PSIII-13 Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on Lactating Sow Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
Ricardo M Garcia ◽  
Morgan T Thayer ◽  
Kayla M Mills ◽  
Jacob A Richert ◽  
Katharine G Sharp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Lactating Sows

Abstract Lactating sows (N=140, York x Landrace) were used to evaluate the effects of a liquid prototype (LIQP) and dry (XPC®; Diamond V) Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additives on sow and litter performance. Sows were fed a common gestation diet (0.55% SID-Lysine) until d112 of pregnancy and then allotted to lactation treatments: 1) Control diet (CON; 1.00% SID-Lysine), 2) CON +15 mL of LIQP from d112 to weaning (LIQ), 3) CON +0.20% of XPC from d112 to weaning (DRY), and 4) DRY +15 mL of LIQP from d112 to d7 post-farrowing (D+L). The LIQP was given once daily using an oral dose gun and XPC was included in the feed. Immunoglobulin concentrations were estimated on colostrum samples using Brix refractometer and piglet d 1 serum immunocrit ratio and plasma IgA and IgG. Daily sow water intake and daily feed intake (DFI) from d112 of gestation to d7 post-farrowing and weekly feed intake (ADFI) were recorded. There were no treatment effects on sow BW, backfat, or loin depth (P >0.05) although sows from LIQ group had numerically smaller BW reductions compared to CON sows (4.9% vs 7.2%, P=0.19). LIQ sows had greater DFI and CON lower DFI during week 1 of lactation (P=0.04) as well as ADFI for weeks 2, 3, and overall lactation period (P< 0.01) with DRY and D+L sows being intermediate. Water intake, immunoglobulins, and litter performance did not differ among treatments (P >0.05) although pigs from LIQ sows, compared to CON, had numerically increased weaning (6.14 vs 5.82kg, P >0.05) and litter weights (63.2 vs 60.1kg, P >0.05). LIQ sows had 0.7 d reduced wean-to-estrus interval (P< 0.001) and tended to have greater conception rates (P=0.07). In conclusion, LIQ supplementation of lactating sows improves feed intake, allowing sows to keep body reserves, and have better subsequent rebreeding performance.

259 Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Products on Lactating Sow’s Blood and Uterine Cytokine Profiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Ricardo M Garcia ◽  
Morgan T Thayer ◽  
Kayla M Mills ◽  
Jacob A Richert ◽  
Katharine G Sharp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Cytokine Profiles ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Uterine Fluid

Abstract This study evaluated the effects of a liquid prototype (LIQP) and dry (XPC®; Diamond V) Saccharomyces cerevisiae feed additives on blood and uterine cytokine profiles in sows (n = 40). On d 112 of pregnancy sows were allotted to dietary treatments: 1) Control diet (CON), 2) CON +15 mL of LIQP (LIQ), 3) CON +0.20% of XPC (DRY), and 4) DRY +15 mL of LIQP until d 7 post-farrowing (D+L). Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were quantified from serum samples collected on d 112 of gestation, d 2 and 6 post-farrowing, and from uterine fluid collected on d 2, 4, and 6 post-farrowing. Serum C-Reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin concentrations were evaluated. No interactions between treatments and day of collection were observed (P > 0.13). LIQ and D+L sows had the greatest serum IL-10 concentration (P < 0.001) and sows fed CON tended to have lower concentration of IL-8 (P < 0.06) vs. other treatments. Serum CRP concentrations were greatest on d 2 (P < 0.001), serum IL-10 (P < 0.04) and IL-4 (P < 0.07) linearly decreased while serum haptoglobin (P < 0.02) and INF-γ (P < 0.001) linearly increased post-farrowing. In the uterine fluid, LIQ and D+L sows had greater INF-γ (P = 0.04) concentrations and CON tended to have the least concentration of TNF-α (P = 0.08). Uterine fluid IL-1 tended to linearly increase (P < 0.07) and IL-6 linearly decrease (P < 0.01) post-farrowing. No strong correlations were detected between cytokines in the serum and uterine fluid within day. LIQ sows had the greatest daily feed intake and CON the least during the first week of lactation (P = 0.04). Providing LIQP post-farrowing to sows modified immune response increasing both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in serum and uterine fluid in an independent manner, allowing animals a quicker recovery and increased feed intake.

