresh beef pancreas during aging also occurred in the conjugated fraction of the extractable insulin. The proportion of this crude insulin which extracted as conjugated insulin did not change appreciably during the process of aging.The above findings support the view that the transient increase superimposed on a progressive decrease in the extractable insulin during aging of fresh pancreas are not caused by progressive changes in conjugation of insulin. The finding of similar changes with time of aging in the concentration of extractable insulin of beef pancreas when two different extraction procedures were employed, and again when two different extraction media were employed, suggests that these changes are not products of the method or materials employed for extraction.

Studies of the Uroporphyrins

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Watson ◽  
M H Berg ◽  
V E Hawkinson ◽  
Irene Bossenmaier
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Type I ◽  
Acute Porphyria ◽  
Preliminary Heating ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Isomer Composition ◽  
Metabolic Significance

Abstract 1. Seventeen cases of hepatic porphyria have been studied with respect to variations in isomer composition of the urinary Waldenström uroporphyrin complex. 2. Comparison was made of the effect of various isolation procedures on the isomer composition of the uroporphyrin complex, with special reference to the effect of preliminary heating of the urine. 3. Methods not employing heat, including the ethyl acetate extraction procedure of Waldenström, the talc adsorption of Grinstein et al., and a number of modifications, usually yielded relatively small amounts of a uroporphyrin complex, preponderantly Type I isomer. In two instances, however, the complex contained 60-70 per cent Type III. When separable on calcium carbonate, the Type III component was again shown to consist in the main of a 7-COOH porphyrin. Preheating of the urine regularly produced much larger amounts of a Waldenström type porphyrin, and larger proportions of Type III isomer in the complex. 4. The Waldenström porphyrin isolated following conversion of naturally occurring porphyrinogen, by irradiation with ultraviolet light, usually contained a marked preponderance of uroporphyrin I. In certain instances, however, the porphyrinogen was entirely that of the "208" Type III porphyrin. 5. While the large amount of Type III porphyrin found after heating the urine undoubtedly represents nonenzymatic conversion of porphobilinogen, the smaller amount of Type I isomer usually present in major proportion in the preformed uroporphyrin complex or its porphyrinogen may have intrinsic metabolic significance. In exceptional cases of acute porphyria, the uroporphyrin of the unheated urine is preponderantly the Type III isomer.

Modified Procedure for Extraction of Poliovirus from Naturally-Infected Oysters Using Cat-Floc and Beef Extract

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
EDWARD F. LANDRY ◽  
JAMES M. VAUGHN ◽  
THOMAS J. VICALE
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Extraction Procedures ◽  
Precipitation Technique ◽  
Beef Extract ◽  
Virus Recovery

Methods for recovery of poliovirus type 1 (LSc2ab) from naturally-infected oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were examined. Extraction procedures analyzed included glycine-saline and polyelectrolyte (Cat-Floc) methods followed by concentration using modifications of an acid precipitation technique, Direct viral assay of shellfish homogenates, when compared to virus recovery following extraction, indicated that substantially fewer viruses were detected in initial homogenates. These data appeared to support the contention that input values based on homogenate assay were inappropriate in determining recovery efficiencies with naturally-infected shellfish. Since absolute efficiencies could not be determined, relative efficiencies using samples from pooled homogenates were used to determine the recovery efficiencies of various extraction procedures. Cat-Floc extraction followed by a beef extract-modified acid precipitation technique resulted in higher virus recoveries than a glycine-saline extraction procedure.

Charcoal Column Cleanup Method for Many Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Crop Extracts

1969 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 522-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall R Watts ◽  
R W Storherr ◽  
John R Pardue ◽  
Theodore Osgood
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticide ◽  
Analytical Results

Abstract In the charcoal column cleanup method for organophosphorus pesticide residues in crops, the pesticides arc extracted from the crops with ethyl acetate and a 10–20 g aliquot is placed directly on the charcoal adsorbent column for cleanup. The Kuderna-Danish concentrated eluate is analyzed by GLC, using the potassium chloride thermionic detector. Analytical results are presented for pesticide field-treated crops and for crop extracts fortified with a total of 60 parent organophosphorus pesticides and alteration products. Recoveries averaged 90% or better in most cases.

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