480 Current Knowledge Gaps in Swine Nutrition

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
Keith D Haydon
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Know How ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Consistent Performance ◽  
Swine Nutrition

Abstract Swine nutrition has advanced greatly during my tenure in the industry; from balancing on crude protein using a Pearson Square to SID amino acid ratios, NE and digestible/available Ca and P. However, practicing nutritionist are still challenged with many unknowns such as how to minimize environmental footprint, feeding during health challenges all while trying to minimize feed cost. We now have 8 of the 10 essential AA commercially available; why can we still not maintain performance levels when feeding very low crude protein levels? The NE system has provided additional precision, but we have gaps particularly when dealing with high fiber ingredients. Do we even know how to correctly measure fiber components, let alone what is their energy contribution to the pig? Is it time for a productive energy system focused on carcass gain? We have long known the negative performance impacts of activating the immune system, but yet we understand essentially nothing on how to modify diets during a health challenge event. We have made tremendous strides in microbiome analyses. Do we know to how feed/manage the biome for optimal GI health? Enzyme technology has advanced greatly over the past decade, with phytase as common in the diet as salt. However, we have yet to understand how to get consistent performance responses with the vast number of carbohydrases, proteinases and lipases currently available. While we have come far, but we still have many challenges. However, we see great opportunities for swine nutrition community to continue to provide solutions in the coming years to meet these new challenges.

EFFECTS OF THREE PROTEIN LEVELS WITH AND WITHOUT ADDED FAT ON THE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAVY VEAL CALVES

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. STILES ◽  
D. G. GRIEVE ◽  
W. A. GILLIS
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Bull Calves ◽  
Meat Samples ◽  
Protein Diets

Twenty-four Holstein bull calves were fed high concentrate rations containing 12, 15 or 18% crude protein (as fed basis), with or without 4% added tallow, from 12 wk of age (avg wt 85 kg) to 200 kg liveweight. Seven calves were removed from trial during the course of the experiment due to salmonellosis (1), bloat (3) and calcium or magnesum deficiency (3). Dietary protein level had no effect (P < 0.05) on average daily gains, feed intake, or feed efficiency. Average daily gains were 1.02, 0.95 and 0.93 kg for 12, 15 and 18% protein diets, respectively. Calves fed 4% added tallow were more efficient in feed conversion than those fed no added tallow (adjusted mean difference of 0.43 ±.29 kg feed per kg gain, P < 0.05). Increasing levels of dietary protein produced a significant linear increase in protein content (P < 0.05) of meat samples. The addition of 4% dietary tallow increased the water, protein and fat content of bone samples and depressed ash. Taste panel ratings for flavor, tenderness and overall satisfaction were higher for calves that received no added tallow in their rations. Feed cost per kg gain was lowest for the ration containing 12% protein and 0% added fat. It was concluded that a 12% crude protein high-grain ration fed to calves from 12 wk to 200 kg resulted in performance comparable to 15 and 18% protein rations and that the only benefit from added fat was an improvement in feed efficiency.

THE FEEDING VALUE OF CASSAVA MEAL DIETS FOR GROWING JAPANESE QUAIL (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
J. A. Edache ◽  
U. Musa ◽  
P. D. Karsin ◽  
J. O. Esilonu ◽  
A. Yisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Protein Diets

A six-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the replacement value of Cassava meal for maize in a piratical quail diet. It involved ninety six day-old quail chicks housed in cages in a brooding house. Four isonitrogenous (22%mde protein) diets incorporating graded levels (0.0, 15, 25 and 35%) of cassava meal as a replacement for maize were tested. The diets were also isocaloric (280Kcal/kg  M. E.) and contained crude protein (25.53%; diet 1, 25.00%; diet 2, 24.34%; diet 3and 24.00% diet4) and were replicated three times. Feed intake weight gain feed/gain ratio and feed cost/kg gain did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) across the treatment. Feed cost decreased numerically across the treatments and was lowest for diet 4, i.e., the diet in which all the maize was replaced by 35% cassava meal. Feed cost/kg gain was numerically lower for diet 4 (146.34) than the other diets (233.16, 169.39, and 159.94).  Results of this study indicated that at dietary crude protein levels of between 24 and 25% and M.E. of 2800Kcal/kg feed, 35% cassava meal based diet was suitable for acceptable ‘growth performance in Japanese quail chicks in the first six weeks of life’

Effects of Food Protein Levels on Haematological Parameters of Growing Japanese Quails (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica Temminck & Schlegel, 1849)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Serge-Olivier Konan KOUASSI ◽  
◽  
Yves Bénarèce Tra DJE BI ◽  
Soualio KAMAGATE ◽  
Mathieu Nahounou BLEYERE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Food Protein ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Japanese Quails ◽  
The Impact

