scholarly journals Bacterial Communities of Lab and Field Northern House Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Throughout Diapause

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise M Didion ◽  
Megan Doyle ◽  
Joshua B Benoit
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Rearing Conditions ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Prolonged Dormancy

Abstract Diapause is a hormonally driven response which is triggered by environmental cues that signal impending adverse conditions and prompts metabolic, developmental, and behavioral changes to allow survival until the return of favorable conditions. Microbial symbionts have been shown to influence the metabolism, development, and behavior of their host organisms, all of which are common diapause-associated characteristics. Surveys of bacterial components in relation to diapause have been examined in few systems, of which the species are usually inactive during dormancy, such as eggs or pupae. This is specifically intriguing as adult female diapause in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) can last between 4 and 7 mo and females remain mobile within their hibernacula. Furthermore, it is unknown how microbiota changes associated with prolonged dormancy are different between the lab and field for insect systems. This study aims to characterize how the microbiota of C. pipiens changes throughout diapause under both field and lab settings when provided identical food and water resources. Based on these studies, C. pipiens microbiota shifts as diapause progresses and there are considerable differences between field and lab individuals even when provided the same carbohydrate and water sources. Specific bacterial communities have more association with different periods of diapause, field and lab rearing conditions, and nutritional reserve levels. These studies highlight that diapausing mosquito microbiota studies ideally should occur in field mesocosms and at multiple locations, to increase applicability to wild C. pipiens as prolonged exposure to artificial rearing conditions could impact metrics related to diapause-microbiome interactions. Additionally, these findings suggest that it would be worthwhile to establish if the microbiota shift during diapause impacts host physiology and whether this shift is critical to diapause success.

scholarly journals Multiple Factors Determine the Structure of Bacterial Communities Associated With Aedes albopictus Under Artificial Rearing Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Chen ◽  
Dongjing Zhang ◽  
Antonios Augustinos ◽  
Vangelis Doudoumis ◽  
Naima Bel Mokhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Artificial Rearing ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Rearing Conditions

scholarly journals Exploring Farmers’ Reasons for Antibiotic Use and Misuse in Pig Farms in Brazil

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Rita Albernaz-Gonçalves ◽  
Gabriela Olmos ◽  
Maria José Hötzel
Keyword(s):  
Social Factors ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Treatment Length ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
And Behavior

Stressful management that makes farmed pigs susceptible to infections is associated with high antibiotic use (AMU) and resistance (AMR). Pig farmers are key stakeholders to support the international agenda pushing AMU restrictions. We interviewed 58 pig farmers on AMU/AMR, biosecurity, veterinary assistance, disease prevention and treatment, aiming to understand practices and attitudes towards the AMU/AMR problem. Farmers described a reliance on antibiotics to prevent and treat disease while neglecting biosecurity measures. We identified inappropriate AMU practices (high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, incorrect dosage or treatment length) and unrestricted access to antibiotics, which encouraged imprudent AMU. Nevertheless, most farmers considered this AMU legitimate to guarantee herd productivity and showed unpreparedness and resistance to changing AMU practices, perceiving limitations (economic, sanitary and inspection) more easily than alternatives to reduce AMU. Agro-industries and foreign markets were mentioned, and internal consumers dismissed as potential motivators for behavioral changes. Importantly, farmers’ economic, technical and social factors may limit their autonomy to change practices. We conclude that the observed distancing of pig farmers from the AMU/AMR problem limits the efficiency of policies aiming for a prudent AMU. Our study indicates a need for education, training and behavior change nudging that should include other stakeholders beyond farmers.

New Associated Structures of the Anterior Flagella of Giardia duodenalis

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1374-1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Maia-Brigagão ◽  
Ana Paula Rocha Gadelha ◽  
Wanderley de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Filamentous Structure ◽  
Marginal Plates ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Crossing Point ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractGiardia duodenalis is a protozoan parasite that causes intestinal disorders. The trophozoites present four pairs of flagella. Here we further analyze the structural organization of the anterior flagella associated structures of G. duodenalis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy of detergent-extracted trophozoites revealed novel aspects of the interaction of the anterior flagella axonemes with the marginal plates. Images of the marginal plates showed that it was located in the anterior region of the parasite, above the crossing point of the anterior flagella axonemes toward the periphery of the cell. Two well distinguished structures were seen associated with the anterior flagella. The first one corresponds to the “dense rods”, located just below the axoneme. The second one is a system of filaments located in the upper portion of the flagellum, facing the marginal plates and connecting these two structures. The thickness of the filaments is around 18 nm and they are spaced at intervals of 4–32 nm (average 18 nm). The length of the filaments may vary from 33 to 240 nm. We suggest that this filamentous structure of Giardia may help the dynamics and behavior of the anterior flagella of trophozoites during protozoan motility and adhesion, providing favorable conditions for the establishment of parasitism.

