scholarly journals Isometric scaling to model water transport in conifer tree rings across time and environments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina V Sviderskaya ◽  
Eugene A Vaganov ◽  
Marina V Fonti ◽  
Patrick Fonti
Keyword(s):  
Tree Rings ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Conifer Tree

Abstract Xylem hydraulic properties determine the ability of plants to efficiently and safely provide water to their leaves. These properties are key to understanding plant responses to environmental conditions and to evaluating their fate under a rapidly changing climate. However, their assessment is hindered by the challenges of quantifying basic hydraulic components such as bordered pits and tracheids. Here we use isometric scaling between tracheids and pits morphology to merge partial hydraulic models of tracheid’s component to upscale properties at the tree-ring level in conifers trees. Our new model output is first cross-validated with literature and then applied to cell anatomical measurements from Larix sibirica tree-rings formed under harsh conditions in southern Siberia to quantify the intra- and inter-annual variability in hydraulic properties. The model provides a means of assessing how different-sized tracheid’s components contribute to the hydraulic properties of the ring. Up-scaled results indicate that natural inter- and intra-ring anatomical variations have a substantial impact on the tree’s hydraulic properties. Our model facilitates the assessment of important xylem functional attributes because it only requires the more accessible measures of cross-sectional tracheid size. This approach, if applied to dated tree-rings, provides a novel way to investigate xylem structure-function relations across time and environmental conditions.

Using tracheid isometry to upscale water transport from pit to tree-rings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Fonti ◽  
Eugene A. Vaganov ◽  
Marina V. Fonti ◽  
Irina V. Sviderskaya
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Hydraulic Properties ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Model Merging ◽  
The Impact

<p>Assessing the characteristic of water transport in wood is challenged by the complexity of its tissue composed by numerous different-sized and interconnected conduits. Current methods for measuring conductivity or flow resistance performed on a piece of wood usually have no direct link to the anatomy of the single conduits. Thus, despite the large application of these assessment for ecological studies, this integrated tissue-level approach hampers the possibility to extend the hydraulic assessment across time by using dated series of tree rings.</p><p>In this contribution we make use of tracheid versus pit isometry to propose a new hydraulic model merging existing morphological-based components of tracheid hydraulic to upscale water transport properties across time and environments. By using linear relations between tracheid dimeter and pit size as described in the literature, we applied our model to tracheids of increasing size to show that our assessments of the pit and tracheid resistances match with estimations performed in independent studies. We then apply the model to tracheid anatomical measurements from Larix sibirica tree-rings (from 1986 to 2015) formed under harsh conditions in southern Siberia to show the potential to reconstruct hydraulic properties across tree-rings and to quantify their intra- and inter-annual variability.</p><p>The proposed model (see 10.1093/jxb/eraa595 for more details on the performed study) not only provide means to derive realistic conduits hydraulic properties via accessible measures of cross-sectional tracheid size, but it also allows assessing how different-sized tracheid’s components contribute to the overall hydraulic properties. In particular, our up-scaled results from the study case with trees from Southern Siberia showed that the natural inter- and intra-ring anatomical variations had a substantial impact on the ring hydraulic properties and can consequently be applied to assess the impact of cell structural characteristics on the hydraulic functioning of trees.</p><p>We therefore conclude that this model, despite its early developmental stage, has the potential to provides a novel basis to investigate xylem structure-function relations across time and environmental conditions.</p>

scholarly journals Variation in Tracheid Dimensions of Conifer Xylem Reveals Evidence of Adaptation to Environmental Conditions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingming Zheng ◽  
Yajin Li ◽  
Hugh Morris ◽  
Filip Vandelook ◽  
Steven Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Xylem Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Conifer Tree ◽  
Independent Contrast

