The costs of an epidemiological study

2018 ◽  
pp. 260-270
Author(s):  
Alan J. Silman ◽  
Gary J. Macfarlane ◽  
Tatiana Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Methodological Choices ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Is Value

Epidemiological studies can be very expensive, especially from large populations with multicentre recruitment. The researcher will need to ensure that there are adequate resources, allowing for the fact that things will not always go to plan, but making sure that the research is value for money. What is considered a reasonable cost will also depend on how strong the rationale is for conducting the study. Although in theory the study design influences the costs, in practice the resources available will often constrain the methodological choices. Costing an epidemiological study accurately at the start is vital. There are several ways to maximize the use of resources to ensure the study is efficient.

scholarly journals Mathematical modeling of directed acyclic graphs to explore competing causal mechanisms underlying epidemiological study data

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Havumaki ◽  
Marisa C. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Obesity Paradox ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Study Results

1AbstractAccurately estimating the effect of an exposure on an outcome requires understanding how variables relevant to a study question are causally related to each other. Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are used in epidemiology to understand causal processes and determine appropriate statistical approaches to obtain unbiased measures of effect. Compartmental models (CMs) are also used to represent different causal mechanisms, by depicting flows between disease states on the population level. In this paper, we extend a mapping between DAGs and CMs to show how DAG–derived CMs can be used to compare competing causal mechanisms by simulating epidemiological studies and conducting statistical analyses on the simulated data. Through this framework, we can evaluate how robust simulated epidemiological study results are to different biases in study design and underlying causal mechanisms. As a case study, we simulated a longitudinal cohort study to examine the obesity paradox: the apparent protective effect of obesity on mortality among diabetic ever-smokers, but not among diabetic never-smokers. Our simulations illustrate how study design bias (e.g., reverse causation), can lead to the obesity paradox. Ultimately, we show the utility of transforming DAGs into in silico laboratories within which researchers can systematically evaluate bias, and inform analyses and study design.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN MOTIVASI PENGGUNAAN MODERN DRESSING PADA PENDERITA ULKUS DIABEKTIKUM DI KELURAHAN KALIJIRAK DAN KELURAHAN WONOLOP O KECAMATAN TASIKMADU KARANGANYAR

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Budi Kristanto ◽  
Nur Cahyo Saputro ◽  
Elga Firdian Candra
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Diabetes Complications ◽  
Wound Care ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Diabetic Ulcers ◽  
The World ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The increasing prevalence of diabetes in the world led to an increase in cases of amputation due to diabetes complications. Epidemiological studies reported more than one million amputations are performed on people with diabetes each year. Therefore, prevention and appropriate management of lesions of the foot is the most important thing. The development of wound care is growing very rapidly in the world of health.Objective: This study aimed to compare the motivation of the use of modern dressings in patients with diabetic ulcers in the Wonolopo and Kalijirak villagedistrict of Karanganyar.Methods: This study is a comparative analytical study design to compare the motivation of the use of modern dressings in patients with diabetic ulcers in the Wonolopo and Kalijirak village district of Karanganyar.Respondents: The study sample was taken from the population of people who have diabetic ulcers in the Village Kalijirak as much as 20 and as many as 20 Wonolopo village.Results: Based on the results of independent sample t test with SPSS for Windows series 18 with α = 5% (0.05), obtained p equal to 0825 which means p> 0.05 it indicates that Ha is not accepted, which means there is no difference in motivation to use modern dressings in patients with diabetes mellitus with diabetic ulcers among respondents in the Village and Village Wonolopo Kalijirak.Keywords: Motivation, Modern dressings, Wound care

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF CORONARY DISEASE RISK FACTORS: 1. STUDY DESIGN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL STUDY SUBJECTS12

1968 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEN HUGHES ANDRUS ◽  
DAVID C. MILLER ◽  
REUEL A. STALLONES ◽  
S. PAUL EHRLICH ◽  
JOHN PAUL JONES
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Coronary Disease ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Individual Study