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on feed intake, fermentation and nutrient digestibilities in lactating dairy cows

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamidreza Khalouei ◽  
Vidura Seneratne ◽  
Kelsey Fehr ◽  
junfei Guo ◽  
Ilkyu Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Subacute Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Ruminal Acidosis ◽  
Rumen Ph ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Cedar Rapids ◽  
Starch Diet

Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) and subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) on rumen and hindgut fermentation, feed intake, and total tract nutrient digestibilities were determined in 32 lactating Holstein cows between wk 4 to wk 9 of lactation. Treatments included Control, 14 g/d Diamond V Original XPC™ (SCFPa, Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA), 19 g/d NutriTek® (SCFPb-1X, Diamond V), and 38 g/d NutriTek® (SCFPb-2X). During wk 5 and wk 8, SARA challenges were conducted by switching from a 18.6 to a 27.9 % DM starch diet. This reduced the rumen and feces pH. The durations of the rumen pH below 5.6 during these challenges averaged 175.0, 233.8, 246.9, and 79.3 min/d for the Control, SCFPa, SCFPb-1X and SCFPb-2X treatments, respectively. Hence, SARA was not induced under the SCFPb-2X treatment. The feces pH during the SARA challenges was lowest during SCFPb-2X, suggesting this treatment shifted fermentation from the rumen to the hindgut. The SARA challenges reduced the total tract digestibility of DM, NDF (NDFd), and P, but tended to increase that of starch. The SCFPb-2X treatment increased the NDFd from 52.7 to 61.8 % (P < 0.05). The SCFPb-2X treatment attenuated impacts of SARA.

scholarly journals 403 Using ruminally protected and unprotected Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products as alternatives to antibiotics in finishing beef steers: growth performance and antimicrobial resistance

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
YiZhao Shen ◽  
Tao Ran ◽  
Atef Saleem ◽  
Claudia Narveaz ◽  
Walaa Gomaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP; NaturSafe® and Original XPC™, Diamond V) on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance in beef steers. Ninety Angus steers (initial BW=533±9.8 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete design with 6 treatments: 1) control (10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate, DM basis), 2–4) control diet with 12, 15 and 18 g/d NaturSafe, 5) control diet with 8 g/d encapsulated XPC (eXPC), and 6) control diet with antibiotics (ANT; 330 mg/d monensin and 110 mg/d tylosin). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of steers. Though the final BW (715 kg) and DMI (12.0 kg/d) were not affected by treatments, average daily gain tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater in steers supplemented with eXPC compared with control (1.80 vs. 1.62 kg/d) with a trend (P &lt; 0.09) for a linear increase in gain: feed with increasing NaturSafe. The proportion of total abscessed liver did not differ among treatments (58.9%), but the proportion of severely abscessed liver tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be lower in cattle supplemented with 15 and 18 g NaturSafe/d, eXPC and antibiotics (20.0, 20.0, 20.0 and 6.7 vs. 53.3%). The percentage of erythromycin resistant and erythromycin + tetracycline resistant Enterococci increased (P &lt; 0.05) in steers receiving antibiotics compared with control and SCFP group (34.57 vs. 4.28 and 6.88%), while no difference was observed between control and SCFP groups. These results indicate that NaturSafe and eXPC were beneficial in improving the growth performance by increasing average daily gain and feed efficiency. Both NaturSafe and eXPC could potentially act as alternatives to growth promoting antibiotics.