scholarly journals Aplikasi Teori Behavioristik dan Konstruktifistik dalam Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Raden Wijaya Mojokerto

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Akhmad Pandu Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Cognitive Learning ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
The Road ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Desirable Behavior

Behaviorism learning theory is oriented towards results that can be measured and observed. Repetition and training used so that the desired behavior can become a habit. The expected results of the implementation of this behavioristic theory is the formation of a desired behavior. The desirable behavior gets positive reinforcement and behavior that is not appropriate awarded the negative. Evaluation or assessment based on observed behavior. In theory this learned professor was not much give a lecture, but the brief instruction is followed by examples by themselves or through simulation. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of the theory Behavioristic and konstruktifistik in learning activities at the School of Raden Wijaya Tarbiyah Mojokerto. Behavioristic learning theory emphasizes the changes in behavior as well as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. Learning is a process of behavioral changes as a result of the interaction between stimulus and response. A person is considered to have learned if he could show changes in behavior. Although learning theory tigkah behavior began to be abandoned century, but collaborate on this theory with cognitive learning theory and the theory of other learning is essential for creating a learning approach that is appropriate and effective, because basically there is no single theory of learning that is truly suited to creating a learning approaches and effective fit. especially with constructivism learning model. The role of the faculty in constructivist learning very demanding mastery of a broad and in-depth about the material taught. A broad and deep knowledge allow a lecturer accept different views and ideas of students and also makes it possible to indicate whether or not the idea of ​​the road. Mastery of the material allows a professor to understand all kinds of roads and the model to arrive at a solution to the problem without fixed on one model.

scholarly journals Comparative metagenomic analysis following treatment with vancomycin in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to elucidate host immunity and behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratikshya Ray ◽  
Debasmita Das ◽  
Uday Pandey ◽  
Palok Aich
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Normal Level ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Host Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe gut is the largest reservoir of the resident microbiota. The microbiota can affect the host behavior and immunity. While the consequence of treatment with antibiotics on the gut microbiota can be destructive but can be utilized as a tool to understand the host immunity and behavior. The magnitude of perturbation and time needed for the restoration of gut microbiota can depend on the immune bias of the host. In the current study, we therefore, observed the perturbation and restoration kinetics of gut microbiota following treatment with vancomycin and its effect on the host physiology in both Th1-(C57BL/6) and Th2-(BALB/c) biased mice. A comparative metagenomic analysis revealed that the treatment with vancomycin caused a significant decrease in the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla and an initial increase in Proteobacteria. Increase in Proteobacteria decreased with continued treatment with vancomycin to result into a significant rise in Verrucomicrobia phylum. We established the patterns of gut microbiota alteration and its effect on a) the behavior of mice, b) expression of key brain molecules and b) immunity related genes. We followed the gut microbiome restoration for a period of two months following withdrawal of treatment with vancomycin. Maximum restoration (>70%) of gut microbiota happened by the 15th day of withdrawal. BALB/c mice showed a more efficient restoration of gut microbiota compared to C57BL/6 mice. The results, in general, revealed that along with the restoration of major gut microbes, important physiological and behavioral changes of both mice strains returned to the normal level.

Behavioral Effects of Prenatal and Adult Exposure To Toxic Chemicals Found in Lake Ontario Fish: Two Methodological Approaches

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 419-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Daly ◽  
Thomas Darvill ◽  
Edward Lonky ◽  
Jacqueline Reihman ◽  
David Sargent
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Laboratory Rats ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Correlational Method ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
To Receive

