150 Effect of Ergot Alkaloids and a Mycotoxin Deactivating Product on in vitro Rumen Fermentation Using the Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 78-78
Author(s):  
Jenna Sarich ◽  
Kim Stanford ◽  
Karen S Schwartzkopf-Genswein ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Barry Blakley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Simulation Technique ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Sample Collection

Abstract A rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) investigated effects of ergot alkaloids (E) and a mycotoxin deactivating product (Biomin® AA; B) on nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, total gas and methane emissions. Fermenters received a finishing diet of 90:10 concentrate:barley silage. Using a randomized complete block design, treatments were assigned (4 vessels/treatment) within two RUSITECs in a 2 × 2 factorial. Treatments included: 1) control diet, 2) control + 1 g B, 3) control + 20 ppm E, and 4) control + 20 ppm E + 1 g B. The study had a 14-d experimental period, with 7-d adaptation and 7-d sample collection. Data were analyzed in SAS using PROC mixed including fixed effects of E, B, and E×B interaction. Random effects included RUSITEC apparatus and cow rumen inoculum (n = 4). Ergot decreased dry matter disappearance (DMD) (P < 0.05; 87.9 vs. 87.2%) and organic matter disappearance (OMD) (P < 0.05; 88.8 vs. 88.4%). Adding B increased OMD (P < 0.05; 88.3 vs. 88.9%) and neutral detergent fiber disappearance (NDFD) (P < 0.01); however, an E×B interaction was observed for NDFD (P < 0.01) with B promoting greater increases with E. Ergot decreased acetate proportions (P < 0.01) and increased isovalerate (P < 0.05). Consequently, acetate:propionate was reduced (P < 0.05) with E. Inclusion of B increased total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.01), and proportions of acetate (P < 0.05) and propionate (P < 0.05), and decreased valerate (P < 0.01), isovalerate (P < 0.01), and caproate (P < 0.01). Treatments did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) ammonia-N, total gas, or methane production (mg/d or mg/g of OM fermented). In conclusion, E reduced OMD and acetate production, but these responses were reversed by the addition of B.

scholarly journals In vitro Inoculation of Fresh or Frozen Rumen Fluid Distinguishes Contrasting Microbial Communities and Fermentation Induced by Increasing Forage to Concentrate Ratio

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Yuan Ma ◽  
Ju Wang Zhou ◽  
Si Yu Yi ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Zhi Liang Tan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Fermentative Bacteria ◽  
In Vitro Inoculation

In vitro rumen batch culture is a technology to simulate rumen fermentation by inoculating microorganisms from rumen fluids. Although inocula (INO) are commonly derived from fresh rumen fluids, frozen rumen fluids are also employed for the advantages of storing, transporting, and preserving rumen microorganisms. The effects of frozen INO on microbial fermentation and community may be interfered with by substrate type, which has not been reported. This study was designed to test whether rumen fluid treatments (i.e., fresh and frozen) could interact with incubated substrates. A complete block design with fractional arrangement treatment was used to investigate the effects of INO (fresh or frozen rumen fluids) and concentrate-to-forage ratios (C/F, 1:4 or 1:1) on rumen fermentation and microbial community. The effects of increasing C/F were typical, including increased dry matter (DM) degradation and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration (P < 0.001), and decreased acetate to propionate ratio (P = 0.01) and bacterial diversity of richness and evenness (P ≤ 0.005) with especially higher fermentative bacteria such as genus Rikenellaceae_RC, F082, Prevotella, Bacteroidales_BS11, Muribaculaceaege, and Christensenellaceae_R-7 (P ≤ 0.04). Although frozen INO decreased (P < 0.001) DM degradation and altered rumen fermentation with lower (P ≤ 0.01) acetate to propionate ratio and molar proportion of butyrate than fresh INO, typical effects of C/F were independent of INO, as indicated by insignificant INO × C/F interaction on substrate degradation, VFA profile and bacterial community (P ≥ 0.20). In summary, the effect of C/F on fermentation and bacterial diversity is not interfered with by INO type, and frozen INO can be used to distinguish the effect of starch content.