Abstract Background: Globally distributed extant conifer species must adapt to various environmental conditions, which would be reflected in their xylem structure, especially in the tracheid characteristics of earlywood and latewood. A comparative study of conifer species might shed light on how xylem structure responds to environmental conditions. With an anatomical trait dataset of 79 conifer tree species growing throughout China, an interspecific study within a phylogenetic context was conducted to quantify variance of tracheid dimensions and their response to climatic and soil conditions. Results: There was a significant difference in tracheid diameter between early- and latewood while no significant difference was detected in tracheid wall thickness through a phylogenetically paired t-test. Most of the tracheid dimensional traits were positively related to each other based on phylogenetic independent contrast (PIC) analyses, and tracheid structure could be accounted for by the first and second PCA axes. Through a phylogenetic principle component analysis (pPCA), Pinaceae species were found to be strongly divergent in their tracheid structure in contrast to a conservative tracheid structure in species of Cupressaceae, Taxaceae and Podocarpaceae. Meanwhile, tracheid wall thickness decreased from high to low latitudes in both earlywood and latewood, with tracheid diameter decreasing for latewood only. According to the most parsimonious phylogenetic general least square models (PGLS), environment and phylogeny together could explain about 21%~56% of tracheid structure variance, suggesting both genetics and the environment contribute to tracheid characteristics. Conclusions: The large variability of tracheid traits observed along an environmental gradient across China suggests that xylem structure was strongly constrained by the environmental conditions in temperate monsoonal climates and thus could be regarded as an ecological strategy for adapting to environmental stresses, especially freezing and drought. Our results provide insights into the effects of climate and soil on the xylem structure of conifer species thus furthering our understanding of the trees’ response to global change and guiding forest management.

scholarly journals Ozone damage, detoxification and the role of isoprenoids – new impetus for integrated models

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Tiwari ◽  
Rüdiger Grote ◽  
Galina Churkina ◽  
Tim Butler
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Impact

High concentrations of ozone (O3) can have significant impacts on the health and productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems, leading to significant economic losses. In order to estimate this impact under a wide range of environmental conditions, the mechanisms of O3 impacts on physiological and biochemical processes have been intensively investigated. This includes the impact on stomatal conductance, the formation of reactive oxygen species and their effects on enzymes and membranes, as well as several induced and constitutive defence responses. This review summarises these processes, discusses their importance for O3 damage scenarios and assesses to which degree this knowledge is currently used in ecosystem models which are applied for impact analyses. We found that even in highly sophisticated models, feedbacks affecting regulation, detoxification capacity and vulnerability are generally not considered. This implies that O3 inflicted alterations in carbon and water balances cannot be sufficiently well described to cover immediate plant responses under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, we suggest conceptual models that link the depicted feedbacks to available process-based descriptions of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and isoprenoid formation, particularly the linkage to isoprenoid models opens up new options for describing biosphere-atmosphere interactions.

scholarly journals Variability in Elemental Composition of Conifer Tree Rings

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Vladimir L. Gavrikov ◽  
◽  
Alexey I. Fertikov ◽  
Evgenii A. Vaganov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Pinus Sibirica ◽  
Siberian Spruce ◽  
Long Term Experiment ◽  
Conifer Tree

Distribution of chemical elements in tree rings bears important information on various biogeochemical processes. In order to achieve a reliable interpretation of the information, it is necessary to know the degree of variation in the content of chemical elements both at the level of the entire species and at the level of individual trees. The research aims to determine which chemical elements have a stable distribution in the trunks of a number of conifers: Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica Du Tour). The data for the analysis were obtained on the basis of the long-term experiment in forest growing. The experimental site was laid out in 1971–1972 in the vicinity of Krasnoyarsk by the staff of the Sukachev Institute of Forest of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Before planting the seedlings, the soil ground was mechanically levelled, and thus, sufficiently equal growth conditions were created for all plantings. Cores with a diameter of 12 mm were sampled from three normally developing trees of each species and analyzed using modern X-ray fluorescence methods. Content relative values of elements (counts) were obtained with the Itrax Multiscanner (COX Analytical Systems). The content of elements in the tree rings was characterized by the concentration and reserve of elements. Concentration was calculated as the number of counts per 1 mm2 of the ring area; reserve was calculated as the number of counts over the entire ring area. Each of these variables was defined by the parameters of linear slope in the calendar year series and the standard deviation. The cluster analysis was performed in the 4-dimensional space of the obtained parameters. This allowed determining whether the series of element distributions from different trees and species are grouped. Three elements (Ca, Co, and P) show high stability of distribution parameters in tree rings with no regard to tree species. A number of other elements (Mn, Pb, Cl, Cr, Ni, Sr, and W) are stably grouped depending on the species. The results of the research enable to focus on the study of the elements stably distributed in the conifer trunks. For citation: Gavrikov V.L., Fertikov A.I., Sharafutdinov R.A., Vaganov E.A. Variability in Elemental Composition of Conifer Tree Rings. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2021, no. 6, pp. 24–37. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2021-6-24-37

scholarly journals A cross sectional study of contact dermatitis among chicken farmers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Tika Nela Sirait ◽  
Helen Kartika Hasianna Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chicken Farm ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Occupational diseases can be caused by several factors of work and environmental conditions of workers. Poor environmental conditions and worker behavior are some of the triggers for the emergence of dermatitis in workers. Contact dermatitis in chicken farm workers can be caused by exposure to chemicals from animal feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis in chicken farmworkers. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was a total sample of 35 people. The results showed that there was no relationship between the use of personal protective equipment, working period, and personal hygiene with the appearance of symptoms of dermatitis in workers. However, this study found that workers who have worked for more than 12 months and practice good personal hygiene tend to avoid symptoms of dermatitis. This study provides a recommendation that the longer a person has worked, personal hygiene improvement needs to be done to avoid dermatitis.

