Positive Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gastric Lavage Cultures from Asymptomatic Children With Normal Chest Radiography

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R Donald ◽  
Lena Ronge ◽  
Anne-Marie Demers ◽  
Stephanie Thee ◽  
H Simon Schaaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Gastric Lavage ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Anatomical Pathology

Abstract Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture from gastric lavage from apparently healthy children following tuberculin skin test conversion, despite normal chest radiography (CR), is well known but is a contentious subject. A consensus statement regarding classification of childhood tuberculosis excluded this condition, stating that more data were needed. To assist in this discussion, we reviewed early publications that reported the occurrence of this phenomenon and early anatomical pathology studies that described changes that occur in children following tuberculosis infection. Pathology studies describe frequent cavitation in primary foci in children from whom positive M. tuberculosis cultures might easily arise. These foci were very small in some children who might have normal CR. Positive cultures might also arise from ulcerated mediastinal lymph nodes that are invisible on CR. Young children with recent infection very likely have active primary pulmonary tuberculosis.

Findings and Utility of Chest Computed Tomography in Pediatric Tuberculosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 025-031
Author(s):  
Fernando Aparici-Robles ◽  
Luis Marti-Bonmati ◽  
Amparo Escribano-Montaner ◽  
Eugenio Sanchez-Aparisi ◽  
Carmen Otero-Reigada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Radiation Dose ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Chest Radiography ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Chest Computed Tomography ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Normal Chest

AbstractThe objectives of this study are to describe the radiologic abnormalities detected on chest computed tomography (CT) of children suffering from tuberculosis and identify in which asymptomatic children, with positive tuberculin skin test and normal chest radiography, CT has the highest diagnostic yield using a low radiation dose protocol. The most common finding on CT in cases of tuberculosis is lymphadenopathy with necrotic appearance. In asymptomatic children with positive tuberculin skin test and normal chest radiography, CT had higher diagnostic yield in children younger than 5 years, modifying the therapeutic approach in a high percentage of cases. Reduction kilovoltage (kV) and milliamperage (mA) protocols significantly decrease the radiation dose, keeping sufficient diagnostic quality.

Nutritional Status of Pediatric Patients in Ramathibodi Hospital Using the WHO Child Growth Standard and the Thai Growth Reference

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099-1106
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Growth Standard ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Child Growth Standard

Background: The appropriate assessment of nutritional status in children is an essential aspect of health supervision. Currently, there are two references used for growth assessment in Thailand. The WHO child growth standard, which has been widely used since 2007, and the Thai growth reference developed by the Ministry of Public Health, which has been used since 1998. However, there were very few studies that made a direct comparison between both tools. Objective: To compare the nutritional status of healthy pediatric patients in Ramathibodi Hospital assessed by the World Health Organization (WHO) child growth standard and the Thai growth reference. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study. The data were collected from all pediatric patients registered in the outpatient department (OPD) of Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital between January 2013 and December 2018. All healthy children (aged 0 to 15 years) were included. Exclusion criteria of possibly chronically ill children were defined by those who were 1) visiting subspecialty clinics, 2) OPD and emergency room (ER) visits more than ten times per year, 3) having ICD-10 of chronic conditions, or 4) had been admitted in the hospital during the study. The weight and height or length data were extracted from the Electronic Medical Record system. All data were analyzed by the Stata Statistical Software focusing on age and sex-specific Z-scores, which references the WHO child growth standard and the Thai growth reference. Results: Sixty-two thousand one hundred four OPD visits were divided into 31,662 OPD visits for boys and 30,442 OPD visits for girls. Percent of weight for age and height or length for age more than +2 Z-score of both boys and girls when using the Thai growth reference was greater than that using the WHO child growth standard, especially for children aged 0 to 12 months. The Thai growth reference classified as overweight were approximately 10.26% to 31.12% more than using the WHO child growth standard. There was no difference in classification of height by both standards. Conclusion: There was a difference in classification of nutritional status between the Thai growth reference and the WHO child growth standard. Keywords: Nutritional status, Pediatric growth reference, Assessment tool, Overweight

scholarly journals Detection of COVID-19 Using Transfer Learning and Grad-CAM Visualization on Indigenously Collected X-ray Dataset

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 5813
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Muhammad Shahbaz Khan ◽  
Fawad Ahmed ◽  
Fatmah Baothman ◽  
Fehaid Alqahtani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Learning ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Virus Family ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Confusion Matrices

