Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on circulating cytokines and microbial populations in programmed fed beef heifers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keelee J McCarty ◽  
Jessie E Tipton ◽  
Ralph E Ricks ◽  
Jessica Danielo ◽  
Jesse S Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Corn Germ ◽  
Cytokine Expression ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Circulating Cytokines

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of an immunomodulatory feed ingredient following weaning on cytokine expression and fecal microbial populations of heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) were weaned (227 ± 7 d of age), blocked by BW (n = 9 blocks) and randomly assigned to one of 2 pens per block. Pens within weight block (4 heifers/pen) were then randomly assigned to treatments. Heifers were fed twice daily from d 0-60 (to gain 0.75kg/day) and top-dressed with either 18g/heifer/d of the immunomodulatory feed ingredient (Celmanax; Arm and Hammer Animal Nutrition, Princeton, NJ, USA; CEL) or corn-germ meal (CON). Blood samples were collected on d 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and fecal grab samples on d 0 of the feeding trial. After d 60, two heifers per pen (n=32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge. Serum samples were collected at h 0, 4, 8, 12 and fecal grab samples at h -24, 0, 24 and 7d post-challenge. Blood samples were analyzed for interferonγ (IFNγ), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and haptoglobin (HP) using commercially available ELISA kits and qRT-PCR for genes of interest associated with cytokine expression. Fecal samples were enumerated for Clostridia and E. coli using selective media (≤ 5 isolates from each media/sample), tested to determine if they were C. perfringens or pathogenic E. coli, and then enriched for detection of Salmonella. Data was analyzed via ANOVA. During the feeding trial, HP was reduced (P = 0.018) in CEL compared to CON at d 15, 45, and 60, while IFNγ and IL-8 did not differ (P > 0.080) between treatments. All cytokines were decreased (P < 0.001) in CEL compared to CON during the challenge. During the feeding trial, HP mRNA was increased (P = 0.045) in CEL compared to CON at d 30 and 60. Similarly, IFNγ mRNA was increased (P = 0.040) in CEL compared to CON, however, other genes of interest did not differ (P > 0.172). Both C. perfringens and total E. coli counts were decreased (P = 0.036) in CEL compared to CON at 24h after the start of the transportation challenge. Clostridia and pathogenic E. coli counts did not differ (P = 0.941) between treatments. Total Clostridia and E. coli counts were increased (P < 0.014) 24h post-challenge. All microbial populations, except pathogenic E. coli, observed decreased (P ≤ 0.009) counts from 24h to 7d post-challenge. Overall, Celmanax supplementation decreased circulating cytokines, and altered microbial populations and gene expression, thus, may serve a role in preparing animals to better cope with immunological challenges.

scholarly journals 108 Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on cortisol concentrations and microbial populations in programmed fed beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
Keelee J McCarty ◽  
Jessie Tipton ◽  
Ralph Ricks ◽  
Jessica L Danielo ◽  
Jesse Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Corn Germ ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of immunomodulatory feed ingredient during post-weaning on cortisol concentration and fecal microbial populations of beef heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) from two AI sires were blocked (n = 9) by sire and BW, randomly assigned to one of two pens (4 heifers/pen) per block, then assigned to treatments. Heifers were fed twice daily from d 0 to 60 (gain 0.75 kg/day) and top-dressed once daily with either 72g of Celmanax (CEL) or corn germ (CON; corn germ meal) per pen. After 60 days, two heifers per pen (n = 32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge. Fecal grab samples were collected on d 0 and 69 of treatment, hr -24, 0, 24 of the challenge and 7 d post-challenge. Serum samples were collected at h 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the challenge. Clostridia and E. coli were enumerated from fecal samples using selective media. Isolates (≤ five isolates from each media per sample) were genetically tested to determine if they were C. perfringens or pathogenic E. coli. Fecal samples were enriched for detection of Salmonella. Pen was the experimental unit and data was analyzed by ANOVA or repeated measures analysis. Following treatment, decreased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of total E. coli, Salmonella, and C. perfringens were observed in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers, whereas clostridia and pathogenic E. coli were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. Transportation stress increased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of clostridia, C. perfringens, total E. coli, and Salmonella, but decreased (P = 0.0252) pathogenic E. coli counts. Cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers throughout the challenge. In summary, supplementation of Celmanax post-weaning altered microbial populations and cortisol concentrations were reduced during transportation in beef heifers.