Two research approaches are described that were used to determine behavioral changes following a diet of Lake Ontario fish. Approach 1 involved the correlational method, in which human subjects voluntarily ate contaminated Lake Ontario fish. Demographic information, data on the amount of Lake Ontario fish consumed, and control variables were obtained during an interview. Respondents' behavior, as well as the behavior of their children, then was measured. Because subjects were not assigned randomly to eat or not eat Lake Ontario fish, other variables that might have influenced both consumption of fish and behavior had to be considered. Therefore, confounding variables were measured and their influence controlled for using statistical techniques. Approach 2 involved the experimental method using laboratory rats, where subjects were assigned randomly to receive a diet of environmentally contaminated Lake Ontario salmon, relatively uncontaminated Pacific Ocean salmon, or no salmon. Since the rats fed Lake Ontario salmon behaved differently than the other two groups on nine tasks, it was concluded that the contaminants in Lake Ontario salmon caused behavioral changes. Random assignment of subjects to groups eliminated competing explanations. If similar behavioral (e.g., emotional or cognitive) results were obtained using the two approaches, then the results utilizing rats probably could be generalized to humans, and the correlational results found in humans probably were due to a cause and effect relationship.

scholarly journals Empathy and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 4959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz ◽  
Judyta Nowak ◽  
Agata Groyecka ◽  
Piotr Sorokowski ◽  
Małgorzata Dobrowolska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Oxidative Dna Damage ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Oxidative Stress Level ◽  
Empathy Quotient ◽  
Study Participants

Empathy is crucial for normal and effective social functioning, enabling comprehension and prediction of actions in social environments. Despite its importance for maintaining social relationships in human groups, the physiological correlates of empathy are not fully known. The aim of this study was to test whether empathy is related to oxidative stress level, that may result both from internal disturbances and influence of external adverse factors. Seventy-four healthy women (Mage = 26.23, SDage = 2.88) and one hundred and one men (Mage = 28.09, SDage = 3.03) took part in the study. Participants’ empathy was evaluated with self-assessment questionnaire—Empathy Quotient (EQ). Oxidative stress level was measured with serum 8-OH-dG, a product of oxidative DNA damage. The results showed that empathy is negatively related to oxidative stress level in men but not in women, when controlled for testosterone level. Revealed sex differences may be explained by men’s greater vulnerability to various adverse conditions and harmful factors. Men, compared to women, seem to be more susceptible to behavioral changes, induced by increased oxidative stress level. The study adds to growing evidence showing that many physiological mechanisms, other than hormonal factors, that may be also related with environmental harmful factors, are related to behavioral, affective and cognitive phenomena.

Beyond supervised therapy: Promoting behavioral changes in people with MS

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 1379-1386
Author(s):  
Matthew Plow ◽  
Marcia Finlayson
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Change Strategies ◽  
Healthy Behaviors ◽  
Behavior Change Wheel ◽  
Delivery Format ◽  
Behavior Change Technique ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Training

A critical aspect of many rehabilitation interventions for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) is incorporating strategies that support behavior change. The main purpose of this topical review was to summarize recent randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of rehabilitation interventions in which participants learn and apply skills or engage in healthy behaviors. The Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behavior (COM-B) framework was used to broadly classify behavior-change strategies. The included RCTs varied widely in terms of dosing, delivery format, and types of interventionist. Commonly used behavior-change strategies include education, persuasion, and training. We recommend that researchers and clinicians use frameworks like Behavior Change Wheel and Behavior Change Technique Taxonomy to describe and classify intervention strategies used to promote behavior change. We also recommend more sophisticated RCTs be conducted (e.g. sequential multiple assignment randomized trial and three-arm RCTs) to better understand ways of promoting behavior change in rehabilitation interventions.

Risk perception, self-efficacy, trust for physician, depression, and behavior modification in diabetic patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hissei Imai ◽  
Toshiaki A Furukawa ◽  
Shin-u Hayashi ◽  
Atsushi Goto ◽  
Kazuo Izumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Behavior Modification ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Food Habits ◽  
Depressive Mood ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Health Promotion Behaviors ◽  
And Behavior

We evaluated the associations of risk perception, self-efficacy, and trust with two health promotion behaviors (food habits and exercise) and depressive mood. Diabetic patients aged between 40 and 64 ( n = 1195) were included in the analyses. Risk perception worsened behavioral changes in terms of food habits and depression, whereas self-efficacy and trust improved food habits, exercise, and depression; trust improved exercise and depression. In conclusion, self-efficacy and trust appear to be more beneficial than risk perception for positive behavioral changes and for improving depression in diabetic patients. However, their influence on behavioral changes may be different according to the types of behaviors.

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