Effect of Sex and Air Temperature on the Flight Capacity of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2161-2166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-rong Hu ◽  
Chao Xie ◽  
Cai-hua Shi ◽  
Shao-li Wang ◽  
Qing-jun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Flight Distance ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Flight Mills

Abstract Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important pest of Chinese chives. Information on the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the flight performance of B. odoriphaga is crucial for understanding the pest’s ability to disperse and migrate. In this study, the effects of sex and air temperature on the flight performance of B. odoriphaga imagoes were assessed by tethering individual imagoes to computerized flight mills for a 10-h experiment. The results showed that the percentage of imagoes that flew a particular distance gradually decreased as flight distance increased. The percentage of imagoes was significantly higher for males than females when the flight distance was <300 m. Sex and air temperature significantly affected average flight time (which ranged from 14.6 to 68.3 min) and average flight distance (which ranged from 10.4 to 107.2 m), but did not significantly affect average flight speed (which ranged from 3.8 to 6.4 m/min). For both females and males, the average flight distance and flight time were shortest at 18°C and longest at 22°C; the interaction between air temperature and sex was not significant. The results suggest that B. odoriphaga has a poor potential for long-distance migration. These findings will be helpful for developing forecasting and management systems for B. odoriphaga.

Flight performance of Macdunnoughia crassisigna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-W. Fu ◽  
H. Chang ◽  
L.-M. He ◽  
S.-Y. Zhao ◽  
K.-M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Flight Mills ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Flight Parameters ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractMacdunnoughia crassisigna Warren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive herbivore that poses a serious risk to cotton, maize, soybean, and cruciferous vegetables in East Asia. Examining the effects of various biotic and abiotic factors on the flight performance of M. crassisigna is crucial for a better understanding of its trans-regional migration. In this study, the flight activity of M. crassisignai moths of different ages, under different temperatures and relative humidity (RH) levels, was evaluated by tethering individuals to computerized flight mills for a 24-h trial period. The results showed that M. crassisignai had the capacity for sustained flight and the flight ability was strongest in 3-day-old individuals, and then their flight performance decreased significantly in older moths. For both sexes, temperature had a significant effect on their flight performance, and the flight activity was relatively higher at 24–28°C than other temperatures. There was a significant effect of RH on all flight parameters of the tested moths, and the flight activity was relatively higher at RH of 60–75% than other RH levels. For 3-day-old moths under the optimum conditions (24°C and 75% RH) throughout the 24 h scotophase, their mean flight distance reached 66 km, and the mean flight duration reached 13.5 h, suggesting M. crassisigna possess strong potential to undertake long-distance migration. These findings will be helpful for developing sound forecasting systems of this pest species.

The effect of cold storage of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on subsequent flight capacity

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matveev ◽  
J.J. Kwon ◽  
G.J.R. Judd ◽  
M.L. Evenden
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Flight Distance ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Flight Mills

AbstractFlight capacity of codling moths, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was measured with computer-linked flight mills following exposure to one of two temperature regimes. Codling moth adults were held for 24 hours before flight under either chilled (2 °C) or unchilled (24 °C) conditions. The chilling treatment emulated conditions that codling moths are exposed to pre-release in the Okanagan Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Programme. Moths were assayed on flight mills for eight hours to obtain a measure of flight capacity based on total flight distance. Energy use was assessed by weight loss during flight and post-flight body lipid content compared with similarly treated moths that did not fly. Flight distance did not vary with pre-flight temperature treatment, however moth pre-flight weight influenced flight capacity; heavier moths flew further. Moths chilled before the bioassay used less energy based on reduced weight loss and higher lipid content post bioassay as compared with unchilled moths. The current cold storage procedure used in the SIR Programme does not negatively influence subsequent flight capacity and reduces energy use during flight. Codling moths can fly on average between 7–10km in an eight-hour flight mill bioassay and lipids, at least in part, are used to fuel flight.

scholarly journals High Temperatures Decrease the Flight Capacity of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Carlos A. Antolinez ◽  
Tobias Moyneur ◽  
Xavier Martini ◽  
Monique J. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Low Humidity

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), commonly known as Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), is an invasive insect pest and the vector of the bacterium causing Huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. In the United States, ACP has been established in all citrus-producing zones, all of which have different environmental conditions. The spread of ACP and, more importantly, HLB, has progressed differently depending on the state, with more rapid spread in Florida and Texas than in California. Climatic variations between the regions are likely a strong factor in the difference in the rate of spread. Despite this, it is unknown how the flight capacity of D. citri is influenced by high temperatures (>30 °C) and subsequently, low humidity experienced in California but not in Texas or Florida. In this study, by using a custom-made, temperature-controlled flight mill arena, we assessed the effect of high temperatures on the flight capacity and flight propensity of D. citri under low (20–40%) and high (76–90%) relative humidity conditions. We found that temperature and humidity influence the propensity to engage in short or long-distance flight events. Psyllids exposed to temperatures above 43 °C only performed short flights (˂60 s), and a high relative humidity significantly decrease the proportion of long flights (≥60 s) at 26 and 40 °C. The flight capacity for insects who engaged in short and long flights was significantly affected by temperature but not by humidity. For long flyers, temperature (in the 26–43 °C range) was negatively correlated with distance flown and flight duration. The most favorable temperature for long dispersion was 26 °C, with suboptimal temperatures in the range of 32–37 °C and the least favorable temperatures at 40 and 43 °C. In conclusion, D. citri is able to fly in a broad range of temperatures and efficiently fly in high and low humidity. However, temperatures above 40 °C, similar to those experienced in semi-arid environments like Southern California or Arizona, are detrimental for its flight capacity.

