Comprehensive fatty acid fractionation profilling in preeclampsia: a case control study with multivariable analysis

Background Preeclampsia is a complication during pregnancy characterised by new-onset hypertension and proteinuria that develops after 20 weeks of gestation. Dyslipidemia in pregnancy is correlated with an increased risk of preeclampsia. However, the dynamic changes in lipid metabolic product, particularly fatty acid fraction, in preeclampsia maternal circulation, are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate fatty acid fraction in preeclampsia maternal blood compared with normotensive normal pregnancy. Methods A total of 34 women who developed preeclampsia and 32 women with normotensive normal pregnancy were included in our case-control study. Maternal blood samples were collected for serum fatty acid fractions analysis and other biochemical parameters. Serum fatty acid fractions included long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), saturated fatty acid, and total fatty acid, measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mean difference of fatty acid level was analysed using parametric and non-parametric bivariate analysis based on normality distributed data, while the risk of preeclampsia based on fatty acid fraction was analysed using a logistic regression model. Results Women with preeclampsia have lower high-density lipoprotein (53.97 ± 12.82 mg/dL vs. 63.71 ± 15.20 mg/dL, p = 0.006), higher triglyceride (284.91 ± 97.68 mg/dL vs. 232.84 ± 73.69 mg/dL, p = 0.018) than that in the normotensive group. Higher palmitoleic acid was found in women with preeclampsia compared to normotensive normal pregnancy (422.94 ± 195.99 vs. 325.71 ± 111.03 μmol/L, p = 0.037). The binary logistic regression model showed that pregnant women who had total omega-3 levels within the reference values had a higher risk of suffering preeclampsia than those with the higher reference value (odds ratio OR (95% CI): 8,5 (1.51–48.07), p = 0.015). Pregnant women who have saturated fatty acid within reference values had a lower risk for suffering preeclampsia than those in upper reference value (OR (95% CI): 0.21 (0.52–0.88), p = 0.032). Conclusion Overall, palmitoleic acid was higher in women with preeclampsia. Further analysis indicated that reference omega-3 in and high saturated fatty acid serum levels are characteristics of women with preeclampsia.

Effect of cow's milk with different PUFA n-6: n-3 ratios on performance, serum lipid profile, and blood parameters of grower gilts.

The concern with human health has increased the interest in producing foods enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), directly or naturally by inclusion in the animals' diet. The positive effects such as antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic have been observed in pigs and rats, used as human models for study. The present study evaluated the effect of cow's milk with different lipid profiles on performance, serum fatty acid profile, biochemical analysis, and a complete blood count of gilts used as a human model. At 34 days, thirty gilts were equally distributed in three treatments. Experimental treatments were milk from cows without the oil supplementation (C), milk from cows fed an enriched diet with linseed oil (n-3), and milk from cows fed an enriched diet with soybean oil (n-6). Milk supplementation was performed until the age of 190 days, provided once in the morning. The n-3 and n-6 milk reduced the concentration of myristic acid in the blood and increased the leukocytes. Milk enriched with n-3 compared to n-6 reduced stearic acid. In conclusion, milk with a better PUFA profile can reduce saturated fatty acids in the blood and alter the concentration of cells in the defense system

Prevalence of elevated serum fatty acid synthase in chronic limb-threatening ischemia

There are currently no serum-based evaluations that can corroborate the severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this cross-sectional study, we assessed the prevalence of elevated serum fatty acid synthase (cFAS) in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) and evaluated the accuracy of its use in detecting this condition. Preoperative fasting serum samples from 87 patients undergoing vascular intervention were collected between October 2014 and September 2016. Median age was 62 years, with 56 (64%) men, and 32 (37%) with CLTI. We found that elevated cFAS content (OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.31), type 2 diabetes (T2D; OR 5.22; 95% CI 1.77–15.4), and smoking (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.19–10.5) were independently associated with CLTI and could detect the presence of CLTI with 83% accuracy (95% CI 0.74–0.92). Furthermore, serum FAS content was positively correlated with FAS content in femoral artery plaque in patients with severe PAD ($${R}^{2}$$ R 2 = 0.22; P = 0.023). Finally, significantly higher co-localization of FAS and ApoB were observed within lower extremity arterial media (P < .001). Our findings indicate that serum FAS content is a marker for disease severity in patients with PAD, independent of concomitant T2D and smoking, and may play a key role in FAS and ApoB peripheral plaque progression.

Abstract MP40: Microbiome-associated Metabolites Are Altered In Mouse Models Of Hypertension

Recent studies suggest that the microbiome plays a key role in hypertension and associated inflammation. Microbiota produce metabolites that may lead to activated pro-inflammatory immune cells and contribute to hypertension; however, the altered metabolites in multiple models of hypertension is currently unknown. We hypothesized that there are significant differences in metabolomic profiles between normotensive and hypertensive mice. We utilized two mouse models of hypertension: L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)/high salt diet induced hypertension (LSHTN) and angiotensin II induced hypertension (A2HTN). Serum and fecal samples were collected at the end of the treatment period. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were performed to identify the biochemical composition of each sample. Random Forest Analysis was performed to classify each sample based on similarities and differences in metabolite composition. These procedures were performed by Metabolon, Inc. A total of 1,066 and 1,028 biochemicals were measured in serum and feces, respectively. There were 263 biochemicals in LSHTN serum and 122 biochemicals in A2HTN serum that were statistically different from controls (p≤0.05). There were 298 biochemicals in LSHTN feces and 64 biochemicals in A2HTN feces that were statistically different from controls (p≤0.05). Five biochemical metabolite groups were shown to have significant differences between hypertensive groups and controls: aromatic amino acids, bile acids and sterols, benzoates, fatty acids, and diacylglycerols. Tryptophan metabolites were significantly reduced in the serum of LSHTN mice but not in the serum of A2HTN mice. Serum tyrosine and benzoate metabolites showed varied differences between the two hypertensive groups. Serum fatty acid beta oxidation metabolites were significantly reduced in both hypertensive models but were significantly increased in the feces of mice with LSHTN. In conclusion, this study provided significant analysis of metabolite changes in two hypertension mouse models. Further investigation of the roles these metabolites play in hypertension may lead to targeted therapeutic interventions.

