Effect of almond consumption on the serum fatty acid profile: a dose–response study

Consumption of almonds has been shown to be associated with a decreased risk of CHD, which may be related to their fatty acid (FA) composition. However, the effect of almond consumption on the serum FA composition is not known. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether almond consumption would alter the serum FA profile and risk of CHD, as calculated using Framingham's 10-year risk score, in a dose-dependent manner in hyperlipidaemic individuals when compared with a higher-carbohydrate control group using dietary interventions incorporating almonds. A total of twenty-seven hyperlipidaemic individuals consumed three isoenergetic (mean 1770 kJ/d) supplements during three 1-month dietary phases: (1) full-dose almonds (50–100 g/d); (2) half-dose almonds with half-dose muffins; (3) full-dose muffins. Fasting blood samples were obtained at weeks 0 and 4 for the determination of FA concentrations. Almond intake (g/d) was found to be inversely associated with the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score (P= 0·026). In both the half-dose and full-dose almond groups, the proportions of oleic acid (OA) and MUFA in the TAG fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·003; MUFA P= 0·004; full-almond: OA P< 0·001; MUFA P< 0·001) and in the NEFA fraction (half-almond: OA P= 0·01; MUFA P= 0·04; full-almond: OA P= 0·12; MUFA P= 0·06) increased. The estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·011) and MUFA (P= 0·016) content in the TAG fraction. The proportions of MUFA in the TAG and NEFA fractions were positively associated with changes in HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Similarly, the estimated Framingham 10-year CHD risk score was inversely associated with the percentage change of OA (P= 0·069) and MUFA content in the NEFA fraction (P= 0·009). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that almond consumption increases OA and MUFA content in serum TAG and NEFA fractions, which are inversely associated with CHD lipid risk factors and overall estimated 10-year CHD risk.

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Impact of an Infant Formula Containing a Novel Fat Blend (Cow’s Milk Fat, Fish and Vegetable Oil) and Prebiotics on Stool Fatty Acid Soaps and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Profiles in Full-Term Healthy Newborns

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1159/000515705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Maroula Lambidou ◽

Birgit Alteheld ◽

Rolf Fimmers ◽

Frank Jochum ◽

Antonia Nomayo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Control Group ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Fa Composition ◽

And Control ◽

Breast Fed

Introduction: Recently, new commercial infant formulas have been composed considering novel fat blends and oligosaccharides to better resemble the fatty acid (FA) composition and stereospecific distribution (e.g., increased amount of ß-palmitate) as well as probiotics content of human breast milk. We hypothesized that these newly composed infant formulas may decrease fecal FA soap excretion and may positively affect erythrocyte FA profiles compared with regular formulas. Methods: Healthy infants were randomly assigned to receive a high-sn-2-palmitate formula (>25% of the PA is esterified to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone, verum: n = 30) or a “standard” formula containing <10% of PA in sn-2 position and no oligosaccharides (control: n = 27); a non-randomized group of breast-fed infants served as control. Anthropometric data of the infants (body weight, recumbent length, and head circumference) were recorded at inclusion (visit 1) and 6 and 12 weeks after onset of intervention (visits 2 and 3). Blood samples for erythrocyte FA analysis (gas chromatography) were taken at visits 1 and 2; stool samples were collected at visit 2. Results: Quantitative formula intake (mL/kg body weight × day) at visit 2 (verum: 155 ± 30, control: 164 ± 30) and visit 3 (verum: 134 ± 26, control: 134 ± 21) was comparable. Six weeks after onset of intervention, stool total FA soaps, palmitate soaps, and total FAs were similar in both formula-fed groups but significantly higher than in breast-fed infants. During the 6-week intervention, erythrocyte palmitate decreased significantly from baseline in all 3 groups with no group differences (verum: 29.20 ± 1.17 to 27.12 ± 0.66, control: 29.88 ± 2.00 to 27.01 ± 0.94, breast-fed: 30.20 ± 0.86 to 26.84 ± 0.98). For selected FAs, significant changes over time in verum and control group were obvious but without formula effects. Some variations in the FA profile of breast-fed infants compared to both verum and control groups were observed. Conclusions: In contrast to our hypothesis, feeding a newly composed infant formula based on a fat blend with 25% of PA in the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols and supplemented with a prebiotic could not decrease insoluble FA soap excretion compared with a standard product; in this respect, breastfeeding is obviously the best choice. Surprisingly, erythrocyte FA profiles were comparable in formula-fed and breast-fed infants; obvious alterations in FA composition of the respective fat sources and structure did not affect FA incorporation into membranes. Caution should be, however, exercised in drawing robust conclusions in the absence of larger, adequately powered intervention studies.