The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on feed intake, milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 129-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Rezaeian
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Yeast Strain ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Live Yeast

During the recent years, the use of yeast products as feed additives has been increased in animal nutrition (Newbold et al 1996). Results from various experiments indicate that these microorganisms are able to alter ruminal fermentation patterns and have positive effects on the performance of ruminants (Wolht, et al. 1998). Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of Biosaf, a live yeast strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc 47), on feed intake, milk yield and composition in lactating Holstein cows.

scholarly journals Effect of diet supplementation with live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on growth performance, caecal ecosystem and health of growing rabbits

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Belhassen ◽  
A. Bonai ◽  
ZS. Gerencsér ◽  
ZS. Matics ◽  
T. Tuboly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Caecal Microbiota ◽  
Live Yeast

<p>The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the live yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the growth performance, caecal ecosystem and overall health of growing rabbits. A control diet was formulated (crude protein: 15.9%; neutral detergent fibre: 31.6%) and another diet obtained by supplementing the control diet with 1 g of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6.5×109 colony-forming units) per kg of diet. Ninety 35-d old rabbits were allotted into 3 groups: TT (rabbits offered the supplemented diet from 17 d of age onwards), CT (rabbits offered supplemented diet from 35 d) and CC (rabbits fed non-supplemented diet). Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured weekly and mortality was controlled daily. At 35, 42 and 77 d of age, 6 rabbits from each group were slaughtered and digestive physiological traits, serum clinical chemistry parameters, fermentation traits, and the composition of caecal microbiota examined. At 42 and 56 d of age, 10 rabbits from each group were injected intraperitoneally with 100 μg/animal of ovalbumin and blood samples were collected for examination of plasma immunological parameters. Throughout the experiment (5-11 wk), weight gain and feed intake (37.8 and 112.6 g/d, on av.) were not affected by yeast, except for weight gain in the first week after weaning, which was the highest in TT animals among the 3 groups (48.1 vs. 43.9 and 44.2 g/d for TT, CC and CT, respectively; P=0.012). This may be due to the increased trend in feed intake (P=0.072) in the TT group (96.4 g/d) compared to the others. Mortality (5/90) was low and did not differ among the 3 groups. Treatments had no effect on slaughter traits at the 3 sampling dates (35, 42 and 77 d). Only the weight of the empty caecum (% BW) was higher (P=0.02) in CC (2.2%) and CT (2.3%) than in TT group (1.8%) at 77 d of age. Treatments did not overtly affect the caecal microbiota, although the number of total anaerobic bacteria and Bacteroides were lower (108 and 107/g caecal digesta, respectively) in rabbits from CC group compared to those of CT and TT groups at 42 d of age (P=0.03). No difference between groups was observed for caecal short chain fatty acids profile, blood traits, or IgG and cytokine profile. In conclusion, supplementation of feed with yeast did not modify growth traits and resulted in only a temporary increase in weight gain and a slightly altered caecal microbiota after weaning.</p>

Some metabolic and productive responses of growing Japanese quail as affected by dietary thyme, dianthus and fennel

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 165-167
Author(s):  
S. A. Abd El-Latif
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Foeniculum Vulgare ◽  
Metabolic Functions ◽  
Dietary Treatments

SummaryThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding some herbal feed additives (HF A) [thyme (T, Thymus Vulgaris L.), dianthus (D, Delphinum Ajaews), and fennel (F, Foeniculum Vulgare L.)] at a level of 10g/kg to Japanese quail diets on performance and some metabolic functions. Adding HFA to the control diet improved (P<0.05) body gain, feed intake and feed conversion (feed/gain) efficiency. The birds fed dietary F additive exhibited the best (P<0.05) values of these parameters during the entire period (0 to 6 weeks of age), compared with other dietary treatments. There was an improvement (P<0.05) in total protein, globulin, and albumin for birds fed dietary T or F at six weeks of age. Birds fed on dietary F recorded the lowest (P<0.05) value of these components compared with other dietary treatments.

scholarly journals Growth response and cost benefits of growing pigs to different herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
C. P. Njoku ◽  
A. O. Fasakin ◽  
T. R. Ayano ◽  
F. T. Aweda ◽  
O. O. Amaihian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Cost Benefits ◽  
Feed Cost

