scholarly journals 364 Impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge and deoxynivalenol on intestinal integrity and nutrient transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 148-149
Author(s):  
Samuel Gerrard ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Blaire Todd ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Glutamine Transport ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus infections and mycotoxin contaminated feedstuffs are two common issues facing the pork industry as both act, independently, to antagonize pig intestinal function, growth performance, and health. However, the combined impact of PRRS and mycotoxin exposure on pig intestinal health and function has not been investigated. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to examine the impact of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on the intestinal integrity and function of PRRS infected pigs, employing an ex vivo model. Jejunum samples were collected from PRRS naïve (control; n = 6) and 21 day post inoculated PRRS virus infected (n = 8) gilts (10 weeks of age). In duplicate, explants were mounted into modified Ussing Chambers and incubated with or without 25 mM DON for 45 minutes prior to assessment of transepithelial resistance (TER), mucosal to serosal macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedure of SAS and a split plot design to examine the fixed effects of PRRS, DON, and their interaction. There were no PRRS by DON interactions for any ex vivo parameters assessed. Irrespective of DON, PRRS jejunum segments had decreased TERs (57%, P < 0.001), increased FD4 flux (P = 0.005), and tended to have increased active glucose transport (P = 0.093) compared with uninfected controls. Irrespective of PRRS status, DON increased FD4 flux (113%, P = 0.013), and tended to increase active glucose transport (P = 0.088) compared with jejunal explants not treated with DON. However, TERs and active glutamine transport did not differ due to DON treatment. Taken together, these data highlight the impacts that viral health challenge and mycotoxin contamination have on aspects of intestinal integrity and function. However, it does not appear that PRRS challenged pigs are more sensitive to the effects of DON than their healthy counterparts.

268 In-feed Antibiotics Elicit Intestinal Integrity Modifications Early in Post-weaning Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
Jessica M Johnson ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
Carson M De Mille
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The physiological mechanisms by which in-feed antibiotics improve pig growth performance are largely unknown. One proposed mode of action is improvements in intestinal integrity and function. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that in-feed therapeutic and sub-therapeutic antibiotics would improve intestinal integrity and function in nursery pigs. Twenty-four weaned pigs (6.1±1.1 kg BW) were randomly allotted to individual pens and assigned one of three dietary treatments as follows (n = 8 pigs/trt): 1) control, no antibiotics (CON), 2) CON + sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline [40 ppm in feed (sCTC)], and 3) CON + chlortetracycline-tiamulin [400 ppm + 35 ppm, respectively (CTCDen)]. The study consisted of two consecutive 14 d phases. Chlortetracycline-tiamulin was only fed in phase 1, sCTC was fed in both phases. Phase 1 and 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined. After 28 d, ileal and colonic ex vivo intestinal integrity was assessed via transepithelial resistance (TER) and macromolecule flux (FD4) in modified Ussing chambers. All data were analyzed for the fixed effects of treatment and start BW as a covariate. In phase 1, compared with CON and sCTC, CTCDen tended to have greater ADG (0.28, 0.31, and 0.33 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.10) and ADFI (0.28, 0.30, and 0.35 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.09). No differences in phase 1 G:F were observed (P = 0.11). Phase 2 ADG, ADFI, and G:F did not differ (P &gt; 0.10). Further, ileal TER and FD4 did not differ (P &gt; 0.10). Colonic TER tended to be increased in sCTC compared with CON and CTCDen (78, 56, and 59 Ω/cm2, respectively, P = 0.07). Compared with CON, colonic FD4 flux was decreased in sCTC and CTCDen by 35–40% (P = 0.03). Altogether, these data indicate that in-feed antibiotics improve colon integrity early in production which may contribute to improved growth performance.

