WAKsing plant immunity, waning diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Stephens ◽  
Kim E Hammond-Kosack ◽  
Kostya Kanyuka
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Transmembrane Proteins ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Cell Wall Modification ◽  
Central Pillar ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Abstract With the requirement to breed more productive crop plants in order to feed a growing global population, compounded by increasingly widespread resistance to pesticides exhibited by pathogens, plant immunity is becoming an increasingly important area of research. Of the genes that contribute to disease resistance, the wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKs) are increasingly shown to play a major role, in addition to their contribution to plant growth and development or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Being transmembrane proteins, WAKs form a central pillar of a plant cell’s ability to monitor and interact with the extracellular environment. Found in both dicots and monocots, WAKs have been implicated in defence against pathogens with diverse lifestyles and contribute to plant immunity in a variety of ways. Whilst some act as cell surface-localized immune receptors recognizing either pathogen- or plant-derived invasion molecules (e.g. effectors or damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively), others promote innate immunity through cell wall modification and strengthening, thus limiting pathogen intrusion. The ability of some WAKs to provide both durable resistance against pathogens and other agronomic benefits makes this gene family important targets in the development of future crop ideotypes and important to a greater understanding of the complexity and robustness of plant immunity.

scholarly journals Plant immunity triggered by engineered in vivo release of oligogalacturonides, damage-associated molecular patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (17) ◽  
pp. 5533-5538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Benedetti ◽  
Daniela Pontiggia ◽  
Sara Raggi ◽  
Zhenyu Cheng ◽  
Flavio Scaloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Inducible Promoter ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Polygalacturonase Inhibiting Protein ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin that activate plant innate immunity by functioning as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). We set out to test the hypothesis that OGs are generated in planta by partial inhibition of pathogen-encoded polygalacturonases (PGs). A gene encoding a fungal PG was fused with a gene encoding a plant polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) and expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. We show that expression of the PGIP–PG chimera results in the in vivo production of OGs that can be detected by mass spectrometric analysis. Transgenic plants expressing the chimera under control of a pathogen-inducible promoter are more resistant to the phytopathogens Botrytis cinerea, Pectobacterium carotovorum, and Pseudomonas syringae. These data provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that OGs released in vivo act as a DAMP signal to trigger plant immunity and suggest that controlled release of these molecules upon infection may be a valuable tool to protect plants against infectious diseases. On the other hand, elevated levels of expression of the chimera cause the accumulation of salicylic acid, reduced growth, and eventually lead to plant death, consistent with the current notion that trade-off occurs between growth and defense.

Taking Advantage of Plant Defense Mechanisms to Promote Human Health. The Plant Immune System. First of Two Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Matteo Antonio Russo ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Early Response ◽  
Protein Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Background: Despite the evidence that plants do not possess sessile cells, they are able to mount a vigorous immune response against invaders or under stressful conditions. Mechanisms of action: Plants are endowed with pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) which perceive damage-associated molecular patterns and microbe-associated molecular patterns or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), respectively. PPR activation leads to either the initiation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) (early response) or the effectortriggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI contribute to plant systemic acquired resistance as also an expression of immunological memory or trained immunity. Plant immune receptors: PTI is initiated by activation of both receptor-like kinases and receptor-like proteins, while ETI depends on nucleotide-binding leucine-rich-repeat protein receptors for microbe recognition. Peptides involved in plant defenses: Plant chloroplasts contribute to both PTI and ETI through production of peptides which act as hormones or phytocytokines. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene are the major compounds involved in plant defense. Specific aims: The interaction between plant receptors and/or their products and bacterial components will be discussed. Also emphasis will be placed on plant microbiome for its contribution to plant immune response. Finally, the mutual interplay between insects and plants will also be illustrated. Conclusion: A better knowledge on plant immunity may pave the way for the exploitation of plant derivatives in the field of agriculture and medicine, as well.