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Plant-Based Diet, Serum Fatty Acid Profile, and Free Radicals in Postmenopausal Women: The Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomized Trial

The International Journal of Biological Markers ◽

10.1177/172460080502000304 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 169-176 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C. Colombo ◽

P. Muti ◽

V. Pala ◽

A. Cavalleri ◽

E. Venturelli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

Dietary Intervention ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Intervention Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Reactive Oxygen Metabolites ◽

Serum Fatty Acid

High calorie and fat consumption and the production of free radicals are two major mechanistic pathways between diet and disease. In this study we evaluated the effect of a plant-based diet poor in animal fat and rich in (n-3) fatty acids on fatty acids of serum phospholipids and on the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs). One hundred and four healthy female postmenopausal volunteers were recruited and randomized to a dietary intervention or a control group. Dietary intervention included a program of food education and biweekly common meals for 18 weeks. When the intervention and control groups were compared, it was seen that dietary intervention resulted in a significant reduction of saturated fatty acids (-1.5%) and a significant increase in (n-3) fatty acids (+20.6%), in particular docosahexaenoic acid (+24.8%). We observed that arachidonic acid decreased (–7.7%), while (n-6) fatty acids did not, and the (n-3)/(n-6) polyunsaturated ratio increased significantly (+24.1%). As expected, ROMs decreased significantly in the intervention group (-6%). The results indicated that a plant-based diet can improve the serum fatty acid profile and decrease ROMs production. These results suggest that a plant-based diet may reduce the body's exposure to oxidative stress.

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Changes in Fatty Acid Dietary Profile Affect the Brain–Gut Axis Functions of Healthy Young Adult Rats in a Sex-Dependent Manner

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061864 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1864

Author(s):

Damian Jacenik ◽

Ana Bagüés ◽

Laura López-Gómez ◽

Yolanda López-Tofiño ◽

Amaia Iriondo-DeHond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Young Adult ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Soy Oil ◽

Evening Primrose ◽

Brain Functions ◽

Fa Composition ◽

The Impact ◽

The Brain

Dietary modifications, including those affecting dietary fat and its fatty acid (FA) composition, may be involved in the development of brain–gut axis disorders, with different manifestations in males and females. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of three purified diets with different FA composition on the brain–gut axis in rats of both sexes. Male and female Wistar rats fed a cereal-based standard diet from weaning were used. At young adult age (2–3 months old), animals were divided into three groups and treated each with a different refined diet for 6 weeks: a control group fed on AIN-93G diet containing 7% soy oil (SOY), and two groups fed on AIN-93G modified diets with 3.5% soy oil replaced by 3.5% coconut oil (COCO) or 3.5% evening primrose oil (EP). Different brain–gut axis parameters were evaluated during 4–6 weeks of dietary intervention. Compared with SOY diet (14% saturated FAs, and 58% polyunsaturated FAs), COCO diet (52.2% saturated FAs and 30% polyunsaturated FAs) produced no changes in brain functions and minor gastrointestinal modifications, whereas EP diet (11.1% saturated FAs and 70.56% polyunsaturated FAs) tended to decrease self-care behavior and colonic propulsion in males, and significantly increased exploratory behavior, accelerated gastrointestinal transit, and decreased cecum and fecal pellet density in females. Changes in FA composition, particularly an increase in ω-6 polyunsaturated FAs, seem to facilitate the development of brain–gut axis alterations in a sex-dependent manner, with a relatively higher risk in females.

