Tamegrass Forage Options for Growing Heifers During the Summer

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 34-34
Author(s):  
Jaymelynn K Farney ◽  
Macie E Reeb ◽  
Zachary T Buessing ◽  
Katie Malone
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Period Data ◽  
Forage Management ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Developing methods to provide high quality forage through a majority of the year is important for cattle operations. The purpose of this study was to determine forage management options to off-set the summer “slump” with fescue. Four grass pasture treatments (10 pastures total; 1.67 ha each) were used in a completely randomized design and stocked with growing heifers (initial wt 190 ± 9.1 kg). Pasture treatments consisted of fescue (FES; n = 2 pastures with 4 head/pasture), crabgrass (CRAB; n = 3 pastures with 4 head/pasture), bermudagrass (BERM; n = 3 pastures with 5 head/pasture), and sorghum-sudan interseeded into fescue (SS-FES; n = 2 pastures with 6 head/pasture from April to July, then 4 head/pasture from July to November). Heifers were weighed in April, May, July, September, and November. Heifers assigned to FES/SS-FES pastures grazed from April to November (213 d) and for CRAB and BERM treatments, May through September (131 d). Heifers on FES grazed continuously, while other grass treatments were rotationally grazed. Heifers remained in treatment pasture through the entire grazing period. Data were analyzed using mixed procedures of SAS with pasture as experimental unit. Average daily gain for the entire grazing period was greater for heifers on SS-FES as compared to all other grass treatments (P = 0.001). Between April and May, FES heifers had greater ADG than SS-FES (P = 0.001); yet, heavier stocking rate in SS-FES resulted in similar BW gain/ha (P = 0.16). May to July ADG and BW gain/ha was greatest for BERM, then CRAB, with FES and SS-FES having the lowest gains (P < 0.001). From July through September, ADG was greater for SS-FES and CRAB as compared to FES, with BERM intermediate (P = 0.03); and BW gain/ha tended to be lower for FES compared to other treatments (P = 0.10). Average daily gain and BW gain/ha were greater for SS-FES than FES (P = 0.001) from late September to November. As a summer grazing option, warm season grass alternatives, either as the sole source of pasture or interseeded into fescue, are better options for gain as compared to fescue alone.

scholarly journals PSVI-16 Effects of feeding spices on heifer gains and potential as tick management

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 216-216
Author(s):  
Jaymelynn Farney
Keyword(s):  
Control Method ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Dried Distillers Grains ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Chemical Usage ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Alternative methods to antibiotics/chemical usage in cattle production has been of interest in recent years and essential oils/spices have been promoted to fill this niche. The purpose of this research was to evaluate effect of feeding spices on heifer gains and as control method for ticks. Eight bromegrass pastures were stocked (March to November) with four heifers per pasture to compare control mineral (CON) to mineral containing spices (SPICE; garlic + proprietary blend of 4 spices). Mineral (113.4 g/hd/d) was blended in dried distillers grains (DDGs) and total blend was supplemented daily at 0.5% of BW. Heifers were weighed on two consecutive days at the start and end of the study and every 28 d. Weekly (1st 10 weeks), ticks were counted and removed from every heifer. Gains evaluated using MIXED (SAS 9.4) as completed randomized design with subsampling where pasture was experimental unit and heifer within pasture as subsample. Ticks/heifer was evaluated similarly using GLIMMIX with binomial distribution. Average daily gain was increased by 0.7 kg/d with the SPICE mineral (P = 0.04) and heifers on SPICE gained 15 kg more over the entire grazing period (P = 0.04) than heifers on CON. The gain advantage for SPICE was observed within the first 28 d (P = 0.05). Overall, these pastures had a low tick population (137 total ticks collected). Even so, there was a tendency (P = 0.09) for a treatment x week interaction, where in weeks 2 and 3, SPICE heifers tended (P = 0.12) to have more ticks/heifer than CON heifers, yet at weeks 8 and 10 SPICE heifers tended (P = 0.07) to have less ticks/heifer than CON. SPICE in a mineral blended with DDGs increase heifer gains and appear, after a minimum of 4 weeks of consumption, to show some repellent effects to ticks.

