scholarly journals A dynamic mammary gland model describing colostrum immunoglobulin transfer and milk production in lactating sows

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uffe Krogh ◽  
Hélène Quesnel ◽  
Nathalie Le Floch ◽  
Aude Simongiovanni ◽  
Jaap van Milgen
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Milk Storage ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract The physiology of the sow mammary gland is qualitatively well described and understood. However, the quantitative effect of various biological mechanisms contributing to the synthesis of colostrum and milk is lacking and more complicated to obtain. The objective of this study was to integrate physiological and empirical knowledge of the production of colostrum and milk in a dynamic model of a single sow mammary gland to understand and quantify parameters controlling mammary gland output. In 1983, Heather Neal and John Thornley published a model of the mammary gland in cattle, which was used as a starting point for the development of this model. The original cattle model was reparameterized, modified, and extended to describe the production of milk by the sow mammary gland during lactation and the prepartum production of colostrum as the combined output of immunoglobulins (Ig) and milk. Initially, the model was reparameterized to simulate milk synthesis potential of a single gland by considering biological characteristics and empirical estimations of sows and piglets. Secondly, the model was modified to simulate more accurately the responses to changes in milk removal rates. This was done by linking the ejectable milk storage capacity to the number of secretory cells rather than being constant throughout lactation. Finally, the model was extended to include the prepartum synthesis of milk and the kinetics of Ig into and out of the mammary gland. A progressive capacity of secretory cells to synthesize milk was used to differentiate the time between the onset of milk synthesis and Ig transfer. Changes in maximum milk removal rate, duration of milk ejection, and nursing interval exerted a great impact on the modeled milk output. Changes by ±60% in one of these parameters were capable of increasing milk output by 28% to 39% during the first 4 wk in lactation compared with the reference parameterization. This suggests that the ability of the piglet to remove milk from the gland exerts a key control on milk synthesis during lactation. Modeling colostrum as the combined output of Ig and milk allowed to represent the rapid decline in Ig concentration observed during the first hours after farrowing. In conclusion, biological and empirical knowledge was integrated into a model of the sow mammary gland and constitutes a simple approach to explore in which conditions and to what extent individual parameters influence Ig kinetics and milk production.

Sensitivity of mammary secretory cell turnover to protein restriction and re-alimentation during early lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
M.G. Goodwill ◽  
N.S. Jessop ◽  
J.D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Lactational Performance

Milk production depends on both the number and activity of secretory cells within the mammary gland. Our earlier work showed the sensitivity of lactational performance to changes in diet during lactation (Goodwill et al, 1996). This study investigated the influence of protein undernutrition and re-alimentation on secretory cell proliferation and death in the mammary gland of rats during early lactation.

The role of growth hormone, prolactin and insulin-like growth factors in the regulation of rat mammary gland and adipose tissue metabolism during lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Barber ◽  
R. A. Clegg ◽  
E. Finley ◽  
R. G. Vernon ◽  
D. J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Litter Weight

ABSTRACT Inhibition of prolactin secretion with bromocriptine and neutralization of GH action with a specific antiserum to rat GH (rGH) were used to explore the modes of action of GH and prolactin in maintaining lactation in the rat. Treatment of dams with anti-rGH caused a small reduction in litter weight gain whilst bromocriptine reduced litter weight gain by 50%. When both treatments were combined, however, milk yield ceased completely and this wasaccompanied by a wide variety of effects on mammary lipid metabolism including decreases in the mRNA concentrations of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and lipoprotein lipase. Activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and lipoprotein lipase were also significantly reduced. Reciprocal changes were evident in adipose tissue with increases in acetyl CoA carboxylase and lipoprotein lipase activities. In conjunction with a decreased lipolytic response to noradrenaline in adipose tissue of animals given the combined treatment of bromocriptine and anti-rGH, this represented a co-ordinated series of changes to reduce lipid synthesis in the mammary gland and enhance lipogenesis and triglyceride storage in adipose tissue as milk production ceased. All of these effects could be prevented in part by concurrent treatment with GH, but insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II failed to affect any of the parameters measured. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that (1) both prolactin and GH induce a co-ordinated series of changes in the mammary gland, (2) the intracellular controls involved clearly operate at the level of gene transcription although post-translational controls are also probably involved, (3) the effects of GH on the mammary gland could not be mimicked by IGFs and (4) although GH clearly regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in a manner which should favour nutrient utilization by the mammary gland, these effects are probably too small to account for the effects of GH on milk production. Since GH receptors have not been reported to be present on mammary secretory cells, the precise mode of action of GH remains uncertain. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 195–202

