Chemical profile of the cutaneous gland secretions from male pampas deer (
            Ozotoceros bezoarticus
            )

Abstract Various cutaneous glands have been identified as sources of chemical signals that mediate many social interactions in deer. The pampas deer, a species considered near threatened, inhabits grasslands of South America. In this work, the chemical compositions from preorbital, tarsal, and digital gland secretions of semi-captive males were characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The composition of these secretions showed a great complexity, with 143 compounds detected. Hierarchical cluster and principal component analyses show no relation to age or secretion type. Five compound classes (esters, fatty alcohols, lactones, sterols, and sulphuretted) differed with glands. The chemical complexity of the secretions, the individual differences in the whole compounds composition, and the absence of clustering by age lead to the hypothesis that these secretions may encode at once for individual information and for social status information. Varias glándulas cutáneas han sido identificadas como productoras de señales químicas que median interacciones sociales en losciervos. El venado de las pampas es una especie considerada casi amenazada que habita los pastizales de Sudamérica. En este trabajo se caracterizó la composición química de las secreciones de las glándulas preorbital, tarsal e interdigital de machos por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Estas secreciones mostraron una gran complejidad en su composición, con 143 compuestos detectados. No se observó ninguna agrupación de compuestos relacionada con la edad o el tipo de secreción. Cinco clases de compuestos (ésteres, alcoholes grasos, lactonas, esteroles, y compuestos azufrados) difirieron de acuerdo al origen glandular. La complejidad química de las secreciones, las diferencias individuales en dicha composición, y la ausencia de agrupamiento por edad, llevan a postular la hipótesis de que estas secreciones pueden codificar a la vez tanto información individual como del estado social.

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Effects of Gender and Geographical Origin on the Chemical Composition and Antiradical Activity of Baccharis myriocephala and Baccharis trimera

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9101433 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1433

Author(s):

Suzana Struiving ◽

Ana Carolina Mendes Hacke ◽

Edésio Luiz Simionatto ◽

Dilamara Riva Scharf ◽

Cláudia Vargas Klimaczewski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antiradical Activity ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Array Detector ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Baccharis Trimera

This study aimed to characterize and compare essential oils and ethyl acetate fractions obtained in basic and acidic conditions from both male and female Baccharis species (Baccharis myriocephala and Baccharis trimera) from two different Brazilian regions. Samples were characterized according to their chemical compositions and antiradical activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Principal component analysis (PCA) provided a clear separation regarding the chemical composition of essential oils from the samples obtained from different regions by using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with flame-ionization detection (GC-MS-FID). PCA also revealed that gender and region of plant collections did not influence the chemical composition and antiradical activity of ethyl acetate fractions, which was corroborated with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) data. High performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) identified significant quantities of flavonoids and phenolic acids in the fractions obtained in basic and acidic fractions, respectively. The obtained results clearly demonstrated that the geographical region of plant collection influenced the chemical composition of essential oils from the studied Baccharis species. Moreover, the obtained fractions were constituted by several antiradical compounds, which reinforced the usage of these species in folk medicine.

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Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oils from Five Commonly Used Thai Basils

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods7110175 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 175 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Tibet Tangpao ◽

Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽

Sarana Sommano

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Principal Component ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Ocimum Species ◽

Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities. Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of two Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum), and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum). Oil physiochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions. Estragole, eugenol, and methyl eugenol were among the major volatiles found in the essential oils of these basil types. Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral), or spice-like aroma (methyl eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and α-cubebene). The essential oils were also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five semi-trained panellists, using the following developed terms: anise, citrus, herb, spice, sweet, and woody. The panellists were able to differentiate essential oils of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil, and Thai basil essential oils. The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for new food products.