scholarly journals PSIV-18 Effect of sub-therapeutic antibiotics and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 190-190
Author(s):  
Carson De Mille ◽  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Crystal L Loving ◽  
Eric R Burrough ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Cell Abundance ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of sub-therapeutic chlortetracycline (CTC) and pharmacological zinc oxide on nursery pig performance and intestinal integrity and function. Twenty-four newly weaned pigs (4.51 ± 0.21 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments for 21 d (n = 8/treatment): 1) Control diet (NC), 2) NC + Zinc oxide at 3000 ppm for 7 d followed by 2000 ppm for 14 d (ZnO), and 3) NC + 40 ppm CTC for 21 d (sCTC). Pig ADG, ADFI, and G:F were determined for the overall 21 d test period. At d 21, all pigs were euthanized for tissue collection. Jejunum and ileum ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule (FD4) flux, and active glucose and glutamine transport were assessed in modified Ussing Chambers. Additionally, jejunum brush border enzyme and Na+/K+ ATPase activities were determined. Morphology and T-cell abundance were determined in all ileum sections by H&E staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Compared to the NC, sCTC and ZnO increased ADG (0.14, 0.20 and 0.23 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.020). Overall ADFI was increased by 150% due to sCTC compared to the NC and ZnO pigs (P < 0.05). G:F was increased due to ZnO and sCTC compared to the NC (0.82, 0.63 and 0.47, respectively, P < 0.01). Jejunum and ileum ex vivo function and integrity did not differ. Ileal villus height was increased in the NC compared to sCTC treatment (P < 0.01), but not different from the ZnO treatment. In the ileum, total T-cell number per unit area was significantly lower in the ZnO segments compared to sCTC and NC (0.95, 2.29 and 2.59 count per μm2, respectively, P = 0.05). These data indicate that ZnO and sCTC improved pig performance but did not directly alter small intestinal integrity and function. However, mucosal T cell abundance was altered.

scholarly journals 231 Impact of Brachyspira hyodysentariae on intestinal function and integrity

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
Emma T Helm ◽  
Susanne J Lin ◽  
Nicholas Gabler ◽  
Eric R Burrough
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Potato Starch ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Intestinal Integrity ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) causes colitis and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in grow-finish pigs, however little is known about the physiological changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during Bhyo infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Bhyo challenge on intestinal function and integrity of pigs fed two divergent diets. A total of 36 Bhyo negative gilts (24.3 ± 3.6 kg BW) were selected and assigned to one of three treatment groups (n=12 pigs/trt): 1) Bhyo negative, 20% DDGS diet (CON), 2) Bhyo challenged, 20% DDGS diet (DDGS), and 3) Bhyo challenged, 10% DDGS, 5% beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch diet (RS). Pigs were fed diets 21 days prior to challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with Bhyo or sham. Fecal samples were collected for ATTD and pigs were euthanized for colon collection within 72 hours of initial observation of clinical SD, or at the end of the study (dpi 10-16). Tissues were assessed for ex vivo measures of intestinal integrity and mitochondrial function. The challenge resulted in high morbidity, with 88% of DDGS and RS pigs developing clinical SD. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased in DDGS pigs compared with CON and RS pigs (P=0.005), and colon macromolecule permeability was reduced in both DDGS and RS pigs compared with CON pigs (P=0.006), likely due to mucoid discharge. Colonic mitochondrial oxygen consumption was not impacted by treatment (P &gt;0.10). Further, ATTD of DM, OM, N, and GE were reduced in DDGS pigs compared with CON pigs (P&lt; 0.001), whilst nutrient digestibility was not reduced in RS pigs. Taken together, these data show Bhyo does not appear to reduce ex vivo colonic integrity. Further, the RS diet may reduce severity of a Bhyo challenge.

271 Investigating the Relationship Between Nursery Pig Performance and Markers of Intestinal Morphology and Integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
Carson M De Mille ◽  
Nicholas K Gabler
Keyword(s):  
Active Transport ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Nursery Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Function ◽  
Time Point

Abstract Weaning induces major structural and function changes to the small intestine of pigs and they transition from milk to solid feedstuffs. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how intestinal morphology and function markers relate to feed intake and growth rates of nursery pig. Forty-eight weaned pigs (5.63 ± 0.50 kg) were randomly selected, individually penned and fed a common diet. Pig bodyweights and feed intake were determined at d 2, 7, and 21. At each time point, 16 pigs were randomly selected and euthanized. Sections of ileum were assessed for morphology [villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and VH:CD] and ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule permeability (FD4), and active transport of glucose and glutamine via modified Ussing chambers. Within each period (d 0–2, 0–7, and 0–21), Pearson correlations were performed between ADG, ADFI, VH, VH:CD, TER, FD4 and active transport of glucose and glutamine. At d 2 post-weaning, no correlations (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between performance and intestinal variables. By d 7, moderate positive correlations between VH and ADFI (r = 0.69, P = 0.005), VH and ADG (r = 0.68, P = 0.006) were reported. At 21 d post-weaning, moderate positive correlations were still observed for VH and ADFI (r = 0.55, P = 0.026) and between VH and ADG (r = 0.51, P = 0.042). Interestingly, ADFI and ADG tended to be negatively correlated with active glucose transport (r = -0.45, P = 0.083 and r = -0.47, P = 0.064, respectively) and active glutamine transport (r = -0.45, P = 0.083 and r = -0.46, P = 0.073, respectively). Markers of ileal integrity (TER and FD4) were not correlated with ADG or ADFI at any time point. Altogether, these data highlight the importance of intestinal morphology on early nursery pig performance.