PSX-B-1 Effect of exposure time and dose of effective microorganisms (EM®) on feed in vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 455-457
Author(s):  
Alain Miranda-Figueroa ◽  
Carlos Gutiérrez_Aguilar ◽  
Manuel González-Ronquillo ◽  
Atmir Romero-Pérez ◽  
Claudia Cecilia Márquez-Mota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Quadratic Effects

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the effect of feed inoculation with effective microorganisms (EM®) (mainly containing Lactobacillus spp.,Rhodopseudomona palustrisand Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on rumen fermentation using in vitrogas production technique. We hypothesized that increasing doses and allowing exposure of EM® for up to 48 hours, would improve digestibility and rumen fermentation. The experimental design was a 4×4 completely randomized block design including 4 EM® levels [(0(EM0), 0.5(EM0.5), 1.0 (EM1) and 1.5 (EM1.5) mL EM® / kg DM] and 4 preincubation times [0 (T0), 12(T12), 24(T24), 48 (T48) h], with four repetitions per treatment. Treatments were evaluated using 100ml glass bottles with 0.5g of the diet (20% corn stover, 20% oat hay, 48.8% ground corn, 7% molasses, 1.2% urea, 1% soybean meal, 0.9% mineral premix,1.1% salt, dry matter basis) incubated with sheep ruminal fluid in 3 different occasions. Data were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS and orthogonal contrasts to determine the linear and quadratic effects of EM dose and exposure time. Interaction (P < 0.05) of EM x T was observed for in vitrodry matter digestibility (IVDMD), maximum gas volume (Vmax), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), acetate (ACE), propionate (PROP), butyrate (BUT) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3), IVDMD was higher (P < 0.01, 4.8 and 3.72%) for T48EM1.5 than T12EM0 and T0EM0, PROP was higher (P < 0.05) for T48EM0, T48EM1 and 1.5 than T12EM0. The ACE:PROP ratio was higher (P < 0.05, 17.2%) for T12EM0 than T48EM1.5. IVDMD, PROP and NH3 linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing exposure time. EM levels have a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with maximum response at EM0.5. It was concluded that the addition of 0.5 to 1.5 mL/kg DM of EM® to a sheep diet and increasing preincubation time, up to 48h, improve feed fermentation and digestibility.Project was supported by UNAM, DGAPA, PAPIIT (IT202120).

scholarly journals 74 Effects of particle size and levels of inclusion of selected engineered biocarbon on methane emission and rumen fermentation of barley-silage based diet in batch culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 71-72
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Tim A McAllister ◽  
Kim Ominski ◽  
Gabriel Ribeiro ◽  
Erasmus Okine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Total Mixed Ration ◽  
Barley Silage

Abstract This in vitro study assessed the effects of three pine-based engineered biocarbons (CP002, CP016, CP023) that differed in particle size (< 0.5, 0.5–2.0, < 2.0 mm) at two inclusion levels (0.25 mg/ml and 0.5 mg/ml) on total gas and CH4 production as well as rumen fermentation parameters when added to a barley silage-based total mixed ration diet. Biocarbon products differed in bulk density, surface area, pore volume, and pH but had similar chemical compositions. The control consisted of the barley-silage diet only. In each jar, 0.5g DM of the total mixed ration was supplemented with the above biocarbon treatments. These jars were incubated for 48 hr at 39 °C. Gas samples were collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr. Data were analysed by using PROC MIXED in SAS in a randomized complete block design with treatment, rate, and particle size as fixed effects and run and replicate as random effects. Methane production was not affected by treatment (P = 0.37), inclusion rate (P = 0.57) or particle size (P = 0.39). Gas production linearly increased (P < 0.01) with biocarbon. Digested DM was not affected (P = 0.23) by biocarbon addition. Additionally, treatment, rate and particle size had no effect (P > 0.05) on pH, VFA and ammonia N concentrations. In conclusion, the amount of biocarbon differing particle sizes at different rates did not affect CH4 emissions but did increase gas production.

scholarly journals Yield, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal variables, and degradability of ensiled amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays) silage