scholarly journals Elicitor and Receptor Molecules: Orchestrators of Plant Defense and Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Azmina Abdul Malik ◽  
Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar ◽  
Kalaivani Nadarajah
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Systemic Resistance ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Induce Systemic Resistance ◽  
Biotic Stresses ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Insect Predation ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules produced by microorganisms and insects in the event of infection, microbial priming, and insect predation. These molecules are then recognized by receptor molecules on or within the plant, which activates the defense signaling pathways, resulting in plant’s ability to overcome pathogenic invasion, induce systemic resistance, and protect against insect predation and damage. These small molecular motifs are conserved in all organisms. Fungi, bacteria, and insects have their own specific molecular patterns that induce defenses in plants. Most of the molecular patterns are either present as part of the pathogen’s structure or exudates (in bacteria and fungi), or insect saliva and honeydew. Since biotic stresses such as pathogens and insects can impair crop yield and production, understanding the interaction between these organisms and the host via the elicitor–receptor interaction is essential to equip us with the knowledge necessary to design durable resistance in plants. In addition, it is also important to look into the role played by beneficial microbes and synthetic elicitors in activating plants’ defense and protection against disease and predation. This review addresses receptors, elicitors, and the receptor–elicitor interactions where these components in fungi, bacteria, and insects will be elaborated, giving special emphasis to the molecules, responses, and mechanisms at play, variations between organisms where applicable, and applications and prospects.

scholarly journals Dampening the DAMPs: How Plants Maintain the Homeostasis of Cell Wall Molecular Patterns and Avoid Hyper-Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Pontiggia ◽  
Manuel Benedetti ◽  
Sara Costantini ◽  
Giulia De Lorenzo ◽  
Felice Cervone
Keyword(s):  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cellulose Breakdown ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Several oligosaccharide fragments derived from plant cell walls activate plant immunity and behave as typical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of them also behave as negative regulators of growth and development, and due to their antithetic effect on immunity and growth, their concentrations, activity, time of formation, and localization is critical for the so-called “growth-defense trade-off.” Moreover, like in animals, over accumulation of DAMPs in plants provokes deleterious physiological effects and may cause hyper-immunity if the cellular mechanisms controlling their homeostasis fail. Recently, a mechanism has been discovered that controls the activity of two well-known plant DAMPs, oligogalacturonides (OGs), released upon hydrolysis of homogalacturonan (HG), and cellodextrins (CDs), products of cellulose breakdown. The potential homeostatic mechanism involves specific oxidases belonging to the family of berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) proteins. Oxidation of OGs and CDs not only inactivates their DAMP activity, but also makes them a significantly less desirable food source for microbial pathogens. The evidence that oxidation and inactivation of OGs and CDs may be a general strategy of plants for controlling the homeostasis of DAMPs is discussed. The possibility exists of discovering additional oxidative and/or inactivating enzymes targeting other DAMP molecules both in the plant and in animal kingdoms.

scholarly journals Poaceae-specific cell wall-derived oligosaccharides activate plant immunity via OsCERK1 during Magnaporthe oryzae infection in rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Yang ◽  
Rui Liu ◽  
Jinhuan Pang ◽  
Bin Ren ◽  
Huanbin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Chitin Binding Protein ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns

AbstractMany phytopathogens secrete cell wall degradation enzymes (CWDEs) to damage host cells and facilitate colonization. As the major components of the plant cell wall, cellulose and hemicellulose are the targets of CWDEs. Damaged plant cells often release damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to trigger plant immune responses. Here, we establish that the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes the endoglucanases MoCel12A and MoCel12B during infection of rice (Oryza sativa). These endoglucanases target hemicellulose of the rice cell wall and release two specific oligosaccharides, namely the trisaccharide 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and the tetrasaccharide 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose. 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose bind the immune receptor OsCERK1 but not the chitin binding protein OsCEBiP. However, they induce the dimerization of OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP. In addition, these Poaceae cell wall-specific oligosaccharides trigger a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that is largely compromised in oscerk1 and oscebip mutants. We conclude that 31-β-D-Cellobiosyl-glucose and 31-β-D-Cellotriosyl-glucose are specific DAMPs released from the hemicellulose of rice cell wall, which are perceived by an OsCERK1 and OsCEBiP immune complex during M. oryzae infection in rice.

scholarly journals Glucose as a DAMP, Danger Associated Molecular Pattern: A New Proposition of Glucose Molecule in Inflammation-Associated Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-26
Author(s):  
Nyshidha Gurijala
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Tissue Injury ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Extracellular Release ◽  
Glucose Molecule ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Extracellular Environment ◽  
Society Today