MicroRNA-432 inhibits milk fat synthesis by targeting SCD and LPL in ovine mammary epithelial cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyun Hao ◽  
Yuzhu Luo ◽  
Jiqing Wang ◽  
Jon Hickford ◽  
Huitong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Fat Synthesis ◽  
Milk Fat Synthesis

In our previous studies, microRNA-432 (miR-432) was found to be one of differentially expressed miRNAs in ovine mammary gland between the two breeds of lactating sheep with different milk production...

The role of the mammary gland during heat stress

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ricardo Oliveira Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] Disruptive effects of climate change, such as increasing environmental temperature, have direct impacts on economic viability and efficiency of food production. In lactating dairy cows, heat stress reduces milk production and alters function of mammary secretory cells, at least partly by disturbing local protein metabolism. We hypothesized that hyperthermia would not only reduce mammary blood flow but would also reduce mammary extraction of nutrients from blood. In addition, we hypothesized that transcriptional profiling of mammary tissue would reveal disruption of cellular homeostasis. Our objective was to determine the effects of hyperthermia on mammary function. More specifically, we aimed to profile mammary blood flow and the changes in mammary transcriptome of heat-stressed lactating dairy cows. We investigated the effects of early and prolonged exposure of lactating dairy cows to hyperthermia by exposing cows to programmed constantly elevated temperature and humidity to induce and maintain body temperature approximately 1[degree]C above normal. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the production responses of hyperthermic lactating dairy cows, to characterize total and nutritive mammary blood flow, and to elucidate the regulation of mammary function during early and prolonged exposure to hyperthermia. Results from these studies established that 1) hyperthermia reduces total and nutritive mammary blood flow, limiting nutrient disappearance across the mammary gland; 2) hyperthermia does not induce shunting of blood away from the gland; 3) hyperthermia affects mammary tissue transcriptome, mainly altering processes associated with ECM and cell adhesion; 4) the effects of exposure to prolonged heat stress on mammary gene expression are distinct from the effects of feed restriction, in lactating dairy cows; and 5) mammary function is reestablished within 8 days after cessation of heat stress.

DEVELOPMENT OF MILK PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF THE DAIRY COMPLEX

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Vitalii NITSENKO ◽  
Yuriy I. DANKO
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Sustainability ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Starting Point

The aim of the study was to develop theoretical, methodological and practical foundations for achieving the economic sustainability of dairy products by enterprises. The structure of the dairy subcomplex in terms of supply chain management is disclosed. This methodological approach made it possible to outline the external environment of the milk production and the dairy industry as a whole. We consider the category «economic sustainability» as the system ability to maintain its working condition in order to achieve the planned results in the presence of various perturbation effects (destabilizing internal and external factors). The starting point was the hypothesis that the economic sustainability of the dairy subcomplex as a whole depends on the economic sustainability of milk production entities (agricultural enterprises and households). Comparing the profitability level that has the potential to provide dynamic economic stability with the average in the dairy industry proves - without active state support the dairy industry in Ukraine is in danger of phasing out. The analysis of economic practices in Ukraine (in particular, data of the State Statistics Service) allowed to formulate the author's vision of the directions of achieving the dairy sub-sector of the state of dynamic economic stability. They include: the development of industrial dairy cattle as opposed to the dominance of small-scale production; changes in pricing policy, as well as the calculation of government subsidies by reformatting approaches to determining the cost of milk production, which will allow to adjust the reproduction system of own livestock and will increase the profitability of the dairy industry; achievement of higher quality of dairy raw materials by means of logistical re-equipment of farms, improvement of personnel qualification, provision of high sanitary standards, improvement of veterinary services; diversification of milk distribution channels in order to reduce the market power of the processing industry enterprises. Key words: milk production, economic sustainability, dairy subcomplex, industrial cattle breeding, dairy cattle breeding.