scholarly journals 25 Effects of post-weaning supplementation of immunomodulatory feed ingredient on cortisol concentrations and microbial populations in programmed fed beef heifers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 21-21
Author(s):  
Keelee J McCarty ◽  
Jessie Tipton ◽  
Ralph Ricks ◽  
Jessica L Danielo ◽  
Jesse Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Corn Germ ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of immunomodulatory feed ingredient during post-weaning on cortisol concentration and fecal microbial populations of beef heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 72) from two AI sires were blocked (n = 9) by sire and BW, randomly assigned to one of two pens (4 heifers/pen) per block, then assigned to treatments. Heifers were fed twice daily from d 0 to 60 (gain 0.75 kg/day) and topdressed once daily with either 72g of Celmanax (CEL) or corn germ (CON; corn germ meal) per pen. After 60 days, two heifers per pen (n = 32) were randomly selected for a transportation challenge. Fecal grab samples were collected on d 0 and 69 of treatment, hr -24, 0, 24 of the challenge and 7 d post-challenge. Serum samples were collected at h 0, 4, 8, and 12 of the challenge. Clostridia and E. coli were enumerated from fecal samples using selective media. Isolates (≤ five isolates from each media per sample) were genetically tested to determine if they were C. perfringens or pathogenic E. coli. Fecal samples were enriched for detection of Salmonella. Pen was the experimental unit and data was analyzed by ANOVA or repeated measures analysis. Following treatment, decreased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of total E. coli, Salmonella, and C. perfringens were observed in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers, whereas clostridia and pathogenic E. coli were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. Transportation stress increased (P ≤ 0.05) populations of clostridia, C. perfringens, total E. coli, and Salmonella, but decreased (P = 0.0252) pathogenic E. coli counts. Cortisol concentrations were decreased (P < 0.05) in CEL heifers compared to CON heifers throughout the challenge. In summary, supplementation of Celmanax post-weaning altered microbial populations and cortisol concentrations were reduced during transportation in beef heifers

scholarly journals 185 Impact of hydroxy-selenomethionine supplementation during late gestation and lactation in sows on piglet immunocompetence

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 107-107
Author(s):  
Ningya Li ◽  
Zhijian Sun ◽  
Niel A Karrow ◽  
Mickael Briens ◽  
Michele De Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Status ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Egg White Lysozyme ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The benefits of selenium (Se) supplementation during pregnancy and lactation in sows on piglet immunocompetence are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to assess piglet immune status when sows were fed Se-deficient or supplemented diets with sodium selenite (SS) or hydroxy-selenomethionine (OH-SeMet). Twelve pregnant sows were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments (4 sows each): no supplemental Se (NC), SS at 0.3 mg Se/kg (SS-0.3), OH-SeMet at 0.3 mg Se/kg (SO-0.3). The trial was carried out from gestation day (gd) 84 to weaning on postpartum day (ppd) 21, at which time all the piglets received the same diet having as Se source SS. On gd 98 and 105, sows were vaccinated with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL). On ppd 0 and 21, 8 piglets/treatment were euthanized to obtain blood and muscle samples for total Se analyses. Serum samples were collected from 8 female piglets/treatment on ppd 0 and 2 to assess antigen-specific antibody titer for HEWL. On ppd 23, 6 weaned female piglets/treatment were intramuscular challenged with E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum IL-10 levels were measured at 24 h pre-challenge and at 2 and 48 h post challenge. At day 21, piglets from sows fed SO-0.3 showed the highest muscle Se deposition (P < 0.001). At ppd 0, no difference for HEWL-specific IgG was found while at ppd 2, SO-0.3 showed the highest HEWL-specific IgG concentration (P < 0.05). At 24 h pre-challenge and 2 h post LPS challenge, SO-0.3 showed a greater IL-10 level as compare to NC and SS-0.3, respectively (P < 0.05); no difference was found for the same parameter at 48 h post challenge. Piglets from SO supplemented sows exhibited stronger early immune response to LPS challenge. This study indicates the importance of sow Se supplementation with a pure organic form of Se such as OH-SeMet to enhance piglets Se and immune status.

scholarly journals PRRSV detection by qPCR in processing fluids and serum samples collected in a positive stable breeding herd following mass vaccination of sows with a modified live vaccine

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lebret ◽  
P. Berton ◽  
V. Normand ◽  
I. Messager ◽  
N. Robert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Live Vaccine ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Stability Monitoring ◽  
Breeding Herd ◽  
Modified Live Vaccine ◽  
Processing Fluid