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Effects of dietary chitosan on growth, lipid metabolism, immune response and antioxidant-related gene expression in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Beneficial Microbes ◽

10.3920/bm2016.0177 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 439-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

J. Yan ◽

C. Guo ◽

M.A.O. Dawood ◽

J. Gao

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Antioxidant Status ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Control Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus ◽

Fatty Acid Binding ◽

Expression Levels

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on growth performance, lipid metabolism, gut microbial, antioxidant status and immune responses of juvenile loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). Five experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of chitosan (0 (control), 0.5, 1, 2 and 5% CHI) for 50 days. Results of the present study showed that body weight gain was significantly higher in fish fed chitosan supplemented diets in dose dependent manner than control group. Increasing dietary chitosan levels reduced gut lipid content. Meanwhile the mRNA expression levels of intestine lipoprotein lipase and fatty acid binding protein 2 were significantly reduced with incremental dietary chitosan level. The percentages of total monounsaturated fatty acid decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acid increased with dietary chitosan. The fish fed 0.5% CHI had higher mucus lysozyme activity (LZM) than those fed 0% CHI, but the LZM activity was significantly decreased with advancing chitosan supplement. The expression levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase revealed a similar trend, where the highest expressions were found in fish fed 5% CHI diet. In the term of intestine microbiota between 0 and 1% CHI groups, the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Bacteroidetes increased, whereas the proportion of bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes decreased as the fish supplemented chitosan. In conclusion, supplementation of chitosan improved growth performance, antioxidant status and immunological responses in loach.

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Celebrex Adjuvant Therapy on Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Experimental Study

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2020.561674 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Wenxin Hong ◽

Yan Chen ◽

Kai You ◽

Shenglin Tan ◽

Feima Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Mean Value ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Adjunctive Treatment ◽

Control Group ◽

Prospective Clinical Study ◽

Prostaglandin E ◽

Full Dose ◽

Half Dose

Background: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resulted in grave morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is currently no effective drug to cure COVID-19. Based on analyses of available data, we deduced that excessive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by cyclooxygenase-2 was a key pathological event of COVID-19.Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted in one hospital for COVID-19 treatment with Celebrex to suppress the excessive PGE2 production. A total of 44 COVID-19 cases were enrolled, 37 cases in the experimental group received Celebrex as adjuvant (full dose: 0.2 g, bid; half dose: 0.2 g, qd) for 7–14 days, and the dosage and duration was adjusted for individuals, while seven cases in the control group received the standard therapy. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by measuring the urine PGE2 levels, lab tests, CT scans, vital signs, and other clinical data. The urine PGE2 levels were measured by mass spectrometry. The study was registered and can be accessed at http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=50474.Results: The concentrations of PGE2 in urine samples of COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than those of PGE2 in urine samples of healthy individuals (mean value: 170 ng/ml vs 18.8 ng/ml, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with the progression of COVID-19. Among those 37 experimental cases, there were 10 cases with age over 60 years (27%, 10/37) and 13 cases (35%, 13/37) with preexisting conditions including cancer, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. Twenty-five cases had full dose, 11 cases with half dose of Celebrex, and one case with ibuprofen. The remission rates in midterm were 100%, 82%, and 57% of the full dose, half dose, and control group, respectively, and the discharged rate was 100% at the endpoint with Celebrex treatment. Celebrex significantly reduced the PGE2 levels and promoted recovery of ordinary and severe COVID-19. Furthermore, more complications, severity, and death rate were widely observed and reported in the COVID-19 group of elders and with comorbidities; however, this phenomenon did not appear in this particular Celebrex adjunctive treatment study.Conclusion: This clinical study indicates that Celebrex adjuvant treatment promotes the recovery of all types of COVID-19 and further reduces the mortality rate of elderly and those with comorbidities.

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Dietary influence on fatty acid characteristics of lamb carcass in relation to protein source

Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry ◽

10.2298/bah1402203y ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 203-214

Author(s):

M.R. Yossifov

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Control Diet ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Composition Profile ◽

Control Group ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

Sunflower Meal ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Fa Composition ◽

