scholarly journals Colonization of Trees by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Is Influenced by Duration of Flood Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-847
Author(s):  
Michael E Reding ◽  
Christopher M Ranger ◽  
Peter B Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Callus Tissue ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Flooding Duration ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus ◽  
D Numbers

Abstract The ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) and Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) bore into flood-stressed trees to establish colonies, but the influence of flooding duration on colonization is unknown. This relationship was examined by flooding trees for various time periods and evaluating colonization. In one experiment, X. germanus bored into 20 dogwood (Cornus florida L.) trees during a 3-d flood treatment. Ten trees dissected that season had no offspring present in tunnels; the remaining trees appeared healthy and bloomed the following spring. In another experiment, dogwood trees were flooded for 3 or 7 d and then dissected to assess colonization. The incidence of superficial (short unbranched) and healed (callus tissue in entrance) tunnels was greater in the 3-d trees, while the incidence of tunnels with X. germanus or offspring was greater in the 7-d trees. Four experiments (three in Ohio and one in Virginia) had flood treatments of 0 (nonflooded), 3, 5, 7, and 10 d. Numbers of tunnel entrances, tunnels with X. germanus, and incidence of tunnels with offspring or live foundresses tended to increase as flood duration increased on apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), dogwood, and redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) in Ohio and redbud in Virginia. Nonflooded trees in Ohio had no boring activity, but ambrosia beetles bored into three nonflooded trees in Virginia. Indicators of unsuccessful colonization, such as superficial tunnels and healing, decreased as flood duration increased. These results suggest tree crops may recover from boring by ambrosia beetles following short-duration flood events, and not necessarily require culling.

scholarly journals Long-Lasting Insecticide Netting for Protecting Tree Stems from Attack by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Christopher T. Werle ◽  
Peter B. Schultz ◽  
Karla M. Addesso ◽  
Jason B. Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Conditions ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Junction Trees ◽  
Eastern Redbud ◽  
Wood Boring ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are destructive wood-boring insects of horticultural trees. We evaluated long-lasting insecticide netting for protecting stems against ambrosia beetles. Container-grown eastern redbud, Cercis canadensis, trees were flood-stressed to induce ambrosia beetle attacks, and deltamethrin-treated netting was wrapped from the base of the stem vertically to the branch junction. Trees were deployed under field conditions in Ohio, Virginia, Tennessee, and Mississippi with the following treatments: (1) flooded tree; (2) flooded tree with untreated netting; (3) flooded tree with treated ‘standard mesh’ netting of 24 holes/cm2; (4) flooded tree with treated ‘fine mesh’ netting of 28 holes/cm2; and/or (5) non-flooded tree. Treated netting reduced attacks compared to untreated netting and/or unprotected trees in Mississippi in 2017, Ohio and Tennessee in 2018, and Virginia in 2017–2018. Inconsistent effects occurred in Mississippi in 2018. Fewer Anisandrus maiche, Xylosandrus germanus, and Xyleborinus saxesenii were dissected from trees deployed in Ohio protected with treated netting compared to untreated netting; trees deployed in other locations were not dissected. These results indicate long-lasting insecticide netting can provide some protection of trees from ambrosia beetle attacks.

Contextualized sedimentation rates for large floods along the lower Mississippi River: the importance of flood duration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Hudson ◽  
Franklin Heitmuller ◽  
Samuel Muñoz ◽  
Jansen Costello
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Sediment Thickness ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Sand Sheet ◽  
Overbank Sedimentation ◽  
Sampling Procedures