The COVID-19 outbreak began in December 2019 and has dreadfully affected our lives since then. More than three million lives have been engulfed by this newest member of the corona virus family. With the emergence of continuously mutating variants of this virus, it is still indispensable to successfully diagnose the virus at early stages. Although the primary technique for the diagnosis is the PCR test, the non-contact methods utilizing the chest radiographs and CT scans are always preferred. Artificial intelligence, in this regard, plays an essential role in the early and accurate detection of COVID-19 using pulmonary images. In this research, a transfer learning technique with fine tuning was utilized for the detection and classification of COVID-19. Four pre-trained models i.e., VGG16, DenseNet-121, ResNet-50, and MobileNet were used. The aforementioned deep neural networks were trained using the dataset (available on Kaggle) of 7232 (COVID-19 and normal) chest X-ray images. An indigenous dataset of 450 chest X-ray images of Pakistani patients was collected and used for testing and prediction purposes. Various important parameters, e.g., recall, specificity, F1-score, precision, loss graphs, and confusion matrices were calculated to validate the accuracy of the models. The achieved accuracies of VGG16, ResNet-50, DenseNet-121, and MobileNet are 83.27%, 92.48%, 96.49%, and 96.48%, respectively. In order to display feature maps that depict the decomposition process of an input image into various filters, a visualization of the intermediate activations is performed. Finally, the Grad-CAM technique was applied to create class-specific heatmap images in order to highlight the features extracted in the X-ray images. Various optimizers were used for error minimization purposes. DenseNet-121 outperformed the other three models in terms of both accuracy and prediction.

scholarly journals Rapid Mycobacterium tuberculosis spoligotyping from uncorrected long reads using Galru

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Page ◽  
Nabil-Fareed Alikhan ◽  
Michael Strinden ◽  
Thanh Le Viet ◽  
Timofey Skvortsov
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Short Read ◽  
Short Read Sequencing ◽  
Long Reads ◽  
Long Read

AbstractSpoligotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis provides a subspecies classification of this major human pathogen. Spoligotypes can be predicted from short read genome sequencing data; however, no methods exist for long read sequence data such as from Nanopore or PacBio. We present a novel software package Galru, which can rapidly detect the spoligotype of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis sample from as little as a single uncorrected long read. It allows for near real-time spoligotyping from long read data as it is being sequenced, giving rapid sample typing. We compare it to the existing state of the art software and find it performs identically to the results obtained from short read sequencing data. Galru is freely available from https://github.com/quadram-institute-bioscience/galru under the GPLv3 open source licence.

scholarly journals The silent pandemic in South Africa: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from head to heel

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla E. Le Roux ◽  
Sucari S.C. Vlok
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Dilemma ◽  
Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Normal Chest Radiograph ◽  
Normal Chest ◽  
Extra Pulmonary

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is the leading cause of communicable disease-related deaths in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and in South Africa. Mycobacterium tuberculosis disseminates haematogenously from an active primary lung focus and may affect extra-pulmonary sites in up to 15% of patients. Extra-pulmonary TB may present with a normal chest radiograph, which often causes a significant diagnostic dilemma. This review describes the main sites of involvement in EPTB, which is illustrated by local imaging examples.

scholarly journals Infection by Staphylococcus aureus in healthy carrier children residing in Pachuca, Hidalgo State, Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Becerril-Flores ◽  
César Arturo Gómez Durán ◽  
José Anselmo Hernández Ibarra ◽  
Erika Janet Varela-Prado ◽  
Areli Cruz Castañeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Epidemiologic Risk ◽  
Healthy Carriers

Infections by Staphylococcus aureus are a great worldwide public health problem due to easiness of transmission, via inhalation or direct contact in hospitals. Among infected individuals there are asymptomatic carriers that cause propagation and transmission of these infections within the hospital population. In Mexico, studies about prevalence of infections in healthy carriers by this bacterium are scarce. We investigated the prevalence of pharyngeal infections by S. aureus in asymptomatic children (3 to 8 years old) resident in Pachuca, Hidalgo. There were previous old clinic inspections as part of the study wherein 138 healthy children were studied. Samples of exudates from children were obtained and seeded in selective and differential media and they were morphologically identified as S. aureus by Gram staining. Antibiotics resistance was determined for each sample of bacteria. Prevalence of S. aureus infection was 20.29%, 12.69% in girls, and 26.66% in boys. Pre-school children showed a higher rate of infection than those in elementary school but there was not a significant difference between them (Χ2=0.92, p>0.05). More than 40% of S. aureus strains were ß-hemolytic, and half of the bacteria isolated from children in preschool is resistant to any of the antibiotics studied and resistant to at least one of the antibiotics assayed. The greatest resistance was to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Finding children infected with S. aureus as healthy carriers may be, in fact an epidemiologic risk for the entire population. Furthermore, since there are resistant strains of this microorganism, physicians must be very sensible of resistant patterns when selecting antibiotics.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document