Nursing patients with endocrine problems

2009 ◽  
pp. 303-326
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Nursing Interventions ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
Nursing Management ◽  
Nursing Assessment ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Hormones 304 Nursing assessment of patients with endocrine problems 306 Diagnostic tests 308 Endocrine gland disorders 310 Thyroid surgery 314 Diabetes mellitus 316 Presentation and treatment of diabetes 318 Nursing management of the patient with diabetes who is admitted to hospital 320 Nursing interventions for patients with diabetes ...

Hypoglycaemia in the treatment of diabetes mellitus

2011 ◽  
pp. 1849-1861
Author(s):  
Pratik Choudhary ◽  
Stephanie A. Amiel
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Chronic Complications ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
The Brain

Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose concentration) is the most important acute complication of the pharmacological treatment of diabetes mellitus. Low blood glucose impairs brain (and, potentially, cardiac) function. The brain has minimal endogenous stores of energy, with small amounts of glycogen in astroglial cells. The brain is therefore largely dependent on circulating glucose as the substrate to fuel cerebral metabolism and support cognitive performance. If blood glucose levels fall sufficiently, cognitive dysfunction is inevitable. In health, efficient glucose sensing and counterregulatory mechanisms exist to prevent clinically significant hypoglycaemia. These are impaired by diabetes and by its therapies. Patients with diabetes rank fear of hypoglycaemia as highly as fear of chronic complications such as nephropathy or retinopathy (1). Fear of hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemia itself and attempts to avoid hypoglycaemia limit the degree to which glycaemic control can be intensified to reduce the risk of chronic complications of diabetes both for type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Design and Estimation of Fast Dissolving Tablet by using Novel Techniques for Effective Treatment of Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2345-2349
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Pancreatic Islets ◽  
Protein Digestion ◽  
Lipid Digestion ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type Ii ◽  
Insulin Reaction ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Postprandial Insulin

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic issue it is brought about by a flat out or relative absence of insulin that, among different outcomes, increments in plasma glucose fixation related to change hyperglycemia and unsettling influence of lipid digestion, starch digestion, additionally protein digestion. Glipizide, a secondgen sulfonylurea, is utilized with diet to bring down blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. The essential method of activity of glipizide in exploratory creatures seems, by all accounts, to be the incitement of insulin emission from the beta cells of pancreatic islet tissue and is in this way reliant on working -cells in the pancreatic islets. In human's glipizide seems to bring down the blood glucose intensely by invigorating the arrival of insulin from the pancreas, an impact subordinate after working -cells in the pancreatic islets. In man, incitement of insulin discharge by glipizide because of a feast is undoubtedly vital. Fasting insulin levels are not raised even on long haul glipizide organization, yet the postprandial insulin reaction keeps on being upgraded after at any rate a half year of treatment.

Diabetes und Herzinsuffizienz

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (03) ◽  
pp. 180-192
Author(s):  
Philipp H. Baldia ◽  
Nikolaus Marx ◽  
Katharina A. Schütt
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hospitalization Rates ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
Positive Effect

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is a very important comorbidity in patients with heart failure, as the common presence of both diseases significantly worsens the prognosis of patients. In order to improve the outcome of these patients, it is essential to diagnose both diseases at an early stage and to treat them in accordance with guidelines. In particular, a differentiated medication plays a crucial role. The therapy of heart failure does not differ in patients with diabetes and patients without diabetes. In the treatment of diabetes mellitus, however, it is very important to choose substances that have a positive effect on the cardiovascular outcome of patients. First-line treatment of diabetes in patients with cardiovascular diseases should be metformin, followed by a SGLT-2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist with proven cardiac benefit. A rigorous adjustment of risk factors according to current guidelines reduces cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization rates. Glitazones and saxagliptin are associated with increased hospitalization rates and should be avoided in heart failure.