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Shadi ◽  
Yousef Rouzbehan ◽  
Javad Rezaei ◽  
Hassan Fazaeli
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria

Abstract Silages from four amaranth varieties (A5, A12, A14, and A28) were compared with corn silage (CS) in terms of their yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, in vitro methane production, organic matter disappearance (OMD), microbial crude protein (MCP), ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), pH, volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic bacteria numbers, protozoa counts, and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. Forages were harvested 93 d after planting, chopped, and ensiled in plastic buckets for 60 d. The study was based on a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed using SAS, general linear model (GLM) procedure for normal distribution. Compared with CS, amaranth silages (AMS) had lower ash-free neutral detergent fiber nitrate, OMD (P < 0.001), phosphorus (P = 0.003), and metabolizable energy (ME) (P = 0.043) but higher (P < 0.001) CP, calcium, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent lignin, ether extract, ash, total phenolics, pH, NH3-N concentration, MCP, digestible undegradable protein (DUP), and metabolizable protein (MP). Fresh, OM, OMD, ME (P < 0.001), and DM (P = 0.032) yields of AMS from different varieties were higher than CS, with the exception of A5. Overall, amaranth made good quality silage, with some variation, and A28 had the highest yield and nutritional value (CP, NFC, MCP, DUP, and MP). The yield, CP concentration, and nutritional value of A28 silage were higher than CS. Although these in vitro results are promising, they also need to be validated with future in vivo research.

scholarly journals Pilot Study of the Effects of Polyphenols from Chestnut Involucre on Methane Production, Volatile Fatty Acids, and Ammonia Concentration during In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Yichong Wang ◽  
Sijiong Yu ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Xiaolong Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

Nutritional strategies can be employed to mitigate greenhouse emissions from ruminants. This article investigates the effects of polyphenols extracted from the involucres of Castanea mollissima Blume (PICB) on in vitro rumen fermentation. Three healthy Angus bulls (350 ± 50 kg), with permanent rumen fistula, were used as the donors of rumen fluids. A basic diet was supplemented with five doses of PICB (0%–0.5% dry matter (DM)), replicated thrice for each dose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), ammonia nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and methane (CH4) yield were measured after 24 h of in vitro fermentation, and gas production was monitored for 96 h. The trial was carried out over three runs. The results showed that the addition of PICB significantly reduced NH3-N (p < 0.05) compared to control. The 0.1%–0.4% PICB significantly decreased acetic acid content (p < 0.05). Addition of 0.2% and 0.3% PICB significantly increased the propionic acid content (p < 0.05) and reduced the acetic acid/propionic acid ratio, CH4 content, and yield (p < 0.05). A highly significant quadratic response was shown, with increasing PICB levels for all the parameters abovementioned (p < 0.01). The increases in PICB concentration resulted in a highly significant linear and quadratic response by 96-h dynamic fermentation parameters (p < 0.01). Our results indicate that 0.2% PICB had the best effect on in-vitro rumen fermentation efficiency and reduced greenhouse gas production.

Effect of pine-based biochars with differing physiochemical properties on methane production, ruminal fermentation, and rumen microbiota in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC) fed barley silage

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Paul Tamayao ◽  
Gabriel O. Ribeiro ◽  
Tim A. McAllister ◽  
Kim H. Ominski ◽  
Atef M. Saleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Rumen Microbiota ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Microbial Protein Synthesis ◽  
Barley Silage

This study investigated the effects of three pine-based biochar products on nutrient disappearance, total gas and methane (CH4) production, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and rumen microbiota in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) fed a barley-silage-based total mixed ration (TMR). Treatments consisted of 10 g TMR supplemented with no biochar (control) and three different biochars (CP016, CP024, and CP028) included at 20 g·kg−1 DM. Treatments were assigned to 16 fermenters (n = 4 per treatment) in two RUSITEC units in a randomized block design for a 17 d experimental period. Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS, with treatment and day of sampling as fixed effects and RUSITEC unit and fermenters as random effects. Biochar did not affect nutrient disappearance (P > 0.05), nor total gas or CH4, irrespective of unit of expression. The volatile fatty acid, NH3-N, total protozoa, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). Alpha and beta diversity and rumen microbiota families were not affected by biochar inclusion (P > 0.05). In conclusion, biochar did not reduce CH4 emissions nor affect nutrient disappearance, rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, or rumen microbiota in the RUSITEC.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

scholarly journals Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Fujin Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Ying Yun ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

scholarly journals COCONUT MEAL INCLUSION IN HIGH CONCENTRATE SHEEP DIETS AFFECTS FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND INTAKE1