This study was carried out to investigate growth performance and cost benefits of growing pigs on different herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry. Fifty-four, 8 weeks old Large White breed of pigs with an average body weight of 15.33±0.2 kg were randomly assigned to nine treatments with each treatment consisting of three replicates of two pigs each. Three diets containing different herbal-mix (Control diet without herbal-mix, moringa-basil meal diet, neem-basil meal diet) were formulated and fed to the pigs for sixteen weeks duration of the study. The moringa-basil and neem-basil leaf meals mixtures were in the ratio of 10 to 2; that is ten percent (10%) moringa or neem to two percent (2%) basil. Parameters determined include growth indices and cost benefits. Data collected were subjected to two-way analysis of variance using SAS (2000). Pigs on control diet had the highest final weight (49. 44, 43.22, 40.67 kg) and daily weight gain (515.87, 401.59, 388.89 g/pig) and the best feed conversion ratio (3.56, 4.59, 4.23) when compared to the values documented for pigs on ration containing different herbal-mix feed additives. The least total feed cost and revenue per pig were noted for pigs on neem-basil dietary treatment while the highest values were documented for pigs on control ration. Homogenous light weight pigs had higher feed intake and total feed cost per pigs when compared to other values noted for pigs on other treatment groups. Heterogeneous weight pigs recorded better feed conversion ratio, lower feed cost per kilogram weight gain and higher gross margin values when compared to the values noted for their homogenous counterparts. It can be concluded from this study that performance indices of growing pigs were affected by the dietary inclusion of herbal-mix feed additives and weight asymmetry. Hence, herbal-mix leaf meals can be integrated into growers ration in order to lower production cost, likewise,unevenly weight growing pigs can be managed together in order to obtain higher production efficiency in terms of feed intake and cost of production.

scholarly journals 17 Combining two probiotic strains with oligofructose-enriched inulin abolishes their benefits against Salmonella Typhimurium in piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 17-17
Author(s):  
Agustina Rodríguez Sorrento ◽  
Lorena Castillejos Velázquez ◽  
Glória Cifuentes Orjuela ◽  
María Rodríguez Palmero ◽  
José Antonio Moreno Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bifidobacterium Longum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Intraepithelial Lymphocytes ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Fermentation Products ◽  
Challenge Control ◽  
Probiotic Strains

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two probiotic strains Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT7210 (Laboratorios Ordesa S.L.) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 combined or not with a prebiotic mixture of oligofructose and inulin against Salmonella typhimurium. A total of 96 piglets (28 days) were distributed into 32 pens assigned to 5 treatments: one non-challenge (control diet, CTR+) and four challenged: control diet (CTR-), or supplemented with probiotic (&gt;3x1010cfu/kg each, PRO), prebiotic (5%, PRE) or their combination (SYN). After one adaptation week, animals were inoculated with Salmonella. Feed intake, weight and clinical signs were recorded. On days 4 and 8 post-inoculation (PI), one animal per pen was euthanized and samples collected for Salmonella counts, fermentation products, ileal histomorphology and serum inflammatory markers. After the challenge, feed intake was decreased (P = 0.001) more markedly in the SYN group with a lower final weight (P = 0.009). PRE and SYN groups showed more liquid ileal consistency on day 8PI (P = 0.009). A higher percentage of animals receiving PRO became negative to Salmonella in feces at the end of the study (65% PRO vs 0% CTR-, P = 0.028). Animal receiving PRE did not reach countable levels in feces any time during the trial (vs 23.2% for CTR-group, P = 0.013). Histologically, on day 4PI a decrease in the ileal villous/crypts ratio was found in challenged animals (P &lt; 0.001), being PRO able to improve the recovery from this damage at day 8PI (P = 0.008). Animals receiving PRE had higher number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) on day 8PI (P = 0.028). In conclusion, the probiotic strains were able to promote a faster clearance of the pathogen from the gut with a faster recovery of damaged histological architecture. The prebiotic reduced Salmonella colonization and stimulated the local immune response. However, these beneficial effects disappeared when they were administered in a synbiotic form.