AbstractIn the last two decades, in France, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) stabilization protocols have been implemented using mass vaccination with a modified live vaccine (MLV), herd closure and biosecurity measures. Efficient surveillance for PRRSV is essential for generating evidence of absence of viral replication and transmission in pigs. The use of processing fluid (PF) was first described in 2018 in the United States and was demonstrated to provide a higher herd-level sensitivity compared with blood samples (BS) for PRRSV monitoring. In the meantime, data on vertical transmission of MLV viruses are rare even as it is a major concern. Therefore, veterinarians usually wait for several weeks after a sow mass vaccination before starting a stability monitoring. This clinical study was conducted in a PRRSV-stable commercial 1000-sow breed-to-wean farm. This farm suffered from a PRRS outbreak in January 2018. After implementing a stabilisation protocol, this farm was controlled as stable for more than 9 months before the beginning of the study. PF and BS at weaning were collected in four consecutive batches born after a booster sow mass MLV vaccination. We failed to detect PRRSV by qPCR on PF and BS collected in a positive-stable breeding herd after vaccination with ReproCyc® PRRS EU (Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany).

scholarly journals 233 NaturSafe® supplementation mitigates some aspects of the acute phase immune response to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in weaned beef calves

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 117-117
Author(s):  
Nicole C Burdick Sanchez ◽  
Jeffery A Carroll ◽  
Paul R Broadway ◽  
Tom S Edrington ◽  
Ilkyu Yoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Phase ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Time Interaction ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Monitoring Devices

Abstract This study was conducted to determine if feeding calves NaturSafe would reduce the acute phase response (APR) to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Crossbred steers (n=32; 274±2 kg) were randomly allotted to two treatment diets: 1) Control, fed a standard receiving ration, and 2) NaturSafe, fed the Control ration supplemented with NaturSafe at 12 g/hd/d (NaturSafe®, Diamond V). On d22, steers were fitted with indwelling jugular catheters and rectal temperature monitoring devices and placed in individual stalls. On d23, steers were challenged i.v. with 0.25 µg/kg BW LPS. Serum samples were collected and sickness behavior scores (SBS) recorded at 0.5-h intervals from -2 to 8h and at 24h relative to LPS challenge. Rectal temperatures were greater (P=0.01) in NaturSafe compared to Control steers for the following time intervals following LPS challenge: 6 to 11h, 13h, 15 to 20h, and 22 to 24h. Additionally, SBS were reduced (P&lt; 0.01) in NaturSafe compared to Control steers. White blood cell concentrations were greater (P=0.05) in NaturSafe compared to Control steers prior to the LPS challenge, yet the response to LPS did not differ between treatments (P &gt;0.05). A treatment × time interaction for serum cortisol concentrations (P&lt; 0.01) showed an increase at 0.5 and 2h post-challenge but a reduction at 3h in NaturSafe compared to Control steers. Additionally, fibrinogen was greater (P&lt; 0.01) in NaturSafe compared to Control steers. There was a treatment × time interaction (P&lt; 0.01) for TNF-α where concentrations were reduced from 1 to 2h post-challenge in NaturSafe compared to Control steers. Serum IL-6 tended (P=0.09) to show a reduction in serum concentrations in NaturSafe compared to Control steers. There was a tendency (P=0.07) for a treatment × time interaction for IFN-γ. Overall these data suggest a priming effect of NaturSafe on the innate immune system of steers, resulting in an attenuated APR to the LPS challenge.

Search for Melanoma Markers in Plasma and Serum Samples

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Seraglia ◽  
Susanna Vogliardi ◽  
Graziella Allegri ◽  
Stefano Comai ◽  
Mario Lise ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Melanoma Patients ◽  
Diagnostic Ions

Fourteen blood samples from patients with melanomas and 11 blood samples from healthy subjects were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. The study focussed on species of low molecular weight, in the 800–5000 Da range, present in plasma and sera. While for healthy subjects plasma samples lead to the production of a higher number of ionic species, for melanoma patients a high number of diagnostic ions, present with high frequency and with quite high relative abundance, are present, in particular, in serum samples and, to a lesser extent, also in plasma. Since plasma samples are obtained more easily in comparison to sera, it is possible to suggest that plasma can also be used for these studies.

scholarly journals Effects of Delayed Sample Processing on Determination of Total and High Molecular Weight (HMW) Adiponectin in Serum and Plasma: A Pilot Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Choaping Ng ◽  
Felicity J Rose ◽  
Sahar Keshvari ◽  
Marina M Reeves ◽  
Goce Dimeski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Hmw Adiponectin ◽  
Total Adiponectin

