Introduction to ethics

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Anna Smajdor ◽  
Jonathan Herring ◽  
Robert Wheeler

This chapter introduces the concept of medical ethics. It describes how the ancient Hippocratic Oath and its more modern formulations have provided a basis for ethical practice. It emphasises the importance of critical thinking, requiring reasons for acting in a particular way

2022 ◽  
Vol 99 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 409-413
Author(s):  
P. E. Krynyukov ◽  
V. B. Simonenko ◽  
V. G. Abashin ◽  
G. R. Musailov

The article deals with the history of the origin of Hippocratic Oath, the main issues of professional medical (medical) ethics (bioethics) from the standpoint of modern trends in the development of medicine: euthanasia, induced abortion, gender relations and transgender transition.


2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Waddington ◽  
Andrea Scott-Bell ◽  
Dominic Malcolm

This paper examines one of the major ethical challenges in the practice of sports medicine, confidentiality. Drawing on interview and questionnaire data with doctors and physiotherapists working in English professional football clubs, it explores the degree to which ethical compliance has improved since the publication of, and publicity surrounding, an earlier study of medical practice in professional football conducted by Waddington and Roderick. Thus, it provides an updated empirical examination of the management of medical ethics in sport. The data illustrate how the physical and social environmental constraints of sports medicine practice impinge upon the protection of athlete-patient confidentiality, how ethical codes and conflicting obligations converge to shape clinician behaviour in relation to lifestyle and injury issues, and the ethically problematic contractual constraints under which clinicians and athletes operate. It demonstrates that medical ethical practice continues to be very variable and draws on Freidson’s work on medical ‘work settings’ to argue that there is a need to augment existing confidentiality policies with more structurally oriented approaches to ensure both professional autonomy and medical ethical compliance in sport.


1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ren-Zong Qiu

Chinese medicine has a history of at least 2,000 years. The first explicit literature on medical ethics did not appear until the seventh century when a physician named Sun Simiao wrote a famous treatise titled “On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians” in his work The Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Pieces of Gold. In this treatise, later called The Chinese Hippocratic Oath, Sun Simiao required the physician to develop first a sense of compassion and piety, and then to make a commitment to try to save every living creature, to treat every patient on equal grounds, and to avoid seeking wealth because of his expertise.


2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Kazimierz Szałata

This article is written in French. The article is a presentation of a lecture delivered on the International Science Session “Ethics, Finances and Responsibility”, which took place on October the 3rd and 4th, 2008 in Chateau de Bossey near Geneva. Searching for sources of ethic thoughts connected with difficult moral problems of the contemporary world, the author deals with the oldest, well known writing about the ethical practice of medicine, the Hippocratic Oath. Presenting the plenteous, philosophical- ethical contents of the Oath and the history of the growth on it the Hippocratic tradition enriched in experience of the Christian anthropology, the author identifies its norms and rules. Unfortunately, since the Enlightenment times, especially the nineteenth century Positivism the tradition has been seriously disturbed. Together with the questioning the Aristotelean-Thomism anthropology, the doubts appeared related to the matter of protection of life since the conception until the natural death. Whereas new, legal regulations connected with the progress of in medical studies request deep anthropological and philosophical reflection, which would bring back the importance of the forgotten Hippocratic tradition, where in the center of medical actions is a man who needs help.


2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiser Mahmood

Medical ethics has a very long history and it investigates ethical issues arising in medicine and health care provision by applying the principles of moral philosophy. The ancient ethical codes were often expressed in the form of oaths. The best known medical oath in the western tradition is the Oath of Hippocrates and often regarded as the very foundation of Western medical ethics. The Hippocratic School produced a large body of writings on medicine, science and ethics. In the ensuing centuries the principles of Christian humanism dominated the practice of medicine. Towards the end of 18th century the role of physicians in dealing with disease in individuals as well as population groups led to the drafting codes of professional conduct. Changing attitudes of society and the major advances in medical science at the beginning of the 20th centuries led to recognition of the need for modification of the Hippocratic Oath. This need was met by the Declaration of Geneva, formulated by the World Medical Association in 1947, supplemented by Declaration on particular aspects of medical ethics. Now, the advanced medical technologies or revolutionary developments in the biomedical sciences as well as in clinical medicine and its communication to the public has led to a growing need for the medical professional to be fully aware of society`s views on various developments. This, no doubt, enables ethical guidelines to reflect and safeguard the interests and wellbeing of patients.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasaw Adane ◽  
Ligabaw Worku ◽  
Teshiwal Deress ◽  
Adino Tesfahun