<p>Flood sedimentary deposits vary due to upper basin and lower basin controls. In this study we focus on overbank sediment thickness, which over longer periods drives changes to riparian aquatic habitat and floodplain construction. The study setting is a ~25 km long segment of the lower Mississippi alluvial valley, between Natchez, MS and Red River Landing, LA. We report new field data for overbank sedimentation generated by compound flooding over 2018 and 2019 hydrologic years, and compare with sedimentation data from prior large flood events. Overbank conditions in 2018 and 2019 persisted for 286 days (at Natchez, MS). During the 2019 hydrologic year the Mississippi was overbank for a record duration of 216 days, resulting in a much greater duration of overbank sedimentation than the 2011 (53 days) and 1973 (90 days) flood events.</p><p>The thickness of overbank deposits are reported for 48 field sites across a range of depositional environments typical of large lowland meandering river floodplains. Flood deposits were sampled in October 2019 using conventional field sampling procedures, including sedimentation traps (artificial grass mats installed in October 2017) and recognition of recent sediment deposited atop buried organic layers. The thickness of each reported sample is an average of three measurements obtained at each field site.</p><p>The average thickness of flood deposit samples over 2018-2019 hydrologic years is 71 mm, with variability according to distance from channel and floodplain depositional environment. Maximum sedimentation was associated with crevasse (750 mm) and sand sheet (1,430 mm) deposition along the crest of natural levees. Sedimentation thickness decreases within ~250 m of the channel, but remains high at a distance of ~3.5 km (30 mm). Beyond the range of sand sheet deposition, overbank deposition is likely influenced by variability in floodplain hydrology and geomorphology across natural levee (181 mm), meander scroll (30 mm), old channel (77 mm), and backswamp (108 mm) environments. High backswamp sedimentation at the study site is likely influenced by historic hydraulic engineering for flood control, which has altered local sedimentation patterns.</p><p>The 2018-2019 sedimentation data are contextualized by comparison with field data from the record 2011 magnitude flood (peak Q of 65,978 m<sup>3</sup>/s at Vicksburg, MS, USGS 0728900) and the historic 1973 flood (55,558 m<sup>3</sup>/s).  Average sediment thickness for the 2011 and 1973 overbank deposits was 42 mm (n=49) and 230 mm (n=31), respectively. The 2018-2019 daily sedimentation rate (0.25 mm/day) is much less than 2011 (0.75 mm/day). Thus, the much thicker sedimentary deposits for the 2018-2019 events suggests the greater importance of flood duration – rather than flood magnitude – to overall floodplain processes and alluvial fill chronologies along lowland rivers. The much lower flood sedimentation rate for 2018-2019 in comparison with 1973 (2.49 mm/day) may reveal the persistent decline in Mississippi suspended sediment loads since the early 1950s. Study results are further contextualized by considering corresponding event-based discharge – suspended sediment dynamics, sediment province, as well as flood hydroclimatology.</p>

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal variation in global floods with different affected areas and the contribution of influencing factors to flood-induced mortality (1985–2019)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian Liu ◽  
Peijun Shi ◽  
Jian Fang
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variation ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Level Ii

AbstractFloods are great threats to human life and property. Extensive research has investigated the spatiotemporal variation in flood occurrence, while few have studied the heterogeneity in global flood events of different sizes, which may require different coping strategies and risk reduction policies. In this study, we analysed the spatiotemporal patterns of global flood events with different affected areas (classified in three levels) during 1985–2019 and examined the contribution of different influencing factors to flood-induced mortality using Geodetector. The results show that (1) the increase in global flood frequency was mainly caused by Level II and Level III floods, and the average area affected by flood events has been increasing yearly since 1985. (2) In America and Africa, the frequency of Level III floods has increased monotonically. At the same time, the frequency of Level I floods in Europe and Level II floods in Asia has increased significantly. (3) For Europe and Asia, most of the deaths occurred with Level II floods; while for America and Africa, Level III floods caused the most mortality. (4) The top three factors contributing to the spatial heterogeneity in flood-induced mortality were the affected population, GDP per capita and flood duration. The contribution of each factor varied among the different types of floods. Topographic factors (percentage of mountainous area) magnified flood-induced mortality during extreme events with heavy rainfall, especially for Level III floods. The heterogeneity in flood frequency and flood-induced mortality indicates that flood protection measures should be more targeted. In addition, the increase in large-scale floods (Level III) highlights the need for transregional cooperation in flood risk management.

scholarly journals Quantifying the contribution of flood intensity indicators with the projection pursuit model

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Wang ◽  
Yanqing Lian ◽  
Xiaohong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Projection Pursuit ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Flood Discharge ◽  
Wujiang River ◽  
Flood Volume ◽  
Projection Pursuit Model ◽  
Flood Intensity ◽  
Peak Flood

