High-Sugar, High-Saturated-Fat Dietary Patterns Are Not Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Middle-Aged Adults in a Prospective Study

Abstract Background The consumption of unhealthy “Western” dietary patterns has been previously associated with depressive symptoms in different populations. Objective We examined whether high-sugar and high-saturated-fat dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms over 5 y in a British cohort of men and women. Methods We used data from the Whitehall II study in 5044 individuals (aged 35–55 y). Diet was assessed at phase 7 (2003–2004) using a validated food-frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived by using reduced rank regression with sugar, saturated fat, and total fat as response variables. The Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale was used to assess depressive symptoms (CES-D sum score ≥16 and/or use of antidepressant medication) at phase 7 and at phase 9 (2008–2009). We applied logistic regression analyses to test the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. All analyses were stratified by sex. Results In total, 398 cases of recurrent and 295 cases of incident depressive symptoms were observed. We identified 2 dietary patterns: a combined high-sugar and high-saturated-fat (HSHF) and a high-sugar dietary pattern. No association was observed between the dietary patterns and either incidence of or recurrent depressive symptoms in men or women. For example, higher consumption of the HSHF dietary pattern was not associated with recurrent depressive symptoms in men (model 3, quartile 4: OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.23; P-trend = 0.13) or in women (model 3, quartile 4: OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.58, 2.77; P-trend = 0.97). Conclusion Among middle-aged men and women living in the United Kingdom, dietary patterns containing high amounts of sugar and saturated fat are not associated with new onset or recurrence of depressive symptoms.

Download Full-text

A combined high-sugar and high-saturated-fat dietary pattern is associated with more depressive symptoms in a multi-ethnic population: the HELIUS (Healthy Life in an Urban Setting) study

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017001550 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 2374-2382 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Esther Vermeulen ◽

Karien Stronks ◽

Marieke B Snijder ◽

Aart H Schene ◽

Anja Lok ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Depressed Mood ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Dairy Products ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Urban Setting ◽

Healthy Life ◽

Added Sugars ◽

High Sugar

AbstractObjectiveTo identify a high-sugar (HS) dietary pattern, a high-saturated-fat (HF) dietary pattern and a combined high-sugar and high-saturated-fat (HSHF) dietary pattern and to explore if these dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms.DesignWe used data from the HELIUS (Healthy Life in an Urban Setting) study and included 4969 individuals aged 18–70 years. Diet was assessed using four ethnic-specific FFQ. Dietary patterns were derived using reduced rank regression with mono- and disaccharides, saturated fat and total fat as response variables. The nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depressive symptoms by using continuous scores and depressed mood (identified using the cut-off point: PHQ-9 sum score ≥10).SettingThe Netherlands.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified; an HSHF dietary pattern (including chocolates, red meat, added sugars, high-fat dairy products, fried foods, creamy sauces), an HS dietary pattern (including sugar-sweetened beverages, added sugars, fruit (juices)) and an HF dietary pattern (including high-fat dairy products, butter). When comparing extreme quartiles, consumption of an HSHF dietary pattern was associated with more depressive symptoms (Q1v. Q4:β=0·18, 95 % CI 0·07, 0·30,P=0·001) and with higher odds of depressed mood (Q1v. Q4: OR=2·36, 95 % CI 1·19, 4·66,P=0·014). No associations were found between consumption of the remaining dietary patterns and depressive symptoms.ConclusionsHigher consumption of an HSHF dietary pattern is associated with more depressive symptoms and with depressed mood. Our findings reinforce the idea that the focus should be on dietary patterns that are high in both sugar and saturated fat.