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 692-701
Author(s):  
PAULA FABRINY MAUÉS DA SILVA ◽  
SARAH OLIVEIRA SOUSA PANTOJA ◽  
FELIPE NOGUEIRA DOMINGUES ◽  
ANIBAL COUTINHO DO RÊGO ◽  
CRISTIAN FATURI
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Coconut Meal

ABSTRACT Coconut meal can be an affordable low-cost alternative to noble ingredients such as corn and soybean meal in sheep diets. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of coconut meal inclusions, when used as a corn and soybean meal replacement, on the intake, digestibility, and nitrogen balance of sheep diets. Twenty-four male Santa Inês lambs with body weights (BW) of 26.6 ± 3.2 kg were used in the study. The animals were housed in metabolic cages and distributed in a completely randomized block design, with three treatments and eight replications. The animals received a total mixed ratio of 30% roughage (elephant grass) and 70% concentrate. The animals were fed on two experimental diets with 11% and 22% coconut meal inclusion and a control diet (without coconut meal). Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) intake as a percentage of BW were negatively influenced by the inclusion of coconut meal. The ether extract (EE) intake increased but did not differ between the 11% and 22% coconut meal diets. Furthermore, the digestibility of DM, CP, EE, and ADF did not differ between the two evaluated diets. The inclusion of coconut meal reduced NDF digestibility and increased that of NFC. The level of inclusion of coconut meal in the diet must be based on the EE content in the meal; keeping the EE intake below 0.16% of the BW helped to avoid limited intake of feed.

scholarly journals 409 Effects of essential oils on in vitro ruminal fermentation using a high-concentrate substrate

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Nadira J Espinoza-Rock ◽  
Andrea O Doblado ◽  
Sebastian E Mejia-Turcios ◽  
Evandro Dias ◽  
Michael Sandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cinnamic Aldehyde ◽  
Garlic Oil

Abstract A randomized complete block design was used to determine the effects of 4 concentrations of 4 essential oils (EO) on in vitro ruminal fermentation variables. In vitro fermentation consisted of 0.7 g of high concentrate substrate (86.7% DM) and 50 mL of 2:1 buffer:ruminal fluid inoculum incubated for 24 h for each batch (n = 3; separate days) Treatments were arranged as a 4 × 5 factorial. Factors included 4 EO (eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, anethole, and garlic oil) at 5 concentrations (0, 10, 75, 200, and 400 mg/L of inoculum). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effects of EO, concentration, and their interaction, and random effect of day (block). Batch was considered the experimental unit. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for total gas production, where a cubic effect (P ≤ 0.041) was observed for eugenol, cinnamic aldehyde, and anethole, and a quadratic effect (P = 0.001) was observed for garlic oil. No interactions (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for in vitro OM digestibility (IVOMD) or CH4 production. There was an effect of EO (P &lt; 0.001) on IVOMD, where eugenol reduced (P ≤ 0.007) digestibility compared with anethole and garlic oil, which promoted the greatest (P ≤ 0.029) IVOMD. Methane production (mmol/g OM fermented) was affected by EO (P &lt; 0.001), where it was decreased (P ≤ 0.001) by garlic oil compared with all other EO. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.001) for H2S production (µmol/g OM fermented), where it was linearly decreased (P = 0.003) and linearly increased (P &lt; 0.001) as concentrations of eugenol and garlic oil increased, respectively. These EO had contradictory impacts on in vitro ruminal fermentation, thus combining them could potentially improve multiple aspects of in vitro and in vivo fermentation.

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