scholarly journals Synergism Between Phosphine (PH3) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Implications for Managing PH3 Resistance in Rusty Grain Beetle (Laemophloeidae: Coleoptera)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1999-2006
Author(s):  
Myrna Constantin ◽  
Rajeswaran Jagadeesan ◽  
Kerri Chandra ◽  
Paul Ebert ◽  
Manoj K Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Stored Grain ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Mortality Response ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Very High

Abstract Strong resistance to phosphine (PH3) in the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Laemophloeidae: Coleoptera) poses a serious risk to stored-grain biosecurity. Resistant populations hold risk of surviving in PH3 fumigation, particularly in storage structure that limits achieving very high concentrations of PH3, demanding the need for alternative fumigation strategies. Cofumigation with PH3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) is one alternative approach that has the potential to be used widely. CO2 fumigation of adults of strongly PH3-resistant reference strain of C. ferrugineus, for 48 h, showed that the effective concentration (LC50) of CO2 was 30.99%. This 30% level of CO2 in combination with PH3 decreased the LC50 of PH3 from 6.7 mg/liter to 0.84 mg/liter, an eightfold increase in PH3 efficacy relative to PH3 fumigation in normal air. The LC99.9 decreased from 16.2 mg/liter to 5.8 mg/liter, a 2.8-fold increase in PH3 efficacy. Comparison of mortality response data of PH3 alone and the PH3 + CO2 mixture confirmed that CO2 enhances the toxicity of PH3 synergistically in addition to exerting its own toxicity. These results were validated against three independently field-derived strains of strongly resistant C. ferrugineus that confirmed that observed enhancement in toxicity with the PH3 + CO2 mixture was consistent, irrespective of differences in resistance phenotypes and inherent tolerance levels. Results of the current study provide further opportunities to develop new commercially viable strategy to control strongly PH3-resistant C. ferrugineus.

Behaviour of Releases of Carbon Dioxide From Pipelines and Vents

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Allason ◽  
Keith Armstrong ◽  
Julian Barnett ◽  
Phil Cleaver ◽  
Ann Halford
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

A large Research and Development programme has been executed by National Grid to determine the feasibility of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) by pipeline. Such pipelines would be required to form a transportation system to take the CO2 from its place of capture at an emitter’s site to a place of safe storage within a Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) scheme. This programme received financial support from the European Union. As part of this programme, National Grid commissioned a series of experimental studies to investigate the behaviour of releases of CO2 mixtures in the gaseous and the liquid (or dense) phase. This has included simulating accidental releases in the form of punctures or ruptures of a buried pipeline and deliberate releases through different venting arrangements. This work is required, as CO2 has the potential to cause some harm to people if they are exposed to it for long enough at high concentrations. This paper gives an overview of the findings from this work and shows how the data has been used to help develop a number of the more pragmatic, predictive models for outflow and dispersion. This work complements the more theoretical studies carried out using state of the art advanced computational fluid dynamic models, employed by other UK based participants (University College London, University of Leeds, Kingston University and the University of Warwick) in the research programme.

scholarly journals Repurposing CO2 from Human Respiration Inside Buildings to Enhance Growth in Rooftop Gardens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarabeth Buckley ◽  
Rebecca Sparks ◽  
Jane Marsching ◽  
Nathan Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Unique System ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Fertilization Effect ◽  
Plant Grown ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract Cities face many environmental challenges while providing opportunities for integrating human infrastructure with the surrounding environment. One effort to improve environmental conditions in cities is to increase the amount of green space in creative ways within city limits. Here we propose a unique system taking carbon dioxide (CO2) from indoor spaces and applying it to rooftop gardens or farms through existing ventilation systems with the elevated CO2 levels leading to a fertilization effect that increases plant growth. CO2 measurements were taken inside multiple classrooms as well as at the exhaust vents on a rooftop and air from exhaust was applied to crops and biomass and leaf number were measured. High concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]) persisted inside university classrooms as well as at rooftop exhaust vents in correlation with expected human occupancy and stayed around 1070 ± 70 and 830 parts per million (ppm) CO2 reaching a max of 4470 and 1300 ppm CO2 respectively. Growth in Spinacia oleraceae L. (spinach) grown next to exhaust air increased 4-fold in comparison to plants grown next to a control fan applying atmospheric air. High wind speed decreased growth by approximately 2-fold. Zea mays (corn), a C4 plant, grown next to exhaust experienced a 2 to 3-fold increase, indicating alternative environmental factors additionally playing a part in growth enhancement. Enhancing growth in rooftop gardens using indoor air, could help rooftop plants grow larger and survive harsh conditions. This would make rooftop gardens more viable and better able to provide environmental services and connect urban areas to the surrounding environment.