Download Full-text

Relationship Between Dietary Patterns Derived by Reduced Rank Regression and Risk of Depression in American Adults

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab038_076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 464-464

Author(s):

Peng Zhao ◽

Yemian Li ◽

Jingxian Wang ◽

Yuhui Yang ◽

Danmeng Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

The United States ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Eating Pattern ◽

Rank Regression ◽

Reduced Rank ◽

High Adherence ◽

Response Variables

Abstract Objectives Depression is one of the most serious mental disorder worldwide. Published studies indicated that nutrients such as folic acid and magnesium may provide a protective effect against it. The purpose of this study was to analyze whether dietary patterns defined by nutrients are associated with the risk of depression. Methods Research data content of 23 464 adults was obtained from the NHANES database. Dietary data were assessed with a valid food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived by reduced rank regression with EPA + DHA, folate, Mg and Zn as response variables. The Patient Health Questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms (cutoff = 10). We applied logistic regression analyses to test the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. Finally, all samples were divided into three groups: low, medium and high adherence to dietary patterns according to the trinomial score of dietary patterns, and the differences of depression risk among the three groups were compared. Results In total, 3 020 cases with depression were observed. We identified a dietary pattern that was strongly associated with EPA + DHA, folate, Mg and Zn (response variables) intake, which was also characterized by the consumption of vegetables, grains, meat, nuts, beans, peas, and lentils, milk, cheese, oils and solid fats. After adjustment for confounders, a statistically significant association was observed (OR = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.36,0.50; P < 0.001). In addition, compared with the low-adherence group, increasing adherence to this dietary pattern significantly reduced the risk of depression (medium-adherence: OR = 0.62, 95%CI: 0.55,0.71; high-adherence: OR = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.36,0.51; P < 0.001). Conclusions Adults living in the United States have been linked to a lower risk of depression with a high-nutrient eating pattern. Funding Sources National Natural Science Foundation of China and National Key R&D Program of China.

Download Full-text

The association between dietary patterns derived by reduced rank regression and depressive symptoms over time: the Invecchiare in Chianti (InCHIANTI) study

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114516001318 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 115 (12) ◽

pp. 2145-2153 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Esther Vermeulen ◽

Karien Stronks ◽

Marjolein Visser ◽

Ingeborg A. Brouwer ◽

Aart H. Schene ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Olive Oil ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Rank Regression ◽

Reduced Rank ◽

Red And Processed Meat

AbstractThis study aimed to identify dietary patterns using reduced rank regression (RRR) and to explore their associations with depressive symptoms over 9 years in the Invecchiare in Chianti study. At baseline, 1362 participants (55·4 % women) aged 18–102 years (mean age 68 (sd 15·5) years) were included in the study. Baseline data collection started in 1998 and was repeated after 3, 6 and 9 years. Dietary intake information was obtained using a country-specific, validated FFQ with 188 food items. For baseline diet, dietary pattern scores in quartiles (Q) were derived using RRR with the nutrients EPA+DHA, folate, Mg and Zn as response variables. Continuous depression scores from the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale were used for assessing depressive symptoms. The derived dietary pattern was rich in vegetables, olive oil, grains, fruit, fish and moderate in wine and red and processed meat, and was labelled as ‘typical Tuscan dietary pattern’. After full adjustment, an inverse association was observed between this dietary pattern and depressive symptoms at baseline (Q1 v. Q4, B −2·77; 95 % CI −4·55, −0·98). When examining the relationship between the above-mentioned dietary pattern at baseline and depressive symptoms over 9 years, a similar association was found after full adjustment for confounding factors (Q1 v. Q4, B −1·78; 95 % CI −3·17, −0·38). A diet rich in vegetables, olive oil, grains, fruits, fish and moderate in wine and red and processed meat was consistently associated with lower CES-D scores over a 9-year period in the Tuscan population.