Inflammation is the human body’s defense mechanism to protect from foreign invaders- yet is also the causal agent of an array of diseases that immensely burden our society today. The innate immune response is a nonspecific mechanism through which inflammatory cells (e.g. neutrophils, macrophages, etc.), destroy pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and also respond to internal tissue injury. The death of local tissues through necrosis can lead to the introduction of molecular sequences normally found on the inside of the cell – to the extracellular environment. These sequences are termed damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and can bind to toll like receptors (TLRs) on inflammatory cells to propagate a pro-inflammatory response through the release of cytokines and chemoattractants. It is established that intracellular molecules such as DNA, histones, and ATP act as DAMPs upon extracellular release.1 However, the potential of glucose as a DAMP is a research target that requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein LLG1 associates with and modulates FLS2 to regulate innate immunity

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 5749-5754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiujing Shen ◽  
Gildas Bourdais ◽  
Huairong Pan ◽  
Silke Robatzek ◽  
Dingzhong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Plant Growth And Development ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Plants detect and respond to pathogen invasion with membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and activate downstream immune responses. Here we report that Arabidopsis thaliana LORELEI-LIKE GPI-ANCHORED PROTEIN 1 (LLG1), a coreceptor of the receptor-like kinase FERONIA, regulates PRR signaling. In a forward genetic screen for suppressors of enhanced disease resistance 1 (edr1), we identified the point mutation llg1-3, which suppresses edr1 disease resistance but does not affect plant growth and development. The llg1 mutants show enhanced susceptibility to various virulent pathogens, indicating that LLG1 has an important role in plant immunity. LLG1 constitutively associates with the PAMP receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) and the elongation factor-Tu receptor, and forms a complex with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE 1 in a ligand-dependent manner, indicating that LLG1 functions as a key component of PAMP-recognition immune complexes. Moreover, LLG1 contributes to accumulation and ligand-induced degradation of FLS2, and is required for downstream innate immunity responses, including ligand-induced phosphorylation of BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 and production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, our findings reveal that LLG1 associates with PAMP receptors and modulates their function to regulate disease responses. As LLG1 functions as a coreceptor of FERONIA and plays central roles in plant growth and development, our findings indicate that LLG1 participates in separate pathways, and may suggest a potential connection between development and innate immunity in plants.

scholarly journals Phytocytokines function as immunological modulators of plant immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuguo Hou ◽  
Derui Liu ◽  
Ping He
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Endogenous Peptides ◽  
Immune Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Plant Plasma Membrane

AbstractPlant plasma membrane-resident immune receptors regulate plant immunity by recognizing microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and phytocytokines. Phytocytokines are plant endogenous peptides, which are usually produced in the cytosol and released into the apoplast when plant encounters pathogen infections. Phytocytokines regulate plant immunity through activating an overlapping signaling pathway with MAMPs/DAMPs with some unique features. Here, we highlight the current understanding of phytocytokine production, perception and functions in plant immunity, and discuss how plants and pathogens manipulate phytocytokine signaling for their own benefits during the plant-pathogen warfare.

scholarly journals Release mechanisms of major DAMPs

APOPTOSIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 152-162
Author(s):  
Atsushi Murao ◽  
Monowar Aziz ◽  
Haichao Wang ◽  
Max Brenner ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rna Binding ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
Membrane Channel ◽  
Membrane Rupture ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Shock Proteins ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Secretory Lysosomes

AbstractDamage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules which foment inflammation and are associated with disorders in sepsis and cancer. Thus, therapeutically targeting DAMPs has potential to provide novel and effective treatments. When establishing anti-DAMP strategies, it is important not only to focus on the DAMPs as inflammatory mediators but also to take into account the underlying mechanisms of their release from cells and tissues. DAMPs can be released passively by membrane rupture due to necrosis/necroptosis, although the mechanisms of release appear to differ between the DAMPs. Other types of cell death, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and NETosis, can also contribute to DAMP release. In addition, some DAMPs can be exported actively from live cells by exocytosis of secretory lysosomes or exosomes, ectosomes, and activation of cell membrane channel pores. Here we review the shared and DAMP-specific mechanisms reported in the literature for high mobility group box 1, ATP, extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein, histones, heat shock proteins, extracellular RNAs and cell-free DNA.

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