Regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Mitreiter ◽  
Tamara Gigolashvili
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Open Questions

Abstract Glucosinolates are secondary defense metabolites produced by plants of the order Brassicales, which includes the model species Arabidopsis and many crop species. In the past 13 years, the regulation of glucosinolate synthesis in plants has been intensively studied, with recent research revealing complex molecular mechanisms that connect glucosinolate production with responses to other central pathways. In this review, we discuss how the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis is ecologically relevant for plants, how it is controlled by transcription factors, and how this transcriptional machinery interacts with hormonal, environmental, and epigenetic mechanisms. We present the central players in glucosinolate regulation, MYB and basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, as well as the plant hormone jasmonate, which together with other hormones and environmental signals allow the coordinated and rapid regulation of glucosinolate genes. Furthermore, we highlight the regulatory connections between glucosinolates, auxin, and sulfur metabolism and discuss emerging insights and open questions on the regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis.

scholarly journals Cellular functions and molecular mechanisms of non-lysine ubiquitination

Open Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 190147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amie J. McClellan ◽  
Sophie Heiden Laugesen ◽  
Lars Ellgaard
Keyword(s):  
Dna Repair ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protein Ubiquitination ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Protein ubiquitination is of great cellular importance through its central role in processes such as degradation, DNA repair, endocytosis and inflammation. Canonical ubiquitination takes place on lysine residues, but in the past 15 years non-lysine ubiquitination on serine, threonine and cysteine has been firmly established. With the emerging importance of non-lysine ubiquitination, it is crucial to identify the responsible molecular machinery and understand the mechanistic basis for non-lysine ubiquitination. Here, we first provide an overview of the literature that has documented non-lysine ubiquitination. Informed by these examples, we then discuss the molecular mechanisms and cellular implications of non-lysine ubiquitination, and conclude by outlining open questions and future perspectives in the field.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4 Regulate Glucosinolate Biosynthesis, Insect Performance, and Feeding Behavior

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 3117-3132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Schweizer ◽  
Patricia Fernández-Calvo ◽  
Mark Zander ◽  
Monica Diez-Diaz ◽  
Sandra Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Insect Performance ◽  
Glucosinolate Biosynthesis ◽  
Basic Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Molecular and cellular bases of syndromic craniosynostoses

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacky Bonaventure ◽  
Vincent El Ghouzzi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Function ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Facial Dysmorphism ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Malignant Skin ◽  
Human Disorder

Premature fusion of cranial sutures underlies the clinical condition of ‘craniosynostosis’, a common human disorder that occurs in both nonsyndromic and syndromic forms. The subgroup of syndromic craniosynostoses usually associates limb abnormalities and facial dysmorphism to skull distortion. Over the past decade, some of the genes causing these phenotypes have been identified. Among these, the gene encoding FGFR2, one of four members of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, has been shown to account for several severe conditions including Apert, Pfeiffer, Crouzon, Beare–Stevenson and Jackson–Weiss syndromes. Two other FGFRs, FGFR1 and FGFR3, also account for craniosynostoses of variable severity [Pfeiffer, Crouzon with acanthosis nigricans (a pre-malignant skin disorder), and Muenke syndromes]. By contrast, Saethre–Chotzen syndrome and craniosynostosis (Boston-type) arise from mutations in the Twist and muscle segment homeobox 2 (MSX2) transcription factors, respectively. Whereas most FGFR mutations are likely to cause ligand-independent activation of the receptor, leading to an upregulation of signaling pathways, mutations in the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor Twist appear to induce loss of protein function. This review will summarise and discuss some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in normal and abnormal craniofacial development, focusing on the possible interactions between the different factors controlling membranous ossification.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Korla Fragrant Pear Reveals a Comprehensive Signaling Network in Response to Alternaria alternata Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (06) ◽  
pp. 1173-1186
Author(s):  
Hui Ouyang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Effector Triggered Immunity ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Related Proteins