Efficient biological conversion of carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and for utilization in bioplastic production by Ralstonia eutropha through the display of an enzyme complex on the cell surface

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (50) ◽  
pp. 10202-10205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Eun Hyeon ◽  
Seung Wook Kim ◽  
Chulhwan Park ◽  
Sung Ok Han
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Ralstonia Eutropha ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Enzyme Complex ◽  
Co Conversion ◽  
Biological Conversion ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

An enzyme complex was anchored on the cell surface ofRalstonia eutrophaand successfully resulted in a 3.3-fold increase in CO conversion efficiency.

scholarly journals HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF RADON AND CARBON DIOXIDE IN ENERGY-EFFICIENT FAMILY HOUSES WITHOUT HEAT RECOVERY VENTILATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor GÉCZI ◽  
József BENÉCS ◽  
Krisztina KRISTÓF ◽  
Márk HORVÁTH
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Heat Recovery ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The most significant factors of indoor air quality – besides temperature and humidity – are the concentrations of carbon-dioxide (CO2) and radon (222Rn). Radon seepage is caused by and affected by the materials used in walls and floors, the quality of insulation, cracks and even the amount of pipes running through the walls. The amount of CO2 is predominantly affected by the biological processes of the inhabitants, and possibly by potentially faulty HVAC systems. The energy efficiency related upgrades to family homes, which often only extend to window replacements and better insulation have a significant effect and could potentially increase concentrations of both radon and CO2 which has a significant effect on the well-being of the inhabitants. Our tests conducted in Hungary have proven that by using automated heat recovery ventilation (HRV) both energy efficient operation and low concentrations of radon and CO2 are achievable. Our results prove the significance and prevalence of the issue of higher concentrations of these pollutants, and offer a viable solution.

Tribological Studies of Compressor Surfaces in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide Under Extreme Environmental Pressure Conditions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholaos G. Demas ◽  
Andreas A. Polycarpou
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Environmental Pressures ◽  
Thermodynamic Studies ◽  
Environmental Pressure ◽  
Ultra High Pressure ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Internal Pressures ◽  
Very High

The refrigeration industry has shown an inclination towards the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant in some applications. While extensive thermodynamic studies exist, tribological studies with CO2 are limited and tribological testing has further been restricted to low environmental pressures up to 1.38 MPa (200 psi) due to limitations in equipment capabilities. In this work, experiments were performed using an Ultra High Pressure Tribometer (UHPT) that was custom designed and built for tribological testing of compressor contact interfaces at very high environmental pressures up to 13.8 MPa (2000 psi). These tests demonstrate the possibility of testing at very high pressures similar to the internal pressures of CO2 compressors.

scholarly journals THE CALCIUM LOOPING CYCLE STUDY FOR CAPTURING CARBON DIOXIDE APPLIED TO THE ENERGY GENERATION

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
I. Ávila ◽  
A. Mortari ◽  
A. M. Santos ◽  
P. M. Crnkovic
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Calcium Looping ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Co2 ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Co2 Sorbent ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Activity Decay ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Cost

The calcium looping process (Ca-L) is a promising technology to reduce of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions when applied in energy generation systems. Ca-based materials (usually limestone) are used in this process as CO2 sorbents. Thus, the CO2 capture occurs by the reversible reaction between calcium oxide (CaO) and CO2, resulting in the calcium carbonate form (CaCO3). Compared to other technologies applied to carbon sequestration process, the Ca-L offers additional advantages such: the use of fluidized bed technology that is already well established; this process occurs at high temperature, and the excess of heat generated can be recovered; the cost of limestone sorbents is low because of its wide availability. However, in the applying the Ca-L process is essential to understand the mechanism and the effect of partial pressure of CO2 in both, calcination and carbonation processes; to investigate the effect of sintering and to evaluate the sorbent activity decay. In this paper, empirical technique such as thermogravimetry is applied to investigate the reactivity of dolomite as CO2 sorbent. The effect of CO2 high concentrations in both calcination/carbonation processes is also investigated.