scholarly journals PSIII-5 Effects of ingredient composition of oral drenches in small piglets post-farrowing on average daily gain and pre-wean mortality

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 238-238
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Samantha Tauer ◽  
Brent Frederick
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Swine Industry ◽  
Bioactive Proteins ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Number of pigs born alive has been a key factor of the increasing efficiency of the U.S. swine industry. However, with increased pigs in the uterus, birth weight has been negatively impacted, with more small or at-risk pigs being born per litter. In order to overcome these changes, a study testing three commercial oral drenches against a control to determine which would increase average daily gain and decrease preweaning mortality. In a completely randomized design, 877 one-day-old suckling pigs from a high-health farm were selected for the experiment if they appeared to be in the bottom 20% of bodyweight compared to their contemporaries. Selected pigs were given one of four drenching treatments: 1) none (control), 2) bioactive proteins (BP), 3) high energy sugars (HES), and 4) immunoglobulins (IgY). Pigs were weighed on d 1 and d 19 of age (weaning), with mortality tracked during the suckling period. Data were analyzed using SAS v 9.4 (Cary, NC), with pig as the experimental unit and an accepted alpha of 0.05. Treatment had no detected effect on birth weight, weaning weight, ADG, or mortality (P = 0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.38 respectively). Likewise, statistical contrasts were used to determine there was no detected impact (P > 0.10) of drench, regardless of type, compared to the control in any measured response criteria. Interesting, pigs drenched with BP or IgY had numerically lower preweaning mortality (11.2 and 11.5% respectively), than those administered the control or HES (15.4 and 15.2%, respectively). In conclusion, this experiment showed no significant difference in the performance between piglets given no product vs. those drenched with bioactive proteins, high energy sugars, or immunoglobulins. However, additional research is warranted with greater replication or disease stressors to better understand if oral drenches may improve preweaning performance or mortality in different situations.

scholarly journals PSI-8 Evaluation of two burning dates and addition of spices on stocker cattle gains on tallgrass native range

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 227-227
Author(s):  
Juliette Toothaker ◽  
Jaymelynn Farney
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Treatment Structure ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Mineral Type ◽  
Total Gain

Abstract Burning pastures in April has historically been a method to increase stocker gains for summer grazing in Kansas, yet is becoming an issue from smoke management. Finding alternative burning windows along with feed options that maintain a similar gain to April burns is important from producer’s perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate spices/essential oils and timing of pasture burning on growing steer gains. 281 steers (292 ± 28 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 8 pasture of tallgrass native prairie in a completely randomized design model. The treatment structure was a 2 x 2 factorial where the first factor was pasture burning date at two levels (March and April) and the second factor was free-choice mineral type (control (CON) or spices (SPICE)). Spices include garlic oil and a 4-spice blend (Solus, Wildcat Feeds LLC, Topeka). Steers were weighed at the start and end of 90 d grazing period. Total gain, average daily gain, and final body weight were evaluated. There was no interaction between burning time and mineral type (P > 0.10) for average daily gain, total gain, nor final body weight. Steers on pastures burned in April had a 0.16 kg/d ADG advantage over burning in March which resulted in 14.3 kg more gain over 90 d (P < 0.0001). Steers on SPICE averaged 0.06 kg/d and gained 5 kg more (P = 0.02) than steers on CON mineral. Burning in April results in greater steer gains than March burning and feeding a mineral with spices increase gains, yet these two are not additive. Addition of SPICE mineral may be one method to allow producers to extend burning window and maintain cattle production.

scholarly journals 279 Evaluation of the NRC (2012) model in estimating standard maintenance metabolizable energy requirement of PIC sows during mid-gestation