Corn Grains

The aims of our study were to evaluate the effect of different protein supplements on fatty acid (FA) composition (%), profile (ratios and indices), etc. of carcass in lambs fed iso-caloric, iso-nitrogenous and equal in PDI and Ca: P ratio high-concentrate rations. Regional breed (Bulgarian Synthetic Dairy Population) lambs were fed cereal-based diets with different protein supplement - control diet with sunflower meal (SFM) or a DDGSc diet containing dried distillers? corn grains with solubles (DDGSc). Animals were slaughtered after 87-d feedlot period. Fat tissue extracted from carcass was analyzed for FA profile. There were significantly higher (p< 0.01) performance (FBW= 38.90 vs. 35.1 kg and HCW= 5.24 vs. 4.67 kg) of DDGSc diet on lamb performance. Feeding 37.6 % (DM basis) DDGSc significantly increased the content of C18:2 (p< 0.05) but decreased n3 PUFA and total long chain n3 FA (p< 0.05) compared with control group. DDGSc increased n6 (p= 0.06), PUFA (p= 0.07) and PUFA / SFA ratio (p= 0.10), but decreased MUFA (p= 0.10). Examined relationships between ingested FA and carcass FA in slaughtered lambs shows good parity and are characterized with significant Pearson?s correlation coefficients (R> 0.56). In regards to obtained results, dietary DDGS inclusion altered the fatty acid profile and indices of lipids of lamb carcass.

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Celebrex adjuvant therapy on COVID-19: An experimental study

10.1101/2020.05.05.20077610 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenxin Hong ◽

Yan Chen ◽

Kai You ◽

Shenglin Tan ◽

Feima Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Experimental Study ◽

Adjuvant Therapy ◽

Remission Rate ◽

Vital Signs ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Full Dose ◽

Half Dose ◽

And Control ◽

Experimental Group

AbstractBackgroundThe world is under serious threat with the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is no effective drug for the treatment of COVID-19. Based on analyses of available data, we deduced that the excessive prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) accumulation mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was the key pathological basis of COVID-19.MethodsThe urine PGE2 levels were measured by mass spectrometry. An experimental study about Celebrex to treat COVID-19 was conducted based on routine treatment. A total of 44 confirmed COVID-19 patients were enrolled (Experimental group n=37, Control group n=7). Patients in experimental group were given Celebrex once or twice a day (0.2 g/time) for 7–14 days. The dosage or duration was modified for individuals. Clinical outcomes of Celebrex adjuvant therapy were evaluated by vital signs, laboratory tests, and computed tomography upon the discontinuance of Celebrex.ResultsWe found that the concentrations of PGE2 in urine samples of COVID-19 patients were significantly higher than that of healthy individuals (mean value is 170 ng/ml vs 18.8 ng/ml, p<0.01) and positively correlated with the progression of COVID-19. Among the experimental group (ordinary n=29, severe n=7, critical n=1), 25 cases were treated with full dose and 11 cases with half dose of Celebrex, and 1 case with Ibuprofen. The remission rate were 100%, 82% and 57% in full dose, half dose and control group respectively. Celebrex significantly reduced the PGE2 levels and promoted recovery of ordinary or severe COVID-19.ConclusionOur study suggests that Celebrex adjuvant treatment may be helpful for the therapy of COVID-19.

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Dehydroepiandrosterone modifies rat fatty acid composition of serum and different adipose tissue depots and lowers serum insulin levels

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-08-0432 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 201 (1) ◽

pp. 67-74 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Fátima Pérez de Heredia ◽

Elvira Larqué ◽

Salvador Zamora ◽

Marta Garaulet

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Serum Insulin ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Lower Serum ◽

Insulin Levels ◽

Fa Composition

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is reported to exert beneficial effects, such as protection from cardiovascular risk and lowering serum insulin levels. Adipose tissue (AT) is a target for DHEA actions, and the hormone can also affect hepatic fatty acid (FA) metabolism. FAs are involved in the development of insulin resistance; thus, there might be a relationship between DHEA, FA, and insulin. However, few data are available regarding DHEA and FA composition, especially concerning AT. Seventeen-month old female Sprague–Dawley rats (n=11; controls: n=10) were treated with DHEA (0.5% w/w in the diet) for 13 weeks, after which serum, periovarian, mesenteric, s.c., and brown AT were analyzed for FA composition. DHEA treatment resulted in significant changes in FA profiles in serum and adipose depots, like reduced 16:1n-7 (s.c. and brown AT; P<0.01), elevated n-9 monounsaturated FA (serum and s.c. AT; P<0.05), diminished n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; general; P<0.05) and increased n-3 PUFA (brown AT; P<0.01), along with lower n-6/n-3 ratios (s.c. and brown AT; P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively). DHEA modified estimates of desaturase activities, decreasing stearoyl-CoA-desaturase markers in s.c., and brown AT (P<0.05) and increasing those of delta-6-desaturase in serum and AT (P<0.05). In addition, DHEA-treated rats showed lower serum insulin levels (P<0.05). We have demonstrated for the first time that DHEA induces significant modifications in AT fatty acid composition in vivo, mainly concerning unsaturated FAs, and changes occurred in a tissue-dependent manner. We propose that these changes may be related to the capacity of DHEA to lower serum insulin levels.