scholarly journals High Doses of Caffeine during the Peripubertal Period in the Rat Impair the Growth and Function of the Testis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minji Park ◽  
Yuri Choi ◽  
Hyeonhae Choi ◽  
Ju-Yearn Yim ◽  
Jaesook Roh
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Doses ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Caffeine Exposure

Prenatal caffeine exposure adversely affects the development of the reproductive organs of male rat offspring. Thus, it is conceivable that peripubertal caffeine exposure would also influence physiologic gonadal changes and function during this critical period for sexual maturation. This study investigated the impact of high doses of caffeine on the testes of prepubertal male rats. A total of 45 immature male rats were divided randomly into three groups: a control group and 2 groups fed 120 and 180 mg/kg/day of caffeine, respectively, via the stomach for 4 weeks. Caffeine caused a significant decrease in body weight gain, accompanied by proportional decreases in lean body mass and body fat. The caffeine-fed animals had smaller and lighter testes than those of the control that were accompanied by negative influences on the histologic parameters of the testes. In addition, stimulated-testosterone ex vivo production was reduced in Leydig cells retrieved from the caffeine-fed animals. Our results demonstrate that peripubertal caffeine consumption can interfere with the maturation and function of the testis, possibly by interrupting endogenous testosterone secretion and reducing the sensitivity of Leydig cells to gonadotrophic stimulation. In addition, we confirmed that pubertal administration of caffeine reduced testis growth and altered testis histomorphology.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of an Anti-Salmonella Bacteriophage Preparation, BAFASAL®, on Ex-Vivo Human Gut Microbiome Composition and Function Using a Multi-Omics Approach

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1734
Author(s):  
Janice Mayne ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
James Butcher ◽  
Krystal Walker ◽  
Zhibin Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Human Gut Microbiome ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Salmonella infections (salmonellosis) pose serious health risks to humans, usually via food-chain contamination. This foodborne pathogen causes major food losses and human illnesses, with significant economic impacts. Overuse of antibiotics in the food industry has led to multidrug-resistant strains of bacteria, and governments are now restricting their use, leading the food industry to search for alternatives to secure food chains. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect and kill bacteria, are currently being investigated and used as replacement treatments and prophylactics due to their specificity and efficacy. They are generally regarded as safe alternatives to antibiotics, as they are natural components of the ecosystem. However, when specifically used in the industry, they can also make their way into humans through our food chain or exposure, as is the case for antibiotics. In particular, agricultural workers could be repeatedly exposed to bacteriophages supplemented to animal feeds. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the effects of such exposure to bacteriophages on the human gut microbiome. In this study, we used a novel in-vitro assay called RapidAIM to investigate the effect of a bacteriophage mixture, BAFASAL®, used in poultry farming on five individual human gut microbiomes. Multi-omics analyses, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metaproteomic, revealed that ex-vivo human gut microbiota composition and function were unaffected by BAFASAL® treatment, providing an additional measure for its safety. Due to the critical role of the gut microbiome in human health and the known role of bacteriophages in regulation of microbiome composition and function, we suggest assaying the impact of bacteriophage-cocktails on the human gut microbiome as a part of their safety assessment.

scholarly journals Bladder filling and voiding affect umbrella cell tight junction organization and function

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (8) ◽  
pp. F1158-F1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo D. Carattino ◽  
H. Sandeep Prakasam ◽  
Wily G. Ruiz ◽  
Dennis R. Clayton ◽  
Meredith McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Bladder Function ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Functional Reorganization ◽  
Bladder Filling ◽  
Umbrella Cell ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Epithelial cells are continuously exposed to mechanical forces including shear stress and stretch, although the effect these forces have on tight junction (TJ) organization and function are poorly understood. Umbrella cells form the outermost layer of the stratified uroepithelium and undergo large cell shape and surface area changes during the bladder cycle. Here we investigated the effects of bladder filling and voiding on the umbrella cell TJ. We found that bladder filling promoted a significant increase in the length of the TJ ring, which was quickly reversed within 5 min of voiding. Interestingly, when isolated uroepithelial tissue was mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to physiological stretch, we observed a 10-fold drop in both transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and the umbrella cell junctional resistance. The effects of stretch on TER were reversible and dependent on the applied force. Furthermore, the integrity of the umbrella cell TJ was maintained in the stretched uroepithelium, as suggested by the limited permeability of biotin, fluorescein, and ruthenium red. Finally, we found that depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA completely disrupted the TER of unstretched, but not of stretched uroepithelium. Taken together, our studies indicate that the umbrella cell TJ undergoes major structural and functional reorganization during the bladder cycle. The impact of these changes on bladder function is discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge on growing pigs I: Growth performance and digestibility1