Blackhead caused by Alternaria alternata is a fatal necrotrophic fungal that affects Korla fragrant pear. To date, little is known at the molecular level about the defense response of pear to blackhead disease and the pathogenic mechanism of A. alternata infection. To investigate the specific host-pathogen interaction between A. alternata and pear, we examined the accumulation of host-responsive mRNAs using RNA-seq technology. A total of 25,877 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Further analysis revealed that the DEGs mainly participate in plant cell wall integrity, plant hormone pathways, plant-pathogen interactions and the defense response (transcription factors, defense-related proteins). Most of the DEGs involved in the plant hormone, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) pathways, as well as defense-related proteins, were significantly up-regulated. In addition, DEGs encoding enzymes involved in cutin and wax synthesis and most transcription factors are significantly down-regulated. Based on these results, we speculate that these pathways play important roles in the response of pear to A. alternata. This study has presented new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the response of pear fruits to A. alternata infection. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals A Molecular Framework for Plant Regeneration

Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 311 (5759) ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Xu ◽  
Hugo Hofhuis ◽  
Renze Heidstra ◽  
Michael Sauer ◽  
Jiří Friml ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Hormone ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Root Stem Cell ◽  
Regeneration Response ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Molecular Framework

Plants and some animals have a profound capacity to regenerate organs from adult tissues. Molecular mechanisms for regeneration have, however, been largely unexplored. Here we investigate a local regeneration response in Arabidopsis roots. Laser-induced wounding disrupts the flow of auxin—a cell-fate–instructive plant hormone—in root tips, and we demonstrate that resulting cell-fate changes require the PLETHORA, SHORTROOT, and SCARECROW transcription factors. These transcription factors regulate the expression and polar position of PIN auxin efflux–facilitating membrane proteins to reconstitute auxin transport in renewed root tips.Thus, a regeneration mechanism using embryonic root stem-cell patterning factors first responds to and subsequently stabilizes a new hormone distribution.

scholarly journals Physiological and Transcriptomic Responses to Nitrogen Deficiency in Neolamarckia cadamba

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Lu ◽  
Yuanyuan Zhang ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Na Yi ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Nitrogen Deficiency ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Ammonium Transporter ◽  
Basic Leucine Zipper ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Helix Loop Helix

Nitrogen (N) is one of the abundant and essential elements for plant growth and development, and N deficiency (ND) affects plants at both physiological and transcriptomic levels. Neolamarckia cadamba is a fast-growing woody plant from the Rubiaceae family. However, the physiological and molecular impacts of ND on this species have not been well investigated. Here, we studied how N. cadamba responds to ND under hydroponic conditions. In a physiological aspect, ND led to a reduction in biomass, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic capacity. ND also impaired the assimilation of N as the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and nitrate reductase (NR) were decreased in the root. Interestingly, the lignin content of stem increased progressively during the ND stress. The main transcription factors, the transcription factors that are important to N regulation has been found to be upregulated, including Nodule inception-like protein 7 (NLP7), TGACG motif-binding factor 1 (TGA1), basic helix-loop-helix protein 45 (BHLH45), NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2 (NAC) transcription factor 43 (NAC43), and basic leucine zipper pattern 44 (bZIP44). The expression of N transporters, such as nitrate transporter 2.4 (NRT2.4), ammonium transporter 3 (AMT3), and amino acid transporter protein 3 (AAP3), was also upregulated. In addition, phosphorus- and calcium-related genes such as phosphate starvation response 2 (PHR2) and cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 15 (CNGC15) were expressed more abundantly in response to ND stress. Our results reveal the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which woody plants respond to ND.

scholarly journals Synergistic binding of bHLH transcription factors to the promoter of the maize NADP-ME gene used in C4 photosynthesis is based on an ancient code found in the ancestral C3 state

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Rita Borba ◽  
Tânia S. Serra ◽  
Alicja Górska ◽  
Paulo Gouveia ◽  
André M. Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mobility Shift ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Specific Accumulation ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factors ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays ◽  
Element Pair