Momordica charantia Extracts in Selected Media:Screening of Phytochemical Content and In vitro Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Properties

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora-Glad Chizoba Ekezie ◽  
W. Jessie Suneetha ◽  
K. Uma Maheswari ◽  
T. N. V. K. V. Prasad ◽  
B. Anila Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a multifunctional disorder which is increasing rapidly in most parts of the world. It has been estimated that up to one third of patients with diabetes mellitus use some form of complementary and alternative medicine. One plant that has received the most attention for its anti-diabetic properties is Momordica charantia commonly referred to as bitter gourd. In this study, bitter gourd was extracted in various media i.e. ethanol, water, citric acid, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. The samples were evaluated for their in-vitro ability to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes activity. Ethanol extract was observed to have maximum inhibition against these enzymes. The IC<sub>50</sub> values recorded for inhibition of α-amylase activity were 81.34, 87.56, 83.89, 97.71 and 83.12 μg/ml respectively for crude extracts of ethanol, water, citric acid, Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and NaCl. Similarly, the ability of extracts to inhibit α-glucosidase was reflected in the result pattern ethanol&lt;Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>&lt;NaCl&lt;aqueous&lt;citric acid (i.e. 72.81&lt;75.66&lt;80.15&lt;81.22&lt;83.85 μg/ml). Therefore, ethanol extract has potential applications in developing drug therapy for the treatment of diabetes using bitter gourd.

scholarly journals Workshop on «Essential» Phospholipids in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemias

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-63
Author(s):  
V. A. Bespalova ◽  
M. Kundurovich
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Hypoglycemic Agents ◽  
Diabetic Angiopathies ◽  
Adequate Dose ◽  
Medical Library ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Essential Phospholipids

A scientific and practical symposium Essential phospholipids in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia organized by RON-PULENK RORER (Cologne, Germany) was held at the State Central Scientific Medical Library of the Ministry of Health of Russia. The basic concept of the development of dyslipidemia (DLP) and the working classification of this metabolic state were presented in a report by Yu. A. Knyazev (Moscow). In the message K. Gundermann et al. (Cologne, Germany) the mechanism of action of essential phospholipids (EPL) at the molecular level, the level of insulin receptor and postreceptor interactions in cytomembranes, as well as in lipolytic and cholinesterizing enzyme systems was described. The feasibility of using EPL preparations for the prevention of diabetic angiopathies (AP) by transplanting pancreatic incretory cell cultures, with conservative and surgical treatment of AP with the aim of stabilizing or even reversing the development of atherosclerotic vascular lesions, was substantiated in a report by A. A. Chirkin et al. (Vitebsk, Belarus). The results of the study of intravascular microcirculation in patients with diabetes with clinical signs of AP made it possible to evaluate lipostabil (a drug containing EPL and prescribed together with hypoglycemic agents) as an effective tool in the plasma-cell type of microcirculatory disorders in patients with diabetes aged 19 to 68 years (I. M Kakhnovsky et al., Moscow). Under the influence of lipostabil forte, an increase in insulin sensitivity is possible (L. L. Vakhrusheva et al., Moscow), which underlies a decrease in the need for exogenous insulin and a tendency to normalize indicators of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, the level of counterinsulin hormones. 6 months after the start of lipostabil forte administration, an inhibition of AP progression was noted against the background of an adequate dose of insulin.