The study aims to determine the impact of dietary crude protein levels on the hematological parameters of Japanese quail from growth to ovipositor. To this end, five feeds with different crude protein levels (18, 20, 22, 24 and 26%) were supplied to 700 quails of three weeks of age. These were subdivided into six batches, including three batches of females and three batches of males for each feed group. After subjecting the quails to diets containing the different protein levels, four samples were taken at the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh week of age. The samples taken were analyzed using an SYSMEX XN 350 automated hematological analyzer. The results of this investigation indicated that non-significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in hematological parameters in both female and male quails. This study showed that dietary crude protein levels had no impact on the health status of Japanese quails. Keywords: Japanese quails, Crude protein, Hematological parameters.

scholarly journals Colorectal Cancer Apoptosis Induced by Dietary δ-Valerobetaine Involves PINK1/Parkin Dependent-Mitophagy and SIRT3

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8117
Author(s):  
Nunzia D’Onofrio ◽  
Elisa Martino ◽  
Luigi Mele ◽  
Antonino Colloca ◽  
Martina Maione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Mitochondrial Dysfunction ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Apoptotic Cell ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Colon Cancer Cells ◽  
Protein Levels

Understanding the mechanisms of colorectal cancer progression is crucial in the setting of strategies for its prevention. δ-Valerobetaine (δVB) is an emerging dietary metabolite showing cytotoxic activity in colon cancer cells via autophagy and apoptosis. Here, we aimed to deepen current knowledge on the mechanism of δVB-induced colon cancer cell death by investigating the apoptotic cascade in colorectal adenocarcinoma SW480 and SW620 cells and evaluating the molecular players of mitochondrial dysfunction. Results indicated that δVB reduced cell viability in a time-dependent manner, reaching IC50 after 72 h of incubation with δVB 1.5 mM, and caused a G2/M cell cycle arrest with upregulation of cyclin A and cyclin B protein levels. The increased apoptotic cell rate occurred via caspase-3 activation with a concomitant loss in mitochondrial membrane potential and SIRT3 downregulation. Functional studies indicated that δVB activated mitochondrial apoptosis through PINK1/Parkin pathways, as upregulation of PINK1, Parkin, and LC3B protein levels was observed (p < 0.0001). Together, these findings support a critical role of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induced by δVB in SW480 and SW620 colon cancer cells.

scholarly journals Effect of Processed Beverage By-Product-Based Diets on Biological Parameters, Conversion Efficiency and Body Composition of Hermetia illucens (L) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Vassilios Sideris ◽  
Maria Georgiadou ◽  
Georgios Papadoulis ◽  
Konstantinos Mountzouris ◽  
Antonios Tsagkarakis
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Larval Density ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Spent Coffee Grounds ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Spent Grains ◽  
Coffee Grounds ◽  
By Products

The effect of spent coffee grounds (SCG), brewer’s spent grains (BSG) and their mixtures with the addition of brewer’s yeast (BY) were tested in two rearing densities of the Black Soldier Fly, Hermetia illucens (L.). Different treatments were investigated on larval development, survival, yield, protein conversion (PrCR) and bioconversion rate (BCR), substrate mass reduction and body composition of the insect. BSF larvae were able to develop sufficiently in all diets, except on sole SCG. The addition of BY enhanced the performance properties of diets, especially in the case of SCG, where larvae underperformed. Substrate mass reduction, PrCR and BCR were affected only by feed and exhibited higher values on reference feed, followed by BSG and SCG+BSG enriched with BY. Density did not have a significant effect on various larval nutrients, except for fat, which was higher on larvae fed enriched feeds with BY and in the 300 larval density. The interaction between feed and density strongly affected the nitrogen and protein levels, larval yield and ash. Generally, diets which contained SCG exhibited high larval crude protein levels. Our results illustrate that low value beverage by-products can be successfully utilized as constituents of a successful BSF diet.

Common Sense Propositions

Philosophy ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 48 (186) ◽  
pp. 363-379
Author(s):  
A. C. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Know How ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Right ◽  
Past Experiences

Philosophers have not been sceptical only about metaphysics or religious beliefs. There are a great number of other beliefs generally held which they have had at least as much difficulty in justifying, and in the present article I ask questions as to the right philosophical attitude to these beliefs in cases where to our everyday thought they seem so obvious as to be a matter of the most ordinary common sense. A vast number of propositions go beyond what is merely empirical and cannot be seen to be logically necessary but are still believed by everybody in their daily life. Into this class fall propositions about physical things, other human minds and even propositions about one's own past experiences based on memory, for we are not now ‘observing’ our past. The phenomenalist does not escape the difficulty about physical things, for he reduces physical object propositions, in so far as true, not merely to propositions about his own actual experience but to propositions about the experiences of other human beings in general under certain conditions, and he cannot either observe or logically prove what the experiences of other people are or what even his own would be under conditions which have not yet been fulfilled. What is the philosopher to say about such propositions? Even Moore, who insisted so strongly that we knew them, admitted that we did not know how we knew them. The claim which a religious man makes to a justified belief that is neither a matter of purely empirical perception nor formally provable is indeed by no means peculiar to the religious. It is made de facto by everybody in his senses, whether or not he realizes that he is doing so. There is indeed a difference: while everyone believes in the existence of other human beings and in the possibility of making some probable predictions about the future from the past, not everybody holds religious beliefs, and although this does not necessarily invalidate the claim it obviously weakens it.

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