PSII-19 Effect of a Sensory Additive on Sow Feed Intake During Lactation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 160-161
Author(s):  
Tsung Cheng Cheng Tsai ◽  
Nathan Davis ◽  
Benjamin Bass ◽  
Gemma Tedo ◽  
Sofia Morais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Thickness Change ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Litter Weight ◽  
Ad Libitum

Abstract Sow feed intake during lactation is crucial to the maintenance of sow body condition, milk production, and litter performance. Loss of body weight or condition during this time could compromise future reproductive performance. Two groups (n = 52 total) of breeding age gilts and sows were used to evaluate whether a sensory additive would improve intake during the lactation period. Gilts/Sows were weighed, and back fat depth was measured, at 110 d of gestation prior to entering the lactation room, and again at weaning. The sows were sorted by parity and then allotted by BW at d 110 to Control or 0.075% sensory additive (Luctamax® SowVive, Lucta S.A., Barcelona, Spain). Experimental lactation diets were offered upon entry to the lactation room and fed through weaning. During this time feed was weighed back every three days. Gilts/sows were fed 2.72 kg/head/day until farrowing, and sows were placed on full feed 24 hours post-farrowing and allowed to eat ad libitum. Data was analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS as an RCBD with treatment as the fixed effect and group as a random effect. During lactation sows on the sensory additive diet showed an increase in intake during days 10 to 21 when compared to sows on the control diet (Table 1). Although it was not significantly different, sows fed sensory additive had numerically heavier weaning BW (239.4 vs 236.2 kg, P = 0.42) and increased litter weight gain (51.96 vs 48.69 kg, P = 0.24) compared to control fed sows. However, backfat thickness change during lactation did not differ between control and sensory additive fed sows (-4.74 vs -5.81 mm, P = 0.65). In conclusion, in the current study lactation diets supplemented with a sensory additive stimulated sow appetite during the lactation period.

Evaluation of solvent-extracted canola meal for growing pigs and lactating sows

2001 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. King ◽  
P. E. Eason ◽  
D. K. Kerton ◽  
F. R. Dunshea
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Linear Response ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Canola Meal ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Voluntary Feed Intake ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Inclusion Level

The response of weaner pigs, grower/finisher pigs, and lactating sows to inclusion levels of solventextracted canola meal up to 250, 300, and 202 g/kg, respectively, was examined in 3 experiments. The average composition of the canola meal used in the experiments was 884 g DM/kg, 376 g CP/kg, 41 g fat/kg, 21.6 g lysine/kg, 12.4 MJ digestible energy (DE)/kg, and 4.5 mol glucosinolates/g. In all experiments, canola meal replaced other common protein sources in equal DE and equal lysine diets that were offered ad libitum to pigs. In Expt 1, 49 male pigs were weaned at 19.6 days of age and 6.27 kg liveweight and allocated to 7 diets containing 0–250 g/kg of canola meal for 42 days. Growth rate and voluntary feed intake were not significantly affected by level of canola meal up to 250 g/kg. However, there was a significant linear response in feed conversion ratio (FCR), indicating that as the level of canola meal increased, feed efficiency was improved. In Expt 2, pigs were randomly allocated at about 63 days of age and 24 kg liveweight to 16 group pens, each containing 12 pigs. Four pens were each allocated to one of 4 diets containing 0–300 g/kg canola meal up to slaughter at 140 days of age when pigs were approximately 97 kg liveweight. Canola meal level had no significant effect on growth performance, carcass quality, or weight of the thyroid gland. In Expt 3, 386 mixed parity sows were randomly allocated over a 70-day period to diets containing 0, 101, and 202 g/kg of canola meal that were offered during the lactation period of about 25 days. Average piglet growth between Day 3 and weaning was 244 g/day and was unaffected by inclusion level of canola meal in the sow diet. However, there was a significant positive linear response between sow feed intake and canola meal, which was particularly evident in the sows allocated during the initial period of the experiment when environmental temperatures were hotter. Average feed intake during lactation was 5.08, 5.50, and 5.67 for sows offered 0, 101, and 202 g/kg of canola meal, respectively. In conclusion, solvent-extracted canola meal can be included at levels up to 250, 300, and 202 g/kg in weaner pig, grower/finisher pig, and lactating sow diets, respectively, without adversely affecting the performance of these classes of pigs.

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