Milk protein precursors in lactating goats

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 2-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
B J. Bequette ◽  
C. Backwell ◽  
G.E. Lobley ◽  
J.C. MacRae
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Lactating Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Component ◽  
Kinetics Of

With the failure of current nutritional schemes for dairy ruminants to predict yields of milk and milk components, and perceptions of milk's nutritional value following recommendations to reduce dietary fat intake, an integrated approach to feeding and metabolism needs to be developed. Such a system must therefore be ‘metabolite’ based.An ability to predict changes in milk constituent output in response to alterations in nutrition requires, in the first instance, the identification of specific precursors for milk component synthesis in the lactating mammary gland. Arteriovenous differences across the mammary gland indicate that blood free amino acids (AA) are either taken-up by the gland in excess, equal to, or in insufficient amounts compared to their output in milk (1). Isotope labelling experiments have indicated that, in addition to AA free in blood, the mammary gland utilises a substantial amount of AA derived from constitutive mammary gland protein breakdown (2). The present experiment was designed to investigate the AA precursors and kinetics of milk protein synthesis and to confirm and extend the latter observations.

scholarly journals Comparison of Infant Test-Weighing and Hourly Breast Expression in Measuring Maternal Milk Production (P11-041-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayna Roznowski ◽  
Erin Wagner ◽  
Sarah Riddle ◽  
Laurie Nommsen-Rivers
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Maternal Milk ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Objectives Measuring maternal milk production is cumbersome. Our objectives were to: 1) confirm that milk production rate reaches steady state at hour 2 of hourly breast emptying; and 2) compare agreement in milk production when measured using the well-established test-weighing method versus the more efficient hourly breast emptying method (Lai, et al., Breastfeeding Medicine, 2010). Methods Eligible mothers were 4–10 weeks postpartum and exclusively breastfeeding their healthy, singleton, term infants. A subset of mothers test-weighed (TW) their infant (± 2 g) before and after breastfeeding for 48h. Within 1 week of TW, mothers had a morning visit at the research clinic for hourly breast expression measurements. Mothers emptied both breasts at baseline (h0), and 1, 2, and 3 hours after baseline (h1, h2, h3) using a hospital-grade pump. We recorded hourly milk output ± 1 g and adjusted production rate (g/h) to exact interval (minutes from end of previous to end of current expression). We used paired t-test to compare g/h at h3 versus h0, h1, and h2. We estimated mother's steady-state milk production rate (MPR, g/h) as mean (h2, h3). We used the Bland-Altman method for determining the 95% limits of agreement in measuring milk production (g/24h) using TW versus MPRx24. Results 23 mothers (65% primiparous) were 54 ± 14 days postpartum. Milk output was 185 ± 55 g at h0 and 60 ± 26, 47 ± 13, 44 ± 13 g/h at h1, h2, and h3, respectively. Mean paired difference (vs. h3) was significant at h0 and h1 (P < 0.05), but not at h2 (P > 0.05, h3 - h2 = 3 ± 10 g/h). In the subset with TW data (n = 16), mean TW milk output was 717 ± 119 g/24h, and mean MPRx24 was 1085 ± 300 g/24h. Mean difference, MPRx24 - TW [± 95% limits of agreement], was 368 [± 468] g/24h; and mean ratio, MPRx24/TW, was 1.5 [± 0.4]. Both difference and ratio significantly increased as MPR increased (P < 0.05). Conclusions Hourly milk production reaches steady state at h2; thus, mean (h2, h3) is a valid measure of current maternal milk production capacity. However, there was not homogeneous agreement between MPR and TW, and the 95% limits of agreement were very wide: -91 to 459 g/24h when expressed as the difference, and 0.9 to 1.9-fold as a ratio. Thus, MPR is feasible for researching variation in maternal milk production but not for researching variation in infant intake. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Advanced Oxidation Process for Degradation of Carbamazepine from Aqueous Solution: Influence of Metal Modified Microporous, Mesoporous Catalysts on the Ozonation Process

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soudabeh Saeid ◽  
Matilda Kråkström ◽  
Pasi Tolvanen ◽  
Narendra Kumar ◽  
Kari Eränen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Process ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Ozonation Process ◽  
Mcm 41