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Comparison and Identification for Rhizomes and Leaves of Paris yunnanensis Based on Fourier Transform Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23123343 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 3343 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yi-Fei Pei ◽

Qing-Zhi Zhang ◽

Zhi-Tian Zuo ◽

Yuan-Zhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Chemical Information ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Mid Infrared ◽

Model Classification ◽

Paris Polyphylla ◽

Mir Spectra ◽

The Individual

Paris polyphylla, as a traditional herb with long history, has been widely used to treat diseases in multiple nationalities of China. Nevertheless, the quality of P. yunnanensis fluctuates among from different geographical origins, so that a fast and accurate classification method was necessary for establishment. In our study, the geographical origin identification of 462 P. yunnanensis rhizome and leaf samples from Kunming, Yuxi, Chuxiong, Dali, Lijiang, and Honghe were analyzed by Fourier transform mid infrared (FT-MIR) spectra, combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), random forest (RF), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) methods. The obvious cluster tendency of rhizomes and leaves FT-MIR spectra was displayed by principal component analysis (PCA). The distribution of the variable importance for the projection (VIP) was more uniform than the important variables obtained by RF, while PLS-DA models obtained higher classification abilities. Hence, a PLS-DA model was more suitably used to classify the different geographical origins of P. yunnanensis than the RF model. Additionally, the clustering results of different geographical origins obtained by HCA dendrograms also proved the chemical information difference between rhizomes and leaves. The identification performances of PLS-DA and the RF models of leaves FT-MIR matrixes were better than those of rhizomes datasets. In addition, the model classification abilities of combination datasets were higher than the individual matrixes of rhizomes and leaves spectra. Our study provides a reference to the rational utilization of resources, as well as a fast and accurate identification research for P. yunnanensis samples.

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Evaluation of Volatile Metabolites Emitted In-Vivo from Cold-Hardy Grapes during Ripening Using SPME and GC-MS: A Proof-of-Concept

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24030536 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 536 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Somchai Rice ◽

Devin Maurer ◽

Anne Fennell ◽

Murlidhar Dharmadhikari ◽

Jacek Koziel

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Grape Berry ◽

Wine Industry ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Cold Hardy ◽

Non Destructive

In this research, we propose a novel concept for a non-destructive evaluation of volatiles emitted from ripening grapes using solid-phase microextraction (SPME). This concept is novel to both the traditional vinifera grapes and the cold-hardy cultivars. Our sample models are cold-hardy varieties in the upper Midwest for which many of the basic multiyear grape flavor and wine style data is needed. Non-destructive sampling included a use of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) chambers temporarily enclosing and concentrating volatiles emitted by a whole cluster of grapes on a vine and a modified 2 mL glass vial for a vacuum-assisted sampling of volatiles from a single grape berry. We used SPME for either sampling in the field or headspace of crushed grapes in the lab and followed with analyses on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We have shown that it is feasible to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in-vivo from single grape berries (39 compounds) and whole clusters (44 compounds). Over 110 VOCs were released to headspace from crushed berries. Spatial (vineyard location) and temporal variations in VOC profiles were observed for all four cultivars. However, these changes were not consistent by growing season, by location, within cultivars, or by ripening stage when analyzed by multivariate analyses such as principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA). Research into aroma compounds present in cold-hardy cultivars is essential to the continued growth of the wine industry in cold climates and diversification of agriculture in the upper Midwestern area of the U.S.

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Identification of Floral Scent Profiles in Bearded Irises

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules24091773 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (9) ◽

pp. 1773 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Yuan Yuan ◽

Ye Sun ◽

Yanchun Zhao ◽

Chungui Liu ◽

Xiulan Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Phase ◽

Floral Scent ◽

Ornamental Plants ◽

Principal Component ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Methyl Cinnamate ◽

Citronellyl Acetate ◽

Iris Germanica ◽

Scent Profile

Bearded irises are ornamental plants with distinctive floral fragrance grown worldwide. To identify the floral scent profiles, twenty-seven accessions derived from three bearded iris, including Iris. germanica, I. pumila and I. pallida were used to investigate the composition and relative contents of floral scent components by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 219 floral scent components were detected in blooming flowers. The scent profile varied significantly among and within the three investigated species. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that terpenes, alcohols and esters contributed the most to the floral scent components and 1-caryophyllene, linalool, citronellol, methyl cinnamate, β-cedrene, thujopsene, methyl myristate, linalyl acetate, isosafrole, nerol, geraniol were identified as the major components. In a hierarchical cluster analysis, twenty-seven accessions could be clustered into six different groups, most of which had representative scent components such as linalool, citronellyl acetate, thujopsene, citronellol, methyl cinnamate and 1-caryophyllene. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for floral scent evaluation and breeding of bearded irises.