Download Full-text

Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to dietary patterns in 50-year-old men and women: a feasibility study of a short FFQ

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018002264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 645-653 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christina E Persson ◽

Elisabet Rothenberg ◽

Per-Olof Hansson ◽

Catharina Welin ◽

Elisabeth Strandhagen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

High Serum ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Men And Women

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to assess the feasibility of a simple new fifteen-item FFQ as a tool for screening risk of poor dietary patterns in a healthy middle-aged population and to investigate how the results of the FFQ correlated with cardiovascular risk factors and socio-economic factors.DesignA randomized population-based cross-sectional study. Metabolic measurements for cardiovascular risk factors and information about lifestyle were collected. A fifteen-item FFQ was created to obtain information about dietary patterns. From the FFQ, a healthy eating index was created with three dietary groups: good, average and poor. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess relationships between dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors.SettingSweden.SubjectsMen and women aged 50 years and living in Gothenburg, Sweden.ResultsIn total, 521 middle-aged adults (257 men, 264 women) were examined. With good dietary pattern as the reference, there was a gradient association of having obesity, hypertension and high serum TAG in those with average and poor dietary patterns. After adjustment for education and lifestyle factors, individuals with a poor dietary pattern still had significantly higher risk (OR; 95 % CI) of obesity (2·33; 1·10, 4·94), hypertension (2·73; 1·44, 5·20) and high serum TAG (2·62; 1·33, 5·14) compared with those with a good dietary pattern.ConclusionsBaseline data collected by a short FFQ can predict cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged Swedish men and women. The FFQ could be a useful tool in health-care settings, when screening for risk of poor dietary patterns.

Download Full-text

Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with both healthy and western dietary pattern in Iranian middle-aged

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000685 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Hossein Shahinfar ◽

Farhang Djafari ◽

Nadia Babaei ◽

Samira Davarzani ◽

Mojdeh Ebaditabar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Principal Component ◽

Total Sample ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Western Dietary Pattern ◽

Healthy Dietary Pattern

Abstract. Background: The association between dietary patterns and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not well established. Objective: We sought to investigate association between a posteriori dietary pattern and CRF in middle-aged adults. Design: Adults (n = 276), aged 20–74 years, who were residents of Tehran, Iran were recruited. Diet was assessed by using a validated 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Principal component analysis was used to derive dietary patterns. Socio-economic status, anthropometric measures, body composition, and blood pressure were recorded. CRF was assessed by using a graded exercise treadmill test. Analysis of variance and linear regression models were used to discern the association between dietary patterns and CRF. Results: Higher scores of the healthy dietary pattern had no association with VO2max (p = 0.13 ). After controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated across tertiles of healthy dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Higher adherence to the “mixed” dietary pattern was inversely related to VO2max (p < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, the significant association disappeared (p = 0.14). Higher scores of the “Western” dietary pattern was not associated with VO2max (p = 0.06). However, after controlling for potential confounders, VO2max was positively associated with the “Western” dietary pattern (p = 0.01). A positive linear association between the “healthy” dietary pattern and CRF for the total sample (R2 = 0.02; p < 0.01) were presented. Conclusions: Overall, our findings suggest that higher adherence to a “healthy” and “Western” dietary pattern was positively associated with CRF. However, further studies are required to examine and clarify the causal relationship between dietary patterns and CRF.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Work Hours on Depressive Symptoms among Koreans Aged 45 and Over

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18030853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 853

Author(s):

Juyeong Kim ◽

Eun-Cheol Park

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Social Services ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Work Hours ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Health Studies ◽

Males And Females ◽

The Impact

Background: Given the documented importance of employment for middle-aged and older adults’ mental health, studies of the association between their number of work hours and depressive symptoms are needed. Objectives: To examine the association between the number of work hours and depressive symptoms in Korean aged 45 and over. Methods: We used data from the first wave to fourth wave of the Korea Longitudinal Study of Aging. Using the first wave at baseline, data included 9845 individuals. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale. We performed a longitudinal analysis to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms by work hours. Results: Both unemployed males and females aged 45–65 years were associated with higher depressive symptoms (β = 0.59, p < 0.001; β = 0.32, p < 0.001). Females working ≥ 69 h were associated with higher depressive symptoms compared to those working 41–68 h (β = 0.25, p = 0.013). Among those both middle-aged and older adults, both males and females unemployed were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Those middle-aged female working ≥69 h were associated with higher depressive symptoms. Conclusions: An increase in depressive symptoms was associated with unemployed males and females working ≥69 h compared to those working 41–68 h. Although this association was found among middle-aged individuals, a decrease in depressive symptoms in both sexes was associated with working 1–40 h. Depressive symptoms should decrease by implementing employment policies and social services to encourage employers to support middle-aged and older adults in the workforce considering their sex and age differences.