Abstract Identifying the various factors that affect the intensity of a flood event, such as its duration and volume, is essential for strategic planning and flood management. Further, quantifying the impacts of these major factors on flood intensity using the contribution rate is essential, but technically challenging. In this study, the authors have adopted the projection pursuit model to quantify the contribution rates of peak flood stage and peak flood discharge, flood duration, and total flood volume (the maximum 12-, 24-, and 72-hour flood volumes) in the Wujiang River in Southern China. This study showed that peak flood discharge and total flood volume were the two dominant factors impacting flood intensity. Although flood duration can be a major factor for some flood events, it contributed the least to flood intensity for most of the historic flood events studied. Likewise, the maximum 24-hour and 72-hour flood volumes contributed little to flood intensity. Findings from this study not only demonstrated the successful adoption of the projection pursuit model for contribution rates, but also provided critical information for planning and managing the regional hydraulic resources in the Wujiang River.

Semiochemical-mediated host selection by Xylosandrus spp. ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacking horticultural tree crops: a review of basic and applied science

2020 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Michael E. Reding ◽  
Karla Addesso ◽  
Matthew Ginzel ◽  
Davide Rassati
Keyword(s):  
Host Selection ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Applied Science ◽  
Host Tree ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Tree Crops ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

AbstractExotic ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini include destructive pests of trees growing in horticultural cropping systems. Three species are especially problematic: Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford). Due to similarities in their host tree interactions, this mini-review focuses on these three species with the goal of describing their host-selection behaviour, characterising associated semiochemicals, and assessing how these interactions relate to their management. All three of these Xylosandrus spp. attack a broad range of trees and shrubs. Physiologically stressed trees are preferentially attacked by X. crassiusculus and X. germanus, but the influence of stress on host selection by X. compactus is less clear. Ethanol is emitted from weakened trees in response to a variety of stressors, and it represents an important attractant for all three species. Other host-derived compounds tested are inconsistent or inactive. Verbenone inhibits attraction to ethanol, but the effect is inconsistent and does not prevent attacks. Integrating repellents and attractants into a push–pull management strategy has been ineffective for reducing attacks but could be optimised further. Overall, maintaining host vigour and minimising stress-induced ethanol are keys for managing these insects, particularly X. crassiusculus and X. germanus.

The first record of two non-native ambrosia beetles in Slovenia: Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875) and Ambrosiophilus atratus (Eichhoff, 1875) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4657 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
TINE HAUPTMAN ◽  
BARBARA PIŠKUR ◽  
MASSIMO FACCOLI ◽  
BLAŽ REKANJE ◽  
ANDRAŽ MARINČ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
First Record ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Entire Surface ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

In September 2017, during the monitoring of the non-native ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), one specimen of an unknown ambrosia bark beetle species was collected in Slovenia. The specimen was trapped in an ethanol-baited trap located in Klavže (46° 09´ 39˝ N, 13° 48´ 7˝ E), in the western part of Slovenia. The most characteristic feature distinguishing the specimen from other known ambrosia beetle species occurring in Slovenia was the asperities that covered the entire surface of the pronotum. Based on the scientific literature concerning the non-native bark and ambrosia beetles in Europe (Kirkendall & Faccoli 2010) and illustrated identification keys (Rabaglia et al. 2006; Faccoli et al. 2009), we identified the beetle by its morphological characteristics as Ambrosiodmus rubricollis (Eichhoff, 1875). As a result of this find, a specific monitoring was set up in 2018 in Slovenia with the aim to improve the knowledge about occurrence and distribution of A. rubricollis in this country. 

scholarly journals Symbiont selection via alcohol benefits fungus farming by ambrosia beetles

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (17) ◽  
pp. 4447-4452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Ranger ◽  
Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽  
Vipaporn Phuntumart ◽  
Gayathri U. Beligala ◽  
Satyaki Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partner Choice ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Ambrosia Fungi ◽  
Symbiont Transmission ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