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Chemical Compositions and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils from Magnolia grandiflora, Chrysactinia mexicana, and Schinus molle Found in Northeast Mexico

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1300800133 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 1934578X1300800 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Laura Guerra-Boone ◽

Rocío Álvarez-Román ◽

Ricardo Salazar-Aranda ◽

Anabel Torres-Cirio ◽

Verónica Mayela Rivas-Galindo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Principal Component ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Bornyl Acetate ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Magnolia Grandiflora ◽

Schinus Molle ◽

Main Component

The essential oils from Magnolia grandiflora and Chrysactinia mexicana leaves, and from Schinus molle leaves and fruit, were characterized by gas chromatography/flame-ionization detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-eight compounds from M. grandiflora leaves were identified (representing 93.6% of the total area of the gas chromatogram), with the major component being bornyl acetate (20.9%). Colorless and yellow oils were obtained from the C. mexicana leaves with 18 (86.7%) and 11 (100%) compounds identified, respectively. In both fractions, the principal component was sylvestrene (36.8% and 41.1%, respectively). The essential oils of S. molle leaves and fruit were each separated into colorless and yellow fractions, in which 14 (98.2) and 20 (99.8%) compounds were identified. The main component was α-phellandrene in all fractions (between 32.8% and 45.0%). The M. grandiflora oil displayed antifungal activity against five dermatophyte strains. The oils from S. molle and M. grandiflora leaves had antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, which cause skin infections that potentially may lead to sepsis. However, the antioxidant activities of all oils were small (half maximal effective concentration values >250 μg/mL).

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Identification of intra- and inter-individual metabolite variation in plasma metabolite profiles of cats and dogs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451100081x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 106 (S1) ◽

pp. S146-S149 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Alison Colyer ◽

Matthew S. Gilham ◽

Beate Kamlage ◽

Dietrich Rein ◽

David Allaway

Keyword(s):

Animal Species ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Principal Component ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Plasma Metabolome ◽

Metabolite Profiles ◽

Maintain Body Weight ◽

The Individual ◽

Plasma Metabolite ◽

Single Batch

The purpose of the present study was first to identify drivers of variance in plasma metabolite profiles of cats and dogs that may affect the interpretation of nutritional metabolomic studies. A total of fourteen cats and fourteen dogs housed in environmentally enriched accommodation were fed a single batch of diet to maintain body weight. Fasting blood samples were taken on days 14, 16 and 18 of the study. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography (LC)–MS/MS and solid-phase extraction–LC–MS/MS analyses were used for metabolite profiling. Principal component (PC) analysis that indicated 31 and 27 % of the variance was explained in PC1 and PC2 for cats and dogs, respectively, with most individuals occupying a unique space. As the individual was a major driver of variance in the plasma metabolome, the second objective was to identify metabolites associated with the individual variation observed. The proportion of intra- and inter-individual variance was calculated for 109 cat and 101 dog metabolites with a low intra-individual variance (sd< 0·05). Of these, fifteen cat and six dog metabolites had inter-individual variance accounting for at least 90 % of the total variance. There were four metabolites common to both species (campesterol, DHA, a cholestenol and a sphingosine moiety). Many of the metabolites with >75 % inter-individual variance were common to both species and to similar areas of metabolism. In summary, the individual is an important driver of variance in the fasted plasma metabolome, and specific metabolites and areas of metabolism may be differentially regulated by individuals in two companion animal species.

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Aromatic Profiles of Essential Oil from 5 Commonly Used Thai Basils

10.20944/preprints201809.0338.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Tibet Tangpao ◽

Hsiao-Hang Chung ◽

Sarana Rose Sommano

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Principal Component ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Ocimum Sanctum ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Ocimum Species ◽