Download Full-text

Associations between dietary patterns and the incidence of total and fatal cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in 116,806 individuals from the UK Biobank: a prospective cohort study

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-021-01958-x ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Min Gao ◽

Susan A. Jebb ◽

Paul Aveyard ◽

Gina L. Ambrosini ◽

Aurora Perez-Cornago ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Energy Density ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Dietary Advice ◽

Free Sugars ◽

Linear Association ◽

Increased Risk ◽

All Cause Mortality

Abstract Background Traditionally, studies investigating diet and health associations have focused on single nutrients. However, key nutrients co-exist in many common foods, and studies focusing solely on individual nutrients may obscure their combined effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. We aimed to identify food-based dietary patterns which operate through excess energy intake and explain high variability in energy density, free sugars, saturated fat, and fiber intakes and to investigate their association with total and fatal CVD and all-cause mortality. Methods Detailed dietary data was collected using a 24-h online dietary assessment on two or more occasions (n = 116,806). We used reduced rank regression to derive dietary patterns explaining the maximum variance. Multivariable Cox-proportional hazards models were used to investigate prospective associations with all-cause mortality and fatal and non-fatal CVD. Results Over an average of 4.9 years of follow-up, 4245 cases of total CVD, 838 cases of fatal CVD, and 3629 cases of all-cause mortality occurred. Two dietary patterns were retained that jointly explained 63% of variation in energy density, free sugars, saturated fat, and fiber intakes in total. The main dietary pattern was characterized by high intakes of chocolate and confectionery, butter and low-fiber bread, and low intakes of fresh fruit and vegetables. There was a positive linear association between the dietary pattern and total CVD [hazard ratio (HR) per z-score 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.09; HRtotal CVD 1.40, 95% CI 1.31–1.50, and HRall-cause mortality 1.37, 95% CI 1.27–1.47 in highest quintile]. A second dietary pattern was characterized by a higher intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice, and table sugar/preserves. There was a non-linear association with total CVD risk and all-cause mortality, with increased risk in the highest quintile [HRtotal CVD 1.14, 95% CI 1.07–1.22; HRall-cause mortality 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.19]. Conclusions We identified dietary patterns which are associated with increased risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. These results help identify specific foods and beverages which are major contributors to unhealthy dietary patterns and provide evidence to underpin food-based dietary advice to reduce health risks.

Download Full-text

Comparison of two exploratory dietary patterns in association with the metabolic syndrome in a Northern German population

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514002098 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (8) ◽

pp. 1364-1372 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Janett Barbaresko ◽

Sabine Siegert ◽

Manja Koch ◽

Imke Aits ◽

Wolfgang Lieb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Dietary Guidelines ◽

Processed Meat ◽

German Population ◽

Food Groups ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Diet is related to many chronic disease conditions such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We set out to compare behaviour-related with disease-related patterns and their association with the MetS in a German cross-sectional study. A total of 905 participants of a Northern German cohort (aged 25–82 years) completed a FFQ, underwent anthropometric assessments and provided a blood sample. Dietary patterns were derived by principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced-rank regression (RRR) from forty-two food groups. Components of the MetS were used as response variables for the RRR analysis. Simplified patterns comprising ten food groups were generated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the likelihood of having the MetS across the quartiles of simplified pattern scores. We identified two similar dietary patterns derived by PCA and RRR characterised by high intakes of potatoes, various vegetables, red and processed meat, fats, sauce and bouillon. Comparing simplified patterns, an increased RRR pattern score was associated with a higher OR (2·18, 95 % CI 1·25, 3·81) of having the MetS than an increased PCA pattern score (OR 1·92, 95 % CI 1·21, 3·03). Comparing concordant food groups by both dietary pattern methods, a diet high in legumes, beef, processed meat and bouillon was also positively associated with the prevalence of the MetS after adjustment for potential confounders (OR 1·71, 95 % CI 1·04, 2·79). We identified a behaviour-related pattern that was positively associated with the MetS. The application of both dietary pattern methods may be advantageous to obtain information for designing and realising dietary guidelines. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.