AbstractC4 photosynthesis has evolved repeatedly from the ancestral C3 state to generate a carbon concentrating mechanism that increases photosynthetic efficiency. This specialised form of photosynthesis is particularly common in the PACMAD clade of grasses, and is used by many of the world’s most productive crops. The C4 cycle is accomplished through cell-type specific accumulation of enzymes but cis-elements and transcription factors controlling C4 photosynthesis remain largely unknown. Using the NADP-Malic Enzyme (NADP-ME) gene as a model we aimed to better understand molecular mechanisms associated with the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Two basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factors, ZmbHLH128 and ZmbHLH129, were shown to bind the C4NADP-ME promoter from maize. These proteins form heterodimers and ZmbHLH129 impairs trans-activation by ZmbHLH128. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that a pair of cis-elements separated by a seven base pair spacer synergistically bind either ZmbHLH128 or ZmbHLH129. This pair of cis-elements is found in both C3 and C4 species of the PACMAD clade. Our analysis is consistent with this cis-element pair originating from a single motif present in the ancestral C3 state. We conclude that C4 photosynthesis has co-opted an ancient C3 regulatory code built on G-box recognition by bHLH to regulate the NADP-ME gene. More broadly, our findings also contribute to the understanding of gene regulatory networks controlling C4 photosynthesis.

Transcriptome profiling of postharvest shoots identifies PheNAP2- and PheNAP3-promoted shoot senescence

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 2027-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangyu Li ◽  
Lihua Xie ◽  
Huifang Zheng ◽  
Miaomiao Cai ◽  
Zhanchao Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Transcriptome Profiling ◽  
Cellular Division ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Nac Transcription Factors ◽  
Helix Loop Helix ◽  
Postharvest Senescence

Abstract The juvenile shoots of Phyllostachys edulis have been used as a food source for thousands of years, and it is recognized as a potential source of nutraceuticals. However, its rapid senescence restricts bamboo production and consumption, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of rapid shoot senescence remain largely unclear. In the present study, transcriptome profiling was employed to investigate the molecular regulation of postharvest senescence in shoots, along with physiological assays and anatomical dissections. Results revealed a distinct shift in expression postharvest, specifically transitions from cellular division and differentiation to the relocation of nutrients and programmed cell death. A number of regulatory and signaling factors were induced during postharvest senescence. Moreover, transcription factors, including NAM, ATAF and CUC (NAC) transcription factors, basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, basic region/leucine zipper transcription factors, MYB transcription factors and WRKY transcription factors, were critical for shoot postharvest senescence, of which NACs were the most abundant. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 were induced in postharvest shoots and found to promote leaf senescence in Arabidopsis by inducing the expression of AtSAG12 and AtSAG113. PheNAP2 and PheNAP3 could both restore the stay-green Arabidopsis nap to the wild-type phenotype either under normal growth condition or under abscisic acid treatment. Collectively, these results suggest that PheNAPs may promote shoot senescence. These findings provide a systematic view of shoot senescence and will inform future studies on the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for shoot degradation during storage.

Novel Findings of Anti-cancer Property of Propofol

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqiang Wang ◽  
Chien-shan Cheng ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Xiaowei Ding ◽  
Minmin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Intravenous Anesthetic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Attention

Background: Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, is traditionally applied for sedation and general anesthesia. Explanation: Recent attention has been drawn to explore the effect and mechanisms of propofol against cancer progression in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, the proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing properties of propofol in cancer have been studied. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Conclusion: This review focused on the findings within the past ten years and aimed to provide a general overview of propofol's malignance-modulating properties and the potential molecular mechanisms.

Understanding Molecular Process and Chemotherapeutics for the Management of Breast Cancer.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Neeraj Masand ◽  
Vaishali M. Patil
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Molecular Classification ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Molecular Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Molecular Etiology ◽  
Near Future

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common and highly heterogeneous neoplastic disease comprised of several subtypes with distinct molecular etiology and clinical behaviours. The mortality observed over the past few decades and the failure in eradicating the disease is due to the lack of specific etiology, molecular mechanisms involved in initiation and progression of breast cancer. Understanding of the molecular classes of breast cancer may also lead to new biological insights and eventually to better therapies. The promising therapeutic targets and novel anti-cancer approaches emerging from these molecular targets that could be applied clinically in the near future are being highlighted. In addition, this review discusses some of the details of current molecular classification and available chemotherapeutics

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