<p>Adiponectin is a beneficial adipocyte-secreted hormone, which circulates in a variety of multimeric forms termed low and high molecular weight (LMW/HMW). Effectiveness of clinical therapeutic trials which target adiponectin rely on accurate determination of circulating total and HMW adiponectin levels but the accuracy may be influenced by variations in sample handling processes. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effects of delayed processing of blood samples on the concentration of total and HMW adiponectin.</p><p>Materials and Methods: Fasting blood samples were collected for analysis of total and HMW adiponectin concentrations in EDTA plasma and serum from eight healthy participants.  Samples were centrifuged post 15 min storage at 4<sup>o</sup>C as the comparative ‘ideal’ method or after up to 72 h of refrigerated storage or 6 h at room temperature. Total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were measured by ELISA.</p><p>Results: Under ideal handling conditions measurements of total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were significantly higher in serum than in plasma (mean difference: -1.3 µg/mL [95% CI: -1.6, -1.0], p&lt;0.001; and, -0.6 µg/mL [95% CI: -0.7, -0.5], p&lt;0.001, respectively).  Storage of blood samples at 4<sup>o</sup>C for 72 h resulted in significant reductions in concentration of total adiponectin in serum (mean difference: -1.4 µg/mL [95% CI: -2.0, -0.8], p=0.001) and HMW adiponectin in plasma (mean difference: -0.6 µg/mL [95%CI: -0.9, -0.2], p=0.007), compared with ideal conditions.  Further analysis of serum samples showed a significant decrease in total adiponectin concentration after 6 h storage at 4<sup>o</sup>C (mean difference: -1.4 µg/mL [95% CI: -2.0, -0.8], p=0.001) compared with ideal conditions.</p><p>Conclusions: Delayed processing of samples may have differential effects on the concentration of total and HMW adiponectin in serum or plasma. Larger studies are warranted for clinical intervention trials.</p>

A Comparison of Hand Washing Techniques To Remove Escherichia coli and Caliciviruses under Natural or Artificial Fingernails

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2296-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIA-MIN LIN ◽  
FONE-MAO WU ◽  
HOI-KYUNG KIM ◽  
MICHAEL P. DOYLE ◽  
BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Liquid Soap ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Sanitizer ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Escherichia Coli Jm109 ◽  
Viral Indicators

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

Reduction of Microorganisms on Citrus Fruit Surfaces during Packinghouse Processing

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 903-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVEN PAO ◽  
G. ELDON BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Test Organism ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Inoculation Study ◽  
Fruit Surface

Citrus fruit surface microbial populations were evaluated following various packingline processes of seven Florida commercial packinghouses. At each packinghouse, six fruits (oranges or tangerines) were collected at each of four sampling points. The sampling was conducted in duplicate; thus, 336 fruit were evaluated during this survey. Average aerobic plate counts and yeast and mold counts on fruit surfaces before washing were about 4.0 log CFU/cm2 and 3.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, and were reduced to 2.1 log CFU/cm2 and 1.3 log CFU/cm2, respectively, by packinghouse processing. Waxing alone reduced the average fruit surface aerobic plate counts and coliform counts from 3.7 log CFU/cm2 and 35.2 most probable number (MPN)/cm2, respectively, to 2.6 log CFU/cm2 and 1.4 MPN/cm2. No Escherichia coli was recovered from fruit at the end of packinghouse processing, and no salmonellae were found on fruit during the entire processing. In an inoculation study to test the effect of packinghouse processes, test organism E. coli was applied to fruit to achieve a high level (4.8 log CFU/cm2) of contamination. The average E. coli count was reduced about 2.4 log cycles by washing and rinsing with potable water (40 psi, 25 °C) for about 30 s. The combination of washing and waxing significantly reduced the inoculated level of E. coli from 4.8 to 1.4 log CFU/cm2.

scholarly journals Epidemiological aspects of the Brazilian spotted fever: serological survey of dogs and horses in an endemic area in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 427-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elba R.S. de Lemos ◽  
Raimundo D. Machado ◽  
José R. Coura ◽  
Maria A.A.M. Guimarães ◽  
Nelson Chagas
Keyword(s):  
Endemic Area ◽  
Spotted Fever ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Spotted Fever Group ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Serological Survey ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Brazilian Spotted Fever

In order to obtain information on Brazilian spotted fever, a study in domestic animals was performed in the County of Pedreira, State of São Paulo, Brazil, where 17 human cases had been notified. Serum samples obtained from animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence for detectable antibodies to spotted fever-group rickettsiae. Seropositivity was revealed in 12 (36.4%) of 33 dogs and seven (77.8%) of nine horses from the endemic area. For comparison, blood samples from dogs and horses from non endemic area were tested and four (12.9%) of 31 dogs and three (27.3%) of 11 horses were positive. The highest titers of antibodies by IFA (IgG > 1:1024) were found only in three dogs and six horses from endemic area. The results suggest that dogs as horses may serve as environmental sentinels for estabilishing the prevalence of foci of spotted fever in Brazil.

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