Holy Basil

The research objectives of this study are to analyse the volatile compositions of different basil types available in Thai markets and to descriptively determine their aromatic qualities.  Essential oils were hydro-distillated from fresh leaves of 2 Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum) varieties namely, white and red and other basil species, including Tree basil (O. gratissimum), Sweet basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflorum) and Lemon basil (O. citriodorum).  Oil physicochemical characteristics and volatile chromatograms from Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the chemical compositions.  Methyl eugenol, estragole and eugenol were among the major chemicals found in the essential oils of these basil types.  Classification by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) advised that these Ocimum spp. samples are grouped based on either the distinctive anise, citrus aroma (estragole, geranial and neral) or spice-like aroma (β-methyl eugenol, caryophyllene and α-cubebene).  The essential oil was also used for descriptive sensorial determination by five trained panelists, using the following developed terms: anisic, citrus, herb, spice, sweet and woody.  The panelists were able to differentiate essential oil of white Holy basil from red Holy basil based on the intensity of the anisic attribute, while the anise and citrus scents were detected as dominant in the Lemon basil, Tree basil and Sweet basil essential oils.  The overall benefit from this research was the elucidation of aromatic qualities from Thai common Ocimum species in order to assess their potential as the raw materials for future food research and development.

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Chemical composition of the essential oils of four Polyalthia species from Malaysia

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C ◽

10.1515/znc-2020-0097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (11-12) ◽

pp. 473-478

Author(s):

Natasa Mohd Shakri ◽

Wan Mohd Nuzul Hakimi Wan Salleh ◽

Shamsul Khamis ◽

Nor Azah Mohamad Ali ◽

Shazlyn Milleana Shaharudin

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Folk Medicine ◽

Principal Component ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Gastrointestinal Ulcer ◽

Germacrene D

AbstractPolyalthia is one of the largest genera in the Annonaceae family, and has been widely used in folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatic fever, gastrointestinal ulcer, and generalized body pain. The present investigation reports on the extraction by hydrodistillation and the composition of the essential oils of four Polyalthia species (P. sumatrana, P. stenopetalla, P. cauliflora, and P. rumphii) growing in Malaysia. The chemical composition of these essential oils was determined by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The multivariate analysis was determined using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) methods. The results revealed that the studied essential oils are made up principally of bicyclogermacrene (18.8%), cis-calamenene (14.6%) and β-elemene (11.9%) for P. sumatrana; α-cadinol (13.0%) and δ-cadinene (10.2%) for P. stenopetalla; δ-elemene (38.1%) and β-cubebene (33.1%) for P. cauliflora; and finally germacrene D (33.3%) and bicyclogermacrene for P. rumphii. PCA score and HCA plots revealed that the essential oils were classified into three separated clusters of P. cauliflora (Cluster I), P. sumatrana (Cluster II), and P. stenopetalla, and P. rumphii (Cluster III) based on their characteristic chemical compositions. Our findings demonstrate that the essential oil could be useful for the characterization, pharmaceutical, and therapeutic applications of Polyalthia essential oil.

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Eulemur , me lemur: the evolution of scent-signal complexity in a primate clade

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2011.0225 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 367 (1597) ◽

pp. 1909-1922 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

Javier delBarco-Trillo ◽

Caitlin R. Sacha ◽

George R. Dubay ◽

Christine M. Drea

Keyword(s):

Dominant Species ◽

Social Complexity ◽

Comparative Method ◽

Principal Component ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Social Variables ◽

Chemical Complexity ◽

Dominance Structure ◽

Signal Complexity ◽

Signal Utility

Signal complexity has been linked to social complexity in vocal, but not chemical, communication. To address this gap, we examined the chemical complexity of male and female glandular secretions in eight species of Eulemur. In this diverse clade of macrosmatic primates, species differ by social or mating system and dominance structure. We applied principal component and linear discriminate analyses to data obtained by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Beyond the significant effects on chemical signals of gland type, sex, season and species, we found effects of social variables and phylogeny. Notably, female odours were more chemically complex in multimale–multifemale species than pair-bonded species, whereas male odours were more chemically complex in codominant species than female-dominant species. Also, the traditional sexual dimorphism, whereby male signal complexity exceeds that of females, was present in codominant species, but reversed in female-dominant species. Lastly, a positive relationship between the species' pairwise chemical distances and their pairwise phylogenetic distances supported a gradual, but relatively fast mode of signal evolution. We suggest that the comparative method can be a powerful tool in olfactory research, revealing species differences relevant to the understanding of current signal utility and evolutionary processes. In particular, social complexity in lemurs may have selected for olfactory complexity.

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