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 514-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Schweer ◽  
K Schwartz ◽  
E. R. Burrough ◽  
K. J. Yoon ◽  
J. C. Sparks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Virus Challenge ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Prrs Virus ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) are two diseases costly to the U.S. swine industry. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of PRRS virus and PED virus, alone or in combination, on growth performance, feed efficiency, and digestibility in grower pigs. Forty-two gilts (16 ± 0.98 kg BW) naïve for PRRS and PED were selected and allocated to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments included 1) a control, 2) PRRS virus infected, 3) PED virus infected, and 4) PRRS+PED coinfection (PRP). Pigs in treatments 2 and 4 were inoculated with a live field strain of PRRS virus via intramuscular and intranasal routes at 0 d after inoculation (dpi). Treatments 3 and 4 were orally inoculated with a cloned PED virus at 15 dpi. Infection with PRRS virus was confirmed by quantitative PCR and seroconversion. Infection with PED virus was confirmed with PCR. Control pigs remained PRRS and PED virus negative throughout the study. All pigs were offered, ad libitum, a standard diet with free access to water. During the test period, PRRS reduced ADG and ADFI by 30 and 26%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05), compared with control pigs, whereas PRP decreased ADG, ADFI, and G:F by 45, 30, and 23%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Additional reductions in ADG and G:F were detected in PRP pigs compared with singular PED or PRRS treatments (33 and 16%, respectively). The impact of PED, alone or in combination, on performance (15–21 dpi) reduced ADG (0.66 vs. 0.35 vs. 0.20 kg/d; P &lt; 0.01), ADFI (1.22 vs. 0.88 vs. 0.67 kg/d; P = 0.003), and G:F (0.54 vs. 0.39 vs. 0.31; P = 0.001) compared with control pigs. Compared with control pigs, PRRS infection did not reduce apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy. However, PED infection, alone or in combination, decreased ATTD of DM and energy by 8 and 12%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with control pigs, PRP reduced N and OM ATTD by 13 and 3%, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences in apparent ileal digestibility (AID) were detected between virus challenges. However, Lys AID tended to be reduced in both PED treatments compared with the control (10 and 12%; P = 0.095). Altogether, PRRS reduced growth but did not alter digestibility. Pigs challenged with PED and, to a greater extent, the coinfection of PED and PRRS viruses had reduced ADG, ADFI, G:F, and ATTD of nutrients and energy.

Effect of heat stress on rabbit esophageal epithelium

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (6) ◽  
pp. G1322-G1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelia A. Tobey ◽  
Dipali Sikka ◽  
Esteban Marten ◽  
Canan Caymaz-Bor ◽  
S. Seraj Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Esophageal Disease ◽  
Esophageal Epithelium ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Epithelial Structure ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Hot beverages expose the esophageal epithelium to temperatures as high as 58°C. To study the impact of such temperatures, rabbit esophageal epithelium was exposed to luminal heat or both luminal and serosal heat while mounted in Ussing chambers. Luminal heat, mimicking exposure to hot beverages, reduced potential difference (PD) and resistance ( R) when applied at ≥49°C and reduced short-circuit current ( I sc) at ≥60°C. At ≥60°C, subepithelial blisters developed. Higher temperatures reduced R only moderately and reversibly. In contrast, the I sc declined sharply and irreversibly once threshold was reached. Luminal and serosal heat also reduced PD, I sc, and R, although the threshold for reduction in I scwas now similar to that for R. Additionally, luminal and serosal heat reduced I sc more than R for any given temperature and resulted in blisters at lower temperatures (50°C) than luminal heat alone. The heat-induced decline in I sc was attributed in part to inactivation of Na-K-ATPase activity, although other transport systems could have been equally affected, and the decline in R to an increase in paracellular permeability. The latter effect on R also contributed to an increase in tissue sensitivity to luminal acid damage. Consumption of hot beverages exposes the esophagus to temperatures that can negatively impact epithelial structure and function. Impaired barrier function by heat increases the risk of esophageal damage by subsequent contact with (refluxed) gastric acid. These findings help explain in part the association between esophageal disease and consumption of hot beverages.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document