Determinants of the Formation and Activity of Factor V-phospholipid Complexes II. Molecular Properties of the Complexes

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (01) ◽  
pp. 271-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol L Kandall ◽  
Stephen B Shohet ◽  
T. K Akinbami ◽  
Robert W Colman
Keyword(s):  
Buoyant Density ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Phosphatidyl Serine ◽  
Active Species ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Factor V ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Very High

SummaryThe stability, buoyancy, and intrinsic activity of factor V-phospholipid complexes were investigated.The decay of factor V activity in the absence of phospholipid followed first order kinetics; however, in the presence of several phospholipids a biphasic decay curve was observed. The addition of phosphatidylethanolamine to factor V produced only a small loss of activity in the first 2 minutes but decreased the subsequent rate of inactivation fourfold. A PE-factor V complex with a low bouyant density was separated from uncomplexed factor V by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The association constant for this complex was 5 × 106 M-1 with approximately 2 moles of factor V bound per mole of lipid micelle. The isolated complex was capable of increasing prothrombin conversion 10-fold without additional phospholipid. A still lighter complex increased the rate of prothrombin conversion 18-fold.Phosphatidyl serine produced a concentration-dependent loss of up to 95% of the factor V activity in the first 2 minutes. After ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, a PS-factor V complex of increased density was detected. This complex failed to accelerate prothrombin conversion in the intrinsic two-stage assay.Except at very high concentrations, phosphatidylcholine did not alter the kinetics of inactivation of factor V. A factor V-phosphatidylcholine complex could not be detected after ultracentrifugation.When added to factor V, cardiolipin (200 μg/ml), produced a rapid 50% decline in activity with a subsequent three-fold increase in the rate of inactivation. No activity was recovered after ultracentrifugation of factor V in the presence of cardiolipin.Saturated phosphatidylethanolamine produced a concentration dependent initial loss of activity, but only a minimal increase in the subsequent rate of inactivation. At 200 μg/ml almost no light complex was detected after ultracentrifugation, but at 800 μg/ml a light complex was observed. This behavior corresponds to the ability of saturated phosphatidylethanolamine to accelerate prothrombin conversion only at very high concentrations.Thus, phospholipids combine with factor V to form complexes which differ in their ability to accelerate prothrombin conversion. The most active species are stable lipoprotein complexes of lower buoyant density than factor V.

Factors affecting the onset and termination of respiration in the salamander, Amphiuma tridactylum

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Toews
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Free Swimming ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Very High

Respiratory control was studied in 22 intact, free-swimming Amphiuma tridactylum. Termination of inspiration was shown to be controlled by a volume-detection mechanism. Animals were shown to continue the breathing process if air was simultaneously removed from the lungs through a lung cannula. Injections of nitrogen into the lungs terminated inspiration for a short time but breathing occurred a short time after. Carbon dioxide injected into the lungs in doses 3-5 times the concentration normally present was removed from the lungs rapidly and did not result in the onset of breathing if the oxygen tensions were sufficiently high. Very high concentrations of carbon dioxide in the lungs resulted in a shortening of time between breaths. Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the dorsal aorta did not bring about the breathing response. Removal of oxygen from the lungs brought about a rapid breathing response. The presence of an oxygen chemoreceptor was postulated as a mechanism for controlling breathing in Amphiuma.

scholarly journals Limestone Clays for Ceramic Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbet Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Cochiran Pereira dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Ceramic Industry ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Very High

Limestone clays are used in the ceramic segment in the manufacture of bricks, ceramic tiles, and in the production of cement, among others. Limestone can be present in soils in pure form or as a contaminant, but always from marine environments. The limestone after burning can present a high loss of mass (35–45%), which can cause serious problems with the sintering of ceramic products such as bricks, tiles. The calcium or magnesium carbonate once dissociated forms calcium oxide (CaO) and releases carbon dioxide (CO2). CaO in contact with water subsequently experiences very high expansions that can cause cracks in the materials. Researchers have studied procedures to inhibit limestone action on clays as well as to set the correct temperature for firing. In this chapter, examples of clays with different percentages of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that are used in the ceramic segment and their characteristics will be given.

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