scholarly journals Investigation of Botrytis Cinerea Risk Forecasting Model of Strawberry in Lithuania

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė ◽  
Alma Valiuškaitė ◽  
Elena Survilienė-Radzevičė ◽  
Skaidrė Supronienė
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Leaf Wetness ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Risk Forecasting ◽  
Risk Probability

Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. is one of the most important strawberry diseases in Lithuania, like in other countries, where strawberries are grown. The efficiency of different disease management systems were analyzed at the Institute of Horticulture in 2010-2011. The B. cinerea risk probability at various regions of Lithuania was analyzed according to iMETOS ®sm grey mould risk forecasting model. Strawberry grey mould risk forecasting model indicates the risk of infection periods on the basis of the interaction between air temperature and leaf wetness duration. The model calculates how favourable is the period for the risk of infection. In periods where the risk is consistent (more than three days), higher than 60 points, a spray against grey mould should be applied. iMETOS®sm grey mould risk forecasting model gives the opportunity to optimize the usage of fungicides and reduce the number of applications and allows more efficient, ecologically and economically accepted control of strawberries grey mould.

scholarly journals Long-period changes of the air temperature in Tatarstan and their forecast till the end of the 21st century

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-107
Author(s):  
Yuri P. Perevedentsev ◽  
Konstantin M. Shantalinskii ◽  
Boris G. Sherstukov ◽  
Alexander A. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Climate Fluctuations ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Earth

Long-term changes in air temperature on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan in the 20th–21st centuries are considered. The periods of unambiguous changes in the surface air temperature are determined. It is established that the average winter temperature from the 1970s to 2017, increased in the Kazan region by more than 3 °C and the average summer temperature increased by about 2 °C over the same period. The contribution of global scale processes to the variability of the temperature of the Kazan region is shown: it was 37 % in winter, 23 % in summer. The correlation analysis of the anomalies of average annual air temperature in Kazan and the series of air temperature anomalies in each node over the continents, as well as the ocean surface temperature in each coordinate node on Earth for 1880 –2017, was performed. Long-distance communications were detected in the temperature field between Kazan and remote regions of the Earth. It is noted that long-period climate fluctuations in Kazan occur synchronously with fluctuations in the high latitudes of Asia and North America, with fluctuations in ocean surface temperature in the Arctic ocean, with fluctuations in air temperature in the Far East, and with fluctuations in ocean surface temperature in the Southern hemisphere in the Indian and Pacific oceans, as well as air temperature in southern Australia. It is suggested that there is a global mechanism that regulates long-term climate fluctuations throughout the Earth in the considered interval of 200 years of observations. According to the CMIP5 project, climatic scenarios were built for Kazan until the end of the 21st century.

An assessment of flight efficiency based on the point merge system at metroplex airports

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ozlem Sahin ◽  
Oznur Usanmaz ◽  
Enis T. Turgut
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Flight Distance ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
International Airport ◽  
Entry Points

Purpose Metroplex is a system of two or more airports, in physical proximity, with highly interdependent arrival and departure operations. The purpose of this study is the construction of an efficient and effective air route model based on the point merge system (PMS) to reduce aircraft fuel consumption and CO2 emissions for three metroplex airports in Istanbul terminal control area (TMA). Design/methodology/approach A PMS arrival route model is constructed for metroplex airports. In the proposed model, two situations are taken into consideration: for delay which can be defined as flying on sequencing legs (PMSdel) and for no delay (PMSno del). An empirical model is developed using a data set including the flight data records of ten actual B737-800 domestic flights. With this empirical model, both the baseline and the PMS models (PMSdel and PMSno del) are compared in terms of fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and flight distance and time as a theoretical computation. Findings In the proposed PMSno del arrival route model, according to different entry points for Istanbul Ataturk International Airport (LTBA), the analyses show an average reduction of 26 per cent in flight time, 24.5 per cent in flight distance, 17 per cent in fuel burned and CO2 emissions; in addition, for Sabiha Gökcen International Airport (LTFJ) there are 34, 23 and 32 per cent average savings for flight time, flight distance and fuel burned together with CO2 emissions obtained, respectively. Even if the PMSdel model, for LTFJ except only one entry point, for LTBA except two entry points, better results are obtained than baseline. Practical implications The point merge model for metroplex airports in this paper can be applied by airspace designers and Air Navigation Service Providers to perform efficient and effective arrival routes. Originality/value In this study, a point merge model is constructed for metroplex airports. Quantitative results, using an empirical model, are achieved in terms of fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and flight distance and time at metroplex airports.