Carbamazepine (CBZ), a widely used pharmaceutical compound, is one of the most detected drugs in surface waters. The purpose of this work was to identify an active and durable catalyst, which, in combination with an ozonation process, could be used to remove CBZ and its degradation products. It was found that the CBZ was completely transformed after ozonation within the first minutes of the treatment. However, the resulting degradation products, 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-4-hydro-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2-one (BQM) and 1-(2-benzaldehyde)-(1H,3H)-quinazoline-2,4-dione (BQD), were more resistant during the ozonation process. The formation and degradation of these products were studied in more detail and a thorough catalytic screening was conducted to reveal the reaction kinetics of both the CBZ and its degradation products. The work was performed by non-catalytic ozonation and with six different heterogeneous catalysts (Pt-MCM-41-IS, Ru-MCM-41-IS, Pd-H-Y-12-EIM, Pt-H-Y-12-EIM, Pd-H-Beta-300-EIM and Cu-MCM-41-A-EIM) operating at two temperatures 20 °C and 50 °C. The influence of temperature on degradation kinetics of CBZ, BQM and BQD was studied. The results exhibited a notable difference in the catalytic behavior by varying temperature. The higher reactor temperature (50 °C) showed a higher activity of the catalysts but a lower concentration of dissolved ozone. Most of the catalysts exhibited higher removal rate for BQM and BQD compared to non-catalytic experiments in both temperatures. The Pd-H-Y-12-EIM catalyst illustrated a higher degradation rate of by-products at 50 °C compared to other catalysts.

scholarly journals Synthesis and degradation kinetics of TiO2/GO composites with highly efficient activity for adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of MB

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifen Wang ◽  
Kaixuan Shi ◽  
Dong Huang ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Shengli An
Keyword(s):  
Visible Light ◽  
Photocatalytic Degradation ◽  
Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Strong Adsorption ◽  
Degradation Activity ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Stacking Structure ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation

AbstractPoriferous TiO2/GO (denoted as TGO-x%) photocatalysts with ultrathin grapheme oxide (GO) layer were prepared by a hydrothermal method, the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation and its kinetics about Methylene blue(MB) were studied systematically. All the TGO-x% showed improved adsorption and photodegradation performance. TGO-25% had excellent adsorptivity while TGO-20% exhibit the highest visible light photocatalytic degradation activity. The adsorption capacity for TGO-25% was 20.25 mg/gcatalyst along with the k1 was about 0.03393 min·gcatalyst/mg, this enhancement was mainly owing to the strong adsorption capacity of GO and the stacking structure of sheets and nanoparticles. GO sheets prevented the agglomeration of TiO2 particles and TiO2 nanoparticles also prevented the agglomeration of GO sheets, which could provides greater surface area. Besides, the remarkably superior photodegradation activity of TiO2/GO composites is mainly attribute to the strong absorption of visible light and the effective charge separation revealed by the photoluminescence, the total removal rate of MB is 97.5% after 35 min adsorption and 140 min degradation, which is 3.5 times higher than that of TiO2.

Protein utilisation by the mammary gland in lactating dairy cows

1992 ◽  
Vol 1992 ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Metcalf ◽  
D E Beever ◽  
J D Sutton ◽  
D J Humphries
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Friesian Cows

Milk output has been manipulated by dietary methods for many years, however the underlying mechanisms for changes in milk composition are as yet unclear. In an attempt to further understand these mechanisms we have compared the mammary uptake of metabolites on two isoenergetic diets with different protein levels expected to provide different amounts of amino acid to the mammary gland.Early- to mid-lactation Friesian cows were used to examine the effect of increased dietary protein supply on the supply of metabolites to and uptake by the mammary gland in relation to milk protein synthesis. Two barley based concentrates were formulated to contain 20.8 (Cl) or 29.1 (C2) g N/kg DM, using fishmeal (Provimi 66, high UDP) as the supplementary protein and fed with grass silage (28.3 g N/kg DM) at a total dry matter intake of 17 kg/day. In Experiment 1 these diets were fed at 50:50 (concentrate:silage) to four lactating cows fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae in a simple crossover design.

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