Download Full-text

Red Blood Cell Aggregation-Associated Dietary Pattern Predicts Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Syndrome

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10081127 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1127 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Pei Lin ◽

Chun-Chao Chang ◽

Kuo-Ching Yuan ◽

Hsing-Jung Yeh ◽

Sheng-Uei Fang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Blood Cell ◽

Red Blood Cell ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Iron Status ◽

Transferrin Saturation ◽

Dietary Factors ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Rbc Aggregation

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation and iron status are interrelated and strongly influenced by dietary factors, and their alterations pose a great risk of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Currently, RBC aggregation-related dietary patterns remain unclear. This study investigated the dietary patterns that were associated with RBC aggregation and their predictive effects on hyperlipidemia and MetS. Anthropometric and blood biochemical data and food frequency questionnaires were collected from 212 adults. Dietary patterns were derived using reduced rank regression from 32 food groups. Adjusted linear regression showed that hepcidin, soluble CD163, and serum transferrin saturation (%TS) independently predicted RBC aggregation (all p < 0.01). Age-, sex-, and log-transformed body mass index (BMI)-adjusted prevalence rate ratio (PRR) showed a significant positive correlation between RBC aggregation and hyperlipidemia (p-trend < 0.05). RBC aggregation and iron-related dietary pattern scores (high consumption of noodles and deep-fried foods and low intake of steamed, boiled, and raw food, dairy products, orange, red, and purple vegetables, white and light-green vegetables, seafood, and rice) were also significantly associated with hyperlipidemia (p-trend < 0.05) and MetS (p-trend = 0.01) after adjusting for age, sex, and log-transformed BMI. Our results may help dieticians develop dietary strategies for preventing dyslipidemia and MetS.

Download Full-text

Cross-Sectional, Short-, Medium- and Long-Term Effects of Dietary Pattern on Frailty in Taiwan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9717

Author(s):

Mei-Huey Shiau ◽

Meng-Chih Lee ◽

Fang-Ling Lin ◽

Baai-Shyun Hurng ◽

Chih-Jung Yeh

Keyword(s):

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Pattern ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Population Based ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Reduced Rank Regression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Protein Rich ◽

Healthy Dietary Pattern

This study examined the association between dietary patterns and the development of frailty during 4-, 8-, 12-year follow-up periods in the population-based Taiwan Study. We used the data of an elderly population aged 53 years and over (n = 3486) from four waves of the Taiwan Longitudinal Study on Aging. Frailty was identified by using the modified Fried criteria and the values were summed to derive a frailty score. We applied reduced rank regression to determine dietary patterns, which were divided into tertiles (healthy, general, and unhealthy dietary pattern). We used multinomial logistic regression models to assess the association between dietary patterns and the risk of frailty. The healthy dietary pattern was characterized by a higher intake of antioxidant drinks (tea), energy-rich foods (carbohydrates, e.g., rice, noodles), protein-rich foods (fish, meat, seafood, and eggs), and phytonutrient-rich foods (fruit and dark green vegetables). Compared with the healthy pattern, the unhealthy dietary pattern showed significant cross-sectional, short-term, medium-term, and long-term associations with a higher prevalence of frailty (odds ratios (OR) 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94–3.87, OR 2.55; 95% CI 1.67–3.88, OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.07–2.57, and OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.27–4.34, respectively). Our findings support recommendations to increase the intake of antioxidant drinks, energy-rich foods, protein-rich foods, and phytonutrient-rich foods, which were associated with a non-frail status. This healthy dietary pattern can help prevent frailty over time in elderly people.

Download Full-text