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 98-98
Author(s):  
Mark Knauer ◽  
Jerry Purvis ◽  
Ning Lu ◽  
Uislei Orlando ◽  
Carine Vier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Score Change ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the NRC (2012) model in predicting standard maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) of PIC sows during mid-gestation. A total of 201 PIC Camborough sows (parity 1 to 10) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a complete randomized design between day 36 and 46 post-breeding. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 80, 90, 100 or 110% of MEm calculated as MEm, kcal/day = 100 × (body weight)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-based diet with 3,302 kcal of ME/kg and 0.61% standardized ileal digestible lysine was fed for 28 days. Sow body weight (BW) and sow body condition caliper score (CS) were captured at day 0, 14 and 28. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM of SAS with sow as experimental unit. Average sow parity and feed allowance were 4.2 and 1.79 kg/day, respectively. Average sow BW and sow CS at day 0, 14 and 28 were 234, 233 and 242 kg and 14.9, 14.9 and 14.8, respectively. Increasing feed allowances to meet 80 to 110% of MEm requirement increased (linear, P< 0.01) average daily gain (ADG; 0.100, 0.259, 0.417 and 0.440 kg/d, respectively). The estimated regression equation was ADG, kg/day = -0.83 + 1.193 × MEm, estimating the MEm to maintain BW was below 80% of NRC (2012) estimate. Caliper score change (CSC) increased (linear, P< 0.01) with increasing feed allowances to meet 80 to 110% of MEm requirement (-0.78, -0.26, 0.13, and 0.35, respectively). The estimated regression equation was CSC = -3.73 + 3.78 × MEm, estimating the MEm to maintain CS at 98.7% of NRC (2012) estimate. In summary, results showed that the MEm to maintain BW and CS for PIC sows during mid-gestation was below 80% and at 98.7%, respectively, of NRC (2012) estimated requirement.

scholarly journals 57 Effects of Diploid and Tetraploid Annual Ryegrass Cultivars on Cattle Performance, Herbage Mass, and Nutritive Value

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Sarah M Montgomery ◽  
Brandi Karisch ◽  
Jane A Parish ◽  
Jesse Morrison ◽  
Brian Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Grazing Period ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) can be divided into two cytotypes: diploid (2n = 2x) and tetraploid (2n = 4x). Polyploid versions of a given plant species result in increased seedling vigor, more robust growth and, potentially, greater yield. While most data suggest no difference in yield between diploid and tetraploid cultivars, there is still potential for weight gain advantages thanks to increased non-structural carbohydrates in tetraploid cells. The objectives of this study were to compare weight gain of cattle grazing either diploid or tetraploid cultivars of annual ryegrass. Two diploid annual ryegrass cultivars (Marshall and Tam 90) and two tetraploid cultivars (Jumbo and Nelson) were planted in 0.81-ha pastures, each replicated four times. Four steers (mean initial BW = 214 kg) were randomly assigned to each pasture for an 82-d grazing period. Body weights were recorded starting at d0 then every 28 days throughout the season. Data were analyzed in the GLM procedure of SAS using a significance level of α = 0.05. There were significant differences between cytotypes with respect to seasonal yield with diploids (9547.90 kg/ha) yielding greater than tetraploids (7762.00 kg/ha). As expected, ADF and NDF fractions were significantly less for tetraploids (ADF; 31.39%, NDF; 31.39%) compared to diploids (ADF; 33.75%, NDF; 53.25%). Tetraploids also contained significantly greater crude protein (13.50%) than diploids (12.90%). Cytotype had no effect on final average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.9427). However, final ADG was significantly impacted by cultivar (P = 0.0134). Final ADG for Tam 90 (1.10 kg/d) was greater than Marshall (0.92 kg/d). Cattle grazing Nelson (1.04 kg/d) and Jumbo (0.99 kg/d) did not differ. Results show that regardless of differences in seasonal yield and nutritive value between cytotypes, there were no advantages in ADG for cattle grazing either cytotype.