Thyroidectomy Complications in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sei Y. Chung ◽  
Aparna Govindan ◽  
Archana Babu ◽  
Andrew Tassler
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Vocal Cord ◽  
Thyroid Surgery ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Multivariate Techniques ◽  
Vocal Cord Paresis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Objective To (1) analyze postoperative thyroidectomy outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), who are prone to deleterious effects of glucose dysmetabolism, and (2) apply findings to optimize perioperative management of diabetics requiring thyroid surgery. Study Design Retrospective database analysis. Setting University hospital. Subjects and Methods The National Inpatient Sample was queried using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and Procedure Coding System (PCS) codes for patients with benign or malignant thyroid disease who underwent thyroid surgery between 2002 and 2013. An analysis of demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative outcomes was conducted between a DM vs non-DM cohort using bivariate and multivariate techniques. Results In total, 103,842 cases met inclusion criteria; 14.2% were diabetics. Diabetics had significantly higher rates of baseline comorbid chronic pulmonary disease, hypertension, obesity, and anemia. Following thyroidectomy, patients with DM were more likely to have vocal cord paresis or paralysis compared to non-DM patients (2.0% vs 1.3%; P < .001). However, when adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, there was no significant difference in this complication between the 2 groups. Diabetics had independently higher rates of cardiac, pulmonary, and urinary complications, as well as transfusion, reintubation, and in-hospital mortality. Diabetics had longer hospital stays (2.76 vs 1.97; P < .001) with higher incurred hospital charges (32,921 vs 25,198; P < .001). Conclusion Although DM often confers metabolic and ischemic derangements secondary to hyperglycemia such as neuropathy, this comorbidity was not independently associated with higher rates of vocal cord paresis or paralysis following thyroid surgery. However, DM predicted other adverse outcomes, including greater cardiac, pulmonary, and urinary complications, as well as transfusion, reintubation, and in-hospital mortality.

Insulin Lispro: Its Role in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus

1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 1263-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Keith Campbell ◽  
Lance K Campbell ◽  
John R White
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Insulin ◽  
Insulin Lispro ◽  
Regular Human Insulin ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Analog Insulin ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To introduce a rapid-acting human insulin analog, insulin lispro; to review its pharmacology, therapeutics, pharmacokinetics, dosing guidelines, adverse effects, and drug interactions; and to summarize the clinical trials of its efficacy and safety alone and in comparison with regular human insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE database search was completed to identify all relevant articles, including reviews; Eli Lilly and Co.; published articles and abstracts; and review chapters from medical textbooks. STUDY SELECTION: Due to the relatively few citations listed in MEDLINE (12 as of December 1995), most of the studies reported were found from abstracts summarizing the clinical action, adverse effects, or pharmacokinetics of insulin lispro in healthy volunteers or patients with diabetes mellitus. A few of the studies used patients with diabetes mellitus in multicenter, randomized, crossover trials of insulin lispro. DATA EXTRACTION: All clinical trials that were available prior to submission of this manuscript for publication, including unpublished reports, were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: The human insulin analog, insulin lispro, which is biosynthetically made by inverting the amino acid sequence of human insulin at B-28 and B-29, is more effective than regular human insulin in improving postprandial glucose control. Subcutaneous injections of insulin lispro result in decreased blood glucose peaks following meals and a potential decreased risk of hypoglycemic episodes, including nighttime hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes. Insulin lispro in comparison with regular human insulin provides equal or slightly better blood glucose control. When compared with subcutaneous injections of regular human insulin, the peak serum insulin concentration of insulin lispro is three times higher, time to peak is 4.2 times faster, the absorption rate constant is double, and the duration of action is half as long. Insulin lispro is similar to regular human insulin with reference to dose, toxicity, adverse effects, drug interactions, and imrnunogenicity. When insulin lispro is mixed with human NPH (isophane) or Lente insulins, insulin lispro should be drawn into the syringe first, mixed with the long-acting insulin, and injected immediately after mixing. Patients using insulin lispro perceive an improvement in their well-being and quality of life due to flexible injection times and less frequent hypoglycemic reactions. Insulin lispro is believed to be suitable for patients using insulin infusion pumps. CONCLUSIONS: Insulin lispro is equipotent to human insulin and has a much more rapid onset and shorter duration of action than human insulin does, which may reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. In addition, insulin lispro improves the dosing convenience for patients with diabetes and provides a more natural control of blood glucose concentrations. Insulin lispro is a useful new agent in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Course and treatment of diabetes mellitus in the context of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
Marina V. Shestakova ◽  
Natalya G. Mokrysheva ◽  
Ivan I. Dedov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Virus Attack ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Clinical Drug Trials ◽  
Clinical Drug