Animal–microbe mutualisms are typically maintained by vertical symbiont transmission or partner choice. A third mechanism, screening of high-quality symbionts, has been predicted in theory, but empirical examples are rare. Here we demonstrate that ambrosia beetles rely on ethanol within host trees for promoting gardens of their fungal symbiont and producing offspring. Ethanol has long been known as the main attractant for many of these fungus-farming beetles as they select host trees in which they excavate tunnels and cultivate fungal gardens. More than 300 attacks by Xylosandrus germanus and other species were triggered by baiting trees with ethanol lures, but none of the foundresses established fungal gardens or produced broods unless tree tissues contained in vivo ethanol resulting from irrigation with ethanol solutions. More X. germanus brood were also produced in a rearing substrate containing ethanol. These benefits are a result of increased food supply via the positive effects of ethanol on food-fungus biomass. Selected Ambrosiella and Raffaelea fungal isolates from ethanol-responsive ambrosia beetles profited directly and indirectly by (i) a higher biomass on medium containing ethanol, (ii) strong alcohol dehydrogenase enzymatic activity, and (iii) a competitive advantage over weedy fungal garden competitors (Aspergillus, Penicillium) that are inhibited by ethanol. As ambrosia fungi both detoxify and produce ethanol, they may maintain the selectivity of their alcohol-rich habitat for their own purpose and that of other ethanol-resistant/producing microbes. This resembles biological screening of beneficial symbionts and a potentially widespread, unstudied benefit of alcohol-producing symbionts (e.g., yeasts) in other microbial symbioses.

The Storage of Ambrosia Fungus Spores by the Pitted Ambrosia Beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

1963 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Finnegan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Ambrosia Beetle ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Small Cavity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Xylosandrus Germanus

During the course of a study of the bionomics of the pitted ambrosia beetle, Corthylus punctatissimus Zimm., in southern Ontario in 1959, the method of overwintering fungal spores and their transmission from brood galleries to healthy plants by the beetles was determined. This process was not clearly understood with respect to any of the ambrosia beetles until recently when Francke-Grosmann (1956) described in detail the different structures, present in several species of Platypodidae and Scolytidae, used in storing fungal spores. In Scolytidae she found that the females of some Trypodendron species store spores in tube-like structures within the prothorax (invaginations of the prothoracic wall); that females of Xylosandrus germanus Bldf. and Anisandrus dispar Fabr. keep spores overwinter in shallow pouches in the intersegmental membrane between the pronotum and mesonotum; that females of Xyleborinus saxeseni Ratz. store them in a small cavity at the anterior edge of the elytra; and that females of Xyleborus pfeili Ratz. store the spores in a receptacle on the “posterior” abdominal tergite. In some species of Platypodidae she found somewhat similar structures in both males and females. In 1959 Fernando (1959) described spore storage by the shot-hole borer, Xyleborus fornicatus Eichh. He found that females store spores in sacs on either side of the head, situated anterior to the brain, and that the sacs open by ducts into the upper part of the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Using Remote Sensing to Identify Drivers behind Spatial Patterns in the Bio-physical Properties of a Saltmarsh Pioneer

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 511
Author(s):  
B. Oteman ◽  
E.P. Morris ◽  
G. Peralta ◽  
T.J. Bouma ◽  
D. van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Surface Reflectance ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Wave Forcing ◽  
Flooding Duration

Recently, spatial organization in salt marshes was shown to contain vital information on system resilience. However, in salt marshes, it remains poorly understood what shaping processes regulate spatial patterns in soil or vegetation properties that can be detected in the surface reflectance signal. In this case study we compared the effect on surface reflectance of four major shaping processes: Flooding duration, wave forcing, competition, and creek formation. We applied the ProSail model to a pioneering salt marsh species (Spartina anglica) to identify through which vegetation and soil properties these processes affected reflectance, and used in situ reflectance data at the leaf and canopy scale and satellite data on the canopy scale to identify the spatial patterns in the biophysical characteristics of this salt marsh pioneer in spring. Our results suggest that the spatial patterns in the pioneer zone of the studied salt marsh are mainly caused by the effect of flood duration. Flood duration explained over three times as much of the variation in canopy properties as wave forcing, competition, or creek influence. It particularly affects spatial patterns through canopy properties, especially the leaf area index, while leaf characteristics appear to have a relatively minor effect on reflectance.

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