scholarly journals X-ray imaging and computed tomography of conifer tree rings for climatological purposes

2018 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 012044
Author(s):  
S L Bondarenko ◽  
A V Batranin ◽  
S V Smirnov ◽  
S G Stuchebrov
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tree Rings ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Conifer Tree

scholarly journals Family type and parents’ time with children: Longitudinal evidence for Denmark

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-380
Author(s):  
Peter Fallesen ◽  
Michael Gähler
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Intact Family ◽  
Parental Time ◽  
Individual Traits ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Time Use Survey ◽  
Parental Family

Parental time with children is important for children’s developmental outcomes. Family type may affect the amount of time parents can and will invest in children. Using time-use panel data obtained from two waves of the Danish Time Use Survey, linked with administrative records, the study shows that parental family type had a substantial impact on the time parents spent with children. When controlling for constant unobserved individual traits, likely to affect both time-use and family type, differences in time-use increase, indicating positive selection into non-intact family types. Single parents and parents in reconstituted families spent less time on developmental activities, such as talking, reading and playing with the child, whereas parents living in reconstituted families also spent less time on non-developmental activities, such as transporting the child or performing basic childcare. Based on our findings, there are indications that cross-sectional results showing little difference in parents’ involvement in children across family types partly emanate from differential selection in family types.

scholarly journals Mental Health, Sense of Coherence, and Interpersonal Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3708
Author(s):  
Stefanie Jung ◽  
Jonas Kneer ◽  
Tillmann H. C. Krüger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Western Country ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Patient Health

Preliminary data indicates that the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease (COVID-19) pandemic may have a substantial impact on mental health and well-being. We assessed mental health in response to the lockdown in Germany between 1 April 2020 and 15 April 2020 using a cross-sectional online survey (n = 3545) with a mixed-methods approach. We found increased levels of psychosocial distress (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) stress module), anxiety, depressive symptoms (PHQ-4), irritability, and a decrease in overall well-being (WHO-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5)), sense of coherence (Short Form of the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-L9)), sexual contentment, and sleep quality. The four-week-prevalence of interpersonal violence was yet at 5% and included verbal, physical, and sexual violence. Participants reported finding comfort in family, friends, conversation, exercise, and activity. Findings are also in line with research showing that women seem to have more trouble coping with the pandemic and lockdown measures. Our observations demonstrate that the COVID-19 pandemic and related measures lead to a mental health burden even in a highly developed Western country and should, therefore, be taken seriously. The findings for interpersonal violence are alarming. Thus, we should sharpen our focus on the matter and activate and enhance supporting systems to help protect those affected.

scholarly journals Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Recurrent Falls in Elderly Patients Hospitalized after Falls

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 2441
Author(s):  
Hai Minh Vu ◽  
Long Hoang Nguyen ◽  
Huong Lan Thi Nguyen ◽  
Giang Thu Vu ◽  
Cuong Tat Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Recurrent Falls ◽  
The Individual

Falls and recurrent falls cause great health and social consequences in older people. However, these problems are poorly understood in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was performed at seven hospitals in Thai Binh province, Vietnam, to investigate the individual and environmental factors associated with recurrent falls among elderly patients hospitalized due to fall injuries in Vietnam. A history of recurrent falls within the last 12 months, sociodemographic, health, and clinical characteristics, as well as environmental conditions, were obtained via self-reported interviews. Multivariate logistic and Poisson regression models were used to identify associated factors. Overall, the mean fall episodes in the last 12 months were 1.8 (Standard deviation—SD = 1.2) episodes, and the 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls was 40.5%. The individual risk factors included not receiving fall prevention guidelines, walking with devices, loss of sensation in hand or foot, and using pain relief medications. The environmental risk factors comprised having too-high stairs and not having dry, clean, and nonslippery bathrooms. This study highlights a significantly high 12-month prevalence of recurrent falls in older patients hospitalized after falls in Vietnam. Moreover, regular assessments of functional disabilities and hazardous environmental conditions, as well as the provision of prevention programs, have potential to prevent falls and recurrent falls.

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