The Principles and Objectives of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (685) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
The Political ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Effectiveness Analysis ◽  
National Newspaper ◽  
Is Value

The terms “cost-effectiveness” and to a lesser degree “cost-benefit” analysis have become familiar words in the technical and national press, the former usually in relation to defence projects—the latter in relation to social projects, such as transport, power generation and building. Indeed, at the time of the last General Election the political correspondent of a national newspaper wrote, “Mr. Heath and Mr. Callaghan, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vied with each other in stressing the importance of cost-effectiveness, which used to be known as getting value for money”. The apparently simple concept of “value for money” raises three important issues: (i) how is “value” of defence and social projects quantified? (ii) what is the “money” involved, i.e. what are all the relevant costs? and (iii) what are the information and decision processes that are used in attempting to obtain “value for money“?

scholarly journals Design and implementation of observational studies to measure disease burden with a focus on stroke

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-165
Author(s):  
George Howard ◽  
Virginia J Howard
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Studies ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies

Observational epidemiological studies have the dual goals of measuring disease burden and assessing the association between exposures and outcomes. This report focuses on the first of these goals and provides an overview of design considerations of commonly used approaches, specifically community surveillance studies, cross-sectional studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Each of these designs has strengths and weaknesses, with no study design being superior in all cases. Rather, these designs are complementary to achieve a better understanding of the burden of stroke.

The swedish athletics study: design of a protocol for large-scale epidemiological studies in individual sports

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 354-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Jacobsson ◽  
T. Timpka ◽  
J. Ekberg ◽  
J. Kowalski ◽  
S. Nilsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Individual Sports

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGUKURAN KINERJA DENGAN PENDEKATAN VALUE FOR MONEY

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Rai Dwi Andayani W.
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Value For Money ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Public Work ◽  
Data Analysis Tool ◽  
Is Value

This research intends to determine the performance of irrigation physical activiies of Badung Regency in 2018 based on: 1) economy ratio, 2) efficiency ratio, and (3)effectiveness ratio. This research is a descriptive by analyzing progress report of Irrigation project in Badung Regency in 2018. Data collection method is documentation and Data analysis tool is value for money concept. The results of the research concludes that the performance of Public Work Office on irrigation physical activity in Badung Regency in 2018 has been: 1) economically with economy ratio averagely under 100%; 2) efficiently conducted with efficiency averagely under 100%; 3) effectively conducted with effectivenessration of 100% in average.

scholarly journals Analysis of contemporary epidemiological study research design formats on addressing functional food efficacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Pooja Agarwal ◽  
Emma Rutter ◽  
Danik M Martirosyan
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Functional Food ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Research

The entirety of this particular review article demonstrates an in-depth analysis of the overall functionality of nutritional functional foods, imperative bioactive compounds, and essential biomarkers within the metabolic pathway and in chronic disease progression. Specifically, this review article assesses the efficacy of a plethora of functional foods and their associated bioactive compounds via the interpretation of epidemiological research studies that were conducted in the following design formats: cohort design, case-control design, cross-sectional design, and randomized controlled trial design. Although there has been a source of ambiguity demonstrated by food scientists and government organizations surrounding what would be the standard definition of functional food, this review article attempts to advocate for a contemporary definition that acknowledges the primary attributes of present-day functional food. Having said this, the main intention of this review article is to help address the necessity of analyzing the overarching efficacy of specific functional foods via the analysis of different retrospective epidemiological studies. Moreover, this review article will acknowledge which specific epidemiological study research design format is most applicable in the evaluation of functional food products within upcoming epidemiological studies. Ultimately, food scientists and nutritionists alike will get the opportunity to develop an all-encompassing contemporary definition for functional food upon the recognition and incorporation of different epidemiological study research design formats in a timely and cost-effective manner. KEYWORDS: Functional food, bioactive compounds, biomarkers, epidemiology, cohort design, case-control design, cross-sectional design, and randomized controlled trial design.

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