172 Effects of Dietary Valine, Isoleucine, and Tryptophan Supplementations to Diets Containing Excess Leucine from Corn Protein on Growth Performance of Growing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 61-62
Author(s):  
Woongbi Bi Kwon ◽  
Jose A Soto ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Corn Protein ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that addition of Val, Ile, or Trp alone or in combination will reduce the negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs. A total of 288 growing pigs (28.6 ± 2.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 9 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. There were 2 barrows and 2 gilts in each pen and 8 replicate pens per treatment. A control diet based on corn and soybean meal and 8 diets based on corn and a high-protein corn product (48% crude protein) with 2 levels of crystalline L-Val (0 or 0.10%), L-Ile (0 or 0.10%), and L-Trp (0 or 0.05%) were formulated. The crystalline L-Val, L-Ile, and L-Trp increased standardized ileal digestible (SID) Val:Lys from 70 to 80%, SID Ile:Lys from 53 to 63%, and SID Trp:Lys from 18 to 23%, respectively. All diets were formulated to contain 1.00% SID Lys and the 8 diets containing corn protein contained 171% SID Leu:Lys. Individual pig weights were recorded at the beginning and at the conclusion of the 28-d experiment. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED of SAS with a pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and block and replicate within block were random effects. Results indicated that final body weight and average daily gain were not different between pigs fed the control diet and pigs fed the diet with Val and Trp addition, but greater (P < 0.001) than for pigs fed the diet with Val addition, Ile addition, Trp addition, Val and Ile addition, Ile and Trp addition, or Val, Ile, and Trp addition (Table 1). In conclusion, addition of Val and Trp to diets with excess Leu may prevent negative effects of excess Leu in diets for growing pigs.

scholarly journals 5 Evaluating Finishing Performance of Cattle Fed HMC:SFC Blends with Modified Distillers Grains

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 127-128
Author(s):  
Braden Troyer ◽  
Zac Carlson ◽  
Levi J McPhillips ◽  
Andrea K Watson ◽  
James C MacDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Gate System ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Extension Center

Abstract Steam-flaked corn (SFC) has been widely used in feedlots in the southern United States to improve feed efficiency (G:F) by increasing starch digestibility. Similarly, feedlots in the Midwest have commonly fed high moisture corn (HMC), both to ensure corn supply for the year and to improve G:F. However, popularity of SFC in the Midwest is on the rise, but producers still recognize the benefits of HMC utilization. A study was conducted at the Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center (ENREC) to compare finishing cattle performance when fed HMC, SFC, or a blend. The objective was to determine the optimum inclusion of the grains when modified distillers grains (MDGS) was included at 20% of the diet. This study utilized 90 yearling steers (353 kg; SD=5.8 kg) individually fed using the Calan gate system in a completely randomized design with cattle stratified by body weight (BW). Treatments included: 100% HMC, 75% HMC blended with 25% SFC, a 50% blend of the grains, 25% HMC blended with 75% SFC, or 100% SFC (DM basis; % of the 70% grain in the diet). Cattle were on feed 168 days with 3-day initial BW and 1 day final BW. Animal was the experimental unit with 18 replications per treatment. No differences in initial BW, ribeye area, or marbling score between treatments were detected (P > 0.12). Ending BW, hot carcass weight, average daily gain, and G:F all linearly increased with increasing inclusion of SFC in the diet (P < 0.05). Carcass adjusted G:F improved from 0.158 to 0.170 for 100% HMC compared to 100% SFC diets, respectively. In conclusion, feeding higher inclusions of SFC in finishing diets resulted in improved performance compared to HMC in diets containing 20% MDGS.

scholarly journals Body composition and net and dietary macrominerals requirements of Nellore steers under grazing

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1081-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitor Visintin Silva de Almeida ◽  
Augusto César de Queiroz ◽  
Robério Rodrigues Silva ◽  
Fabiano Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Aline Cardoso Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Mineral Mixture ◽  
Daily Gain