In 2020, the world is facing a historically unparalleled public health challenge associated with the invasion of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is also a challenge for the healthcare systems worldwide. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) are most vulnerable to COVID-19 because of the peculiarities of their immune response to a virus attack and due to their high susceptibility to viral activity because of hyperglycemia and other comorbid conditions and obesity that often accompany DM. The severity of the COVID-19 disease requires a mandatory review of the usual anti-hyperglycemic therapy. Maintaining optimal glycemic control and preventing the development of ketoacidosis remain extremely important; therefore, insulin becomes the priority drug for glycemic control in most cases. The search for new drugs to fight against the coronavirus infection continues with new randomised clinical drug trials being launched. Innovative anti-diabetic agents are also being tested as candidates for potentially effective anti-coronavirus agents.

PSYCHOEMOTIONAL FEATURES OF PATIENTS WITH DIABETES MELLITUS

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
У.Т. БАГЫСБАЕВА ◽  
Г.А. ТУРСЫНБАЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Psychological Status ◽  
Psychoemotional State ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Treatment Of Diabetes ◽  
Somatic State ◽  
Diagnosis Of Diabetes Mellitus

В наше время сахарный диабет является одним из наиболее распространенных хронических заболеваний. Он существенно влияет на качество жизни пациента. По данным литературы известно, что в лечении сахарного диабета акцент ставится на коррекцию соматического состояния пациентов. Психологический статус пациентов остается недостаточно изученным. У больных с сахарным диабетом часто выявляются изменения в психоэмоциональном состоянии. На фоне метаболических расстройств такие пациенты более подвержены воздействию стрессовых ситуаций, эмоциональному перенапряжению и негативным компонентам внешней среды, что существенно влияет на снижение ресурсов организма. Психоэмоциональные проблемы могут сыграть большую роль в течении и исходе данного заболевания. Поэтому можно утверждать, что изучение эмоционального и психического состояния пациентов с диагнозом «сахарный диабет» является важным аспектом в работе врача, т.к. от этого зависит успешность адаптации больного к условиям жизни, связанным с болезнью. In our time, diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases. It significantly affects the quality of life of the patient. According to the literature, it is known that in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, the emphasis is placed on the correction of the somatic state of patients. The psychological status of patients remains poorly understood. In patients with diabetes mellitus, changes in the psychoemotional state are often detected. Against the background of metabolic disorders, such patients are more susceptible to stressful situations, emotional overstrain and negative components of the external environment, which significantly affects the reduction of the body's resources. Psychoemotional problems can play a big role in the course and outcome of this disease. Therefore, it can be argued that the study of the emotional and mental state of patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is an important aspect in the work of a doctor, since The success of the patient's adaptation to the living conditions associated with the disease depends on this.

Intramuscular Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction Alteration In Extraocular Muscles of Diabetic Mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 682-683
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Pachter
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Extraocular Muscles ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Oculomotor Palsy ◽  
Third Nerve Palsy ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Intramuscular Nerve ◽  
Oculomotor Nerves

Diabetes mellitus is one of the commonest causes of neuropathy. Diabetic neuropathy is a heterogeneous group of neuropathic disorders to which patients with diabetes mellitus are susceptible; more than one kind of neuropathy can frequently occur in the same individual. Abnormalities are also known to occur in nearly every anatomic subdivision of the eye in diabetic patients. Oculomotor palsy appears to be common in diabetes mellitus for their occurrence in isolation to suggest diabetes. Nerves to the external ocular muscles are most commonly affected, particularly the oculomotor or third cranial nerve. The third nerve palsy of diabetes is characteristic, being of sudden onset, accompanied by orbital and retro-orbital pain, often associated with complete involvement of the external ocular muscles innervated by the nerve. While the human and experimental animal literature is replete with studies on the peripheral nerves in diabetes mellitus, there is but a paucity of reported studies dealing with the oculomotor nerves and their associated extraocular muscles (EOMs).

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