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Serum Levels of Plasmalogens and Fatty Acid Metabolites Associate with Retinal Microangiopathy in Participants from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13124452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 4452

Author(s):

Vanessa Derenji de Mello ◽

Tuomas Selander ◽

Jaana Lindström ◽

Jaakko Tuomilehto ◽

Matti Uusitupa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Impaired Glucose Tolerance ◽

Diabetes Prevention ◽

Elevated Serum ◽

Control Group ◽

Low Grade ◽

Prevention Study ◽

Diabetes Prevention Study ◽

Fa Composition

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes, and retinal microaneurysms (MA) are one of the first detected abnormalities associated with DR. We recently showed elevated serum triglyceride levels to be associated with the development of MA in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). The purpose of this metabolomics study was to assess whether serum fatty acid (FA) composition, plasmalogens, and low-grade inflammation may enhance or decrease the risk of MA. Originally, the DPS included 522 individuals (mean 55 years old, range 40–64 years) with impaired glucose tolerance who were randomized into an intervention (n = 265) or control group (n = 257). The intervention lasted for a median of four years (active period), after which annual follow-up visits were conducted. At least five years after stopping the intervention phase of DPS, participants classified as MA negative (n = 115) or MA positive (n = 51) were included in the current study. All these participants were free of diabetes at baseline (WHO 1985) and had high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), serum FA composition, and selected lipid metabolites measured during the active study period. Among the markers associated with MA, the serum plasmalogen dm16:0 (p = 0.006), the saturated odd-chain FA 15.0 (pentadecanoic acid; p = 0.015), and omega-3 very long-chain FAs (p < 0.05) were associated with a decreased occurrence of MA. These associations were independent of study group and other risk factors. The association of high serum triglycerides with the MA occurrence was attenuated when these MA-associated serum lipid markers were considered. Our findings suggest that, in addition to n-3 FAs, odd-chain FA 15:0 and plasmalogen dm16:0 may contribute to a lower risk of MA in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance. These putative novel lipid biomarkers have an association with MA independently of triglyceride levels.

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Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) possess antioxidant properties on Fe2+-initiated peroxidation of rat brain microsomes

ADMET & DMPK ◽

10.5599/admet.4.2.251 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 91

Author(s):

Alejandro Palacios ◽

Javier Barberón ◽

Patricio Leaden ◽

Pedro Zeinsteger

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Rat Brain ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Unsaturation Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Calendula Officinalis ◽

Brain Microsomes ◽

Calendula Officinalis L

In this study the effects of Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae) extract (CO) on the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition, chemiluminescence and unsaturation index of microsomes isolated from brain rat, are presented. After incubation of microsomes in an ascorbate (0.4 mM)-Fe2+ (2.15 µM) system (180 min at 37 °C) it was observed that the total cpm/mg protein originated from light emission:chemiluminescence was lower in brain microsomes obtained from CO group compared to the control group (without extract supplementation). Moreover, it was observed that the addition of the extract reduced chemiluminescence -measured as total cpm- in a concentration dependent manner. The fatty acid composition of brain microsomes from control group was profoundly modified when subjected to non-enzymatic lipoperoxidation with a considerable decrease of arachidonic acid C20:4w6 and docosahexaenoic acid C22:6w3. As a consequence, the unsaturation index, a parameter based on the maximal rate of oxidation of specific fatty acids, was higher in the CO group compared to controls. The simultaneous analysis of unsaturation index, chemiluminescence and fatty acid composition indicate that CO may act as an antioxidant protecting rat brain microsomes from peroxidative damage.

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