This experiment was carried out with the objective of determining the macrominerals (Ca, P, Mg, K and Na) requirements of Nellore steers under grazing. Twenty four Nellore steers (371 ± 14 kg of BW and 26 mo old) were used. Four steers were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment (reference group), serving as a reference in subsequent study. The remaining 20 animals were weighed and distributed into a completely randomized design with four supplementation levels offer: 0.0 (mineral mixture - control), 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% of BW, with five replications. The supplements, based on ground corn, soybean meal and/or urea, were previously balanced to achieve an average daily gain of 350, 650 and 850g, respectively, for the different supplementation levels offer. The contents of macrominerals retained in the animal body were determined by regression equations of the macrominerals body content logarithm in function of the empty body weight logarithm (EBW). Net macrominerals requirements for a gain of 1kg of EBW were obtained using the equation Y'= b.10ª.Xb-1, with a and b, respectively, the intercept and the regression coefficient of the prediction equations of macrominerals in the animal body contents for each macromineral considered. The concentrations of all macrominerals, in the empty body weight and gain of the empty body weight, decreased with the increase in the body weight. Total calcium and phosphorus dietary requirements are higher than those recommended in the literature.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and quantitative aspects of carcass of finishing sheep fed with diets containing cashew nut meal

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1099-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Nunes do Nascimento ◽  
Marcos Cláudio Pinheiro Rogério ◽  
Ana Sancha Malveira Batista ◽  
Maria Socorro de Souza Carneiro ◽  
Angela Maria de Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Genetic Groups ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Average Body Weight

This work aimed to determine the nutrient intake and quantitative aspects of sheep carcass from three different genetic groups. Eighteen animals with initial average body weight of 20.1kg were used in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 3x2 scheme (three different crossbreeds - 6 F1Dorper x non defined breed, 6 F1Somalis x non defined breed and 6 F1Santa Inês x non defined breed versus two diets). The diets fed to the animals were formulated with or without cashew nuts. The inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diet influenced nutrient intake. Differences of intake among the animal groups were observed as higher intake for F1Dorper x non defined breed (NDB), followed by F1Somalis x NDB and for F1Santa Inês x NDB. However, the control diet produced no difference among these genotypes. The average daily gain was lower for both crossbreeds when cashew nut meal was added in the diets. The evaluated crossbreeds and diets did not affect the feed:gain ratio. The carcasses analyses showed that the inclusion of cashew nut meal in the diets reduced the cold carcass weight and the rib weight. The addition of cashew nut meal in the diets for lambs reduces food intake and carcass yield. The crossbreed F1Dorper x NDB presented the higher rate of average daily gain.

scholarly journals Engineering of Papaya Simplicia Nanoparticles for Grouper Fish (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus lanceolatus) feed

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 26
Author(s):  
Rita Rostika ◽  
Camelia Panatarani ◽  
I Made Joni ◽  
Achmad Rizal ◽  
Lantun P. Dewanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Powder Size ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Feed Quality ◽  
Protease Enzyme ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Daily Gain

Abstract: Fish growth descriptions constitute the parameters which are influenced by internal and external condition. The external factors include water quality, feed quality and feed quantity. Feed quality including the simpicia papaya particle size which contains protease enzyme and saponin as additional ingredients for grouper feed. Currently, grouper’s growth is relatively low, when in fact the protein content of its feed is high. This research aims at obtaining data on charachter particle of papaya simplicia powder and the grouper’s absolute weight and grouper’s protein efficiency ratio which is fed with simplicia papaya powder. The research is conducted using Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions (A: 60 μm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, B: 100 nm simplicia papaya 3.5% application, C: 60 μm simplicia papaya 2% application, D: 100 nm simplicia papaya 2% application, and E: 0% without simplicia papaya). Simplicia papaya powder was made from dried papaya, then mashed using disc mill and filtered with sieves measuring 60 μm and 100nm and the grouper cultivation is done in a Floating Net Cage in Pangandaran Regency. The addition of papaya simplicia at A and B to the grouper’s feed has some highest average daily gain by 3.70 % and 3.73 %. The characteristics of simplisia papaya powder size 60 μm and 100 nm do not have a different effect on the growth performance of grouper seeds.

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