The Effects of One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass on Fatty Acids in the Serum of Patients with Morbid Obesity

Purpose Obesity is associated with alterations in serum fatty acid profiles. One-anastomosis gastric bypass is a type of bariatric surgery used in the treatment of morbid obesity. The aim of this study was to establish if, between 6 and 9 months after this procedure, the fatty acid composition in the serum of patients normalizes to values similar to the healthy, lean population. Materials/Methods The study included 46 patients that underwent surgical treatment for obesity with one-anastomosis gastric bypass. The serum fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis was conducted to detect the differences between fatty acid profiles in patients pre- and post-surgery, and in 29 control nonobese subjects. Results Patients with morbid obesity were characterized by lowered levels of beneficial odd- and branched-chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. While the odd- and branched-chain fatty acid amounts normalized 6–9 months after bariatric treatment, the polyunsaturated fatty acid levels did not. Moreover, the total fatty acid profiles of patients pre- and post-bariatric surgery were still markedly different than those of lean, healthy controls. Conclusion Following one-anastomosis gastric bypass, there are some beneficial changes in serum fatty acids in treated patients, possibly due to weight loss and dietary regimen changes. However, they may be insufficient to restore the proper levels of other fatty acids, which may need to be additionally supplemented. Graphical abstract

Effects of silybin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hematological parameters, liver function indices, and liver-specific mi-RNA concentration in dogs

Background Hepatopathies are an important group of disorders in dogs where proper nutritional care is crucial. Supplementation with a hepatoprotectant like silybin can improve liver function and should not interfere with nutrient digestibility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of both pure silybin and commercial hepatoprotectant on nutrients digestibility, liver function indices and health status in healthy dogs (EXP1). Moreover, the second experiment (EXP2) investigated the effect of commercial hepatoprotectant on liver function tests and liver-associated miRNAs concentration in dogs with idiopathic liver disorder. Results Nutrient digestibility was not affected by treatment in EXP1. Supplementation did alter the serum fatty acid profile, with no clinical relevance. The levels of liver markers such as ALT, AST and GGT significantly decreased. In EXP2, supplementation with commercial hepatoprotectant containing silybin improved liver function tests. A decrease was observed in liver serum markers such as ALT, AST and miR122 concentration. Conclusions EXP1 confirmed that silybin (whether pure or as a commercial hepatoprotectant) does not interfere with digestion which subsequently exerts no detrimental effect on dogs’ health and metabolism. In EXP2, dietary supplementation with commercial hepatoprotectant containing silybin resulted in a decreased activity of serum liver markers, accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of liver-specific miRNA molecules. Liver function indices were consequently improved. Silybin supplementation can thus serve as an effective therapeutical tool in dogs with hepatopathies.

Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 levels and responses of pancreatic islet β-cells and α-cells in patients with type 2 diabetes

Background Serum fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4), as an intracellular lipid chaperone and adipokine, was reported to be related to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic complications, but its association with pancreatic islet β-cell and α-cell functions has not been fully elucidated. So the present study was to investigate the serum FABP4 levels and responses of islet β-cells and α-cells in patients with T2D. Methods 115 patients with T2D and 89 healthy controls (HC), who received serum FABP4 levels test, were recruited to participate in this study. Moreover, 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in T2D patients to evaluate islet β-cell and α-cell functions. Systemic insulin sensitivity and overall insulin secretion of islet β-cell function were assessed by Matsuda index using C peptide (ISIM-cp) and ratio of the area under the C peptide curve to the glucose curve (AUCcp/glu) during OGTT, respectively. Fasting glucagon (Gluca0min) and postchallenge glucagon assessed by the area under the glucagon curve (AUCgluca) were determined during OGTT to evaluate islet α-cell function. And other various clinical variables were also measured in all participants. Skewed variables were natural log-transformed (ln), such as lnFABP4. Results The serum FABP4 levels in T2D patients were significantly higher than those in HC (p < 0.05). And after partially adjusting for fasting plasma glucose, serum lnFABP4 levels were negatively correlated with lnISIM-cp (r = − 0.332, p < 0.001) and positively correlated with lnAUCcp/glu (r = 0.324, p < 0.001), lnGluca0min (r = 0.200, p = 0.040) and lnAUCgluca (r = 0.311, p < 0.001), respectively, in patients with T2D. Furthermore, when multiple linear regression analyses were applied to adjust for other various clinical variables, serum lnFABP4 levels were found to remain associated with lnISIM-cp (β = − 0.296, t = − 2.900, p = 0.005), lnAUCcp/glu (β = 0.223, t = 2.038, p = 0.046), lnGluca0min (β = 0.272, t = 2.330, p = 0.024) and lnAUCgluca (β = 0.341, t = 3.065, p = 0.004), respectively. Conclusion Increased serum FABP4 levels were closely associated with blunted insulin sensitivity, increased insulin secretion, and elevated fasting and postchallenge glucagon levels in patients with T2D.