scholarly journals Fat Affects Predator-Avoidance Behavior in Gray Catbirds (Dumetella Carolinensis) During Migratory Stopover

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 1069-1076 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Cimprich ◽  
Frank R. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Behavior ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Dumetella Carolinensis ◽  
Model Treatment ◽  
Migrant Birds ◽  
Migratory Stopover

Abstract During migration, birds may store large quantities of fat to fuel long-distance flight. Because mass affects flight performance, fat migrants should behave with greater caution toward aerial predators than lean migrants. We tested a prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that fat birds will remain motionless longer than lean birds after a simulated encounter with a raptor. We captured Gray Catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis) during fall migration, classified their subcutaneous fat, exposed them to a model hawk, and then recorded the time until their first perch change. To determine whether the birds treated the simulated predator as a threat, we also tested them with a hexagon-shaped model and with no model. The birds remained motionless longer with the hawk model than either of the two other treatments. Fat birds remained motionless longer than lean birds when exposed to the hawk model, but we detected no difference with the other two treatments. These results provide evidence that fat affects the predator-avoidance behavior of Gray Catbirds during migratory stopover. That a difference between fat and lean groups was only apparent with the hawk model treatment suggests that the result is attributable to differences in the flight performance of the two groups rather than simply a difference in motivation to begin foraging. We suggest that fat should influence the behavior of a wide variety of migrant birds, particularly those species that typically carry greater fat reserves or that forage in more exposed situations than the Gray Catbirds we tested. La Grasa Afecta el Comportamiento de Evasión de Depredadores en Dumetella carolinensis durante las Paradas Migratorias

Time derivatives in air temperature and enthalpy as non-invasive welfare indicators during long distance animal transport

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris Villarroel ◽  
Pilar Barreiro ◽  
Peter Kettlewell ◽  
Marianne Farish ◽  
Malcolm Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Welfare Indicators ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Animal Transport

scholarly journals A circannual perspective on daily and total flight distances in a long-distance migratory raptor, the Montagu's harrier, Circus pygargus

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 20170073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Almut E. Schlaich ◽  
Willem Bouten ◽  
Vincent Bretagnolle ◽  
Henning Heldbjerg ◽  
Raymond H. G. Klaassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Flight Distance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Circus Pygargus ◽  
Montagu’S Harrier ◽  
Gps Tracks ◽  
Montagu's Harrier

Long-distance migrants are particularly recognized for the distances covered on migration, yet little is known about the distances they cover during the rest of the year. GPS-tracks of 29 Montagu's harriers from breeding areas in France, The Netherlands and Denmark showed that harriers fly between 35 653 and 88 049 km yr −1 , of which on average only 28.5% is on migration. Mean daily distances during migration were 296 km d −1 in autumn and 252 km d −1 in spring. Surprisingly, males' daily distances during breeding (217 km d −1 ) were close to those during migration, whereas breeding females moved significantly less (101 km d −1 ) than males. In terms of flight distance, the breeding season seemed nearly as demanding as migration periods for males. During the six winter months, both sexes moved less (114 and 128 km d −1 for females and males, respectively) than during migration. Harriers therefore covered shorter daily distances during winter which might allow birds to compensate for the more demanding phases of migration and breeding.

scholarly journals Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, potential vectors of the pine wood nematode

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmin Putz ◽  
Eva M. Vorwagner ◽  
Gernot Hoch
Keyword(s):  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Flight Mill ◽  
Cumulative Distance ◽  
Flight Capacity

Abstract Flight performance of Monochamus sartor and Monochamus sutor, two potential vectors of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was evaluated in laboratory flight mill tests. Beetles emerging from logs infested in the laboratory and incubated under outdoor conditions as well as field collected beetles were used. The maximum distance flown by M. sartor in a single flight was 3,136.7 m. Mean distances (per beetle) per flight ranged from 694.6 m in females to 872.5 m in males for M. sartor. In 75% of all individual flights M. sartor flew less than 1 km; only 3.7% flew distances longer than 2 km. The mean cumulative distance travelled by M. sartor beetles throughout their lifespan was 7.5 km. The smaller M. sutor beetles flew faster and longer distances. The maximum distance per flight was 5,556.5 m; mean distances ranged from 1,653.6 m in females to 1178.3 m in males. The number of available laboratory reared beetles was too low for quantification of lifetime flight capacity for M. sutor. The findings are compared to published data from Monochamus galloprovincialis recorded on the same type of flight mill as well as to field data from mark-release-recapture studies. The high flight capacity of Monochamus beetles illustrates the importance of considering dispersal of the vectors when planning control measures against the pine wood nematode.

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