Abstract Objective A patient with health problems seek healthcare services from healthcare professionals. Their patient-provider relationships are usually affected by roles, gifts, services, and physical contact. The major ethical healthcare practices focus on respecting patient’s freedom and basic human rights. However, there are only limited references materials issued on medical ethics and ethical medical practices. Hence, this review article tries to describe the important aspects of ethical practices in healthcare delivery. Methods Initially, idea conceptualization, planning and keyword defining were for the development of this material. The keywords were medical ethics, code of ethics, bioethics, ethical practice, quality service and healthcare ethics. Result Then, two authors independently assessed published materials using EndNote® program from PubMed (NML) and Google Scholar databases. Finally, from a total of 721 full-text articles downloaded, 34 published article meeting inclusion criteria were included in this article. Conclusion Adherence to high ethical and moral standards, responding to societal needs and reflection social contract, subordinating self-interest to the interest of others and the manifestation of the core human values are all expected from healthcare professionals. Ethical and legal dimensions of medicine are very important. Hence, providing high-quality patient care at low cost and compliance with ethical and moral standards is the most common reason for the incompliance with medical ethics. Hence, healthcare professionals are expected to have a minimum level of knowledge on ethical concepts, favorable attitude, and a minimum level of skill to comply with regulatory and ethical requirements in all situations.


1972 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Veatch

From the first, professional ethics has been a hybrid. The Hippocratic Oath exudes that ambiguity. The scientific enterprise, which basically has universalistic tendencies, created a group with special knowledge and interests; eventually it took on a separate identity as a profession. Concern for the ethical point of view, which has the universalizability of normative statements as its foundation, is particularized by focusing on a specialized body of knowledge of a restricted professional group.


Author(s):  
Iswarya S. ◽  
Bhuvaneshwari S.

Background: There has been growing public awareness regarding the ethical conduct of medical practitioners, and complaints against physicians appear to be escalating. After completing their studies, healthcare professionals are expected to know ethical principles and apply them in their clinical practice. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical ethics among final year medical students.Methods: Cross sectional study was conducted among final year Medical students in a private medical college. After obtaining permission from Institutional ethics committee, the purpose of the study and nature of information which has to be furnished from the students was explained to them. Willingness to participate in the study was obtained from participants using written consent form. Data was collected among 135 medical students using pre tested self-administered questionnaire. The respondents were asked to grade their responses on a 3 point Likert scale.Results: Study results showed majority 87% of students felt patient wishes must always be adhered to. In contrast 65% of students felt doctors must do what is best irrespective of patient’s opinion. About 64.7% of them disagreed consent is required only in case of operations and not for tests and medications. Nearly half (47%) of the students were of opinion privacy of the patient must not be ignored for benefit of larger group.Conclusions: The fact that many respondents had neutral opinion to some questions may indicate their lack of awareness or knowledge in that area and their inability to decide. Hence there should be sufficient training classes, workshops, conferences to stress the importance of ethical practice. 


2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Herranz Rodríguez

L’obiettivo fondamentale di questo articolo è quello di confrontare due versioni del giuramento di Ippocrate: quello famoso pagano e il “Giuramento secondo Ippocrate per come dovrebbe essere prestato da un cristiano”, pressocché sconosciuto. L’atteggiamento dei primi cristiani verso la medicina è stata guidata dalla loro memoria viva di Gesù, che, come guaritore e consolatore, non ha mai negato il suo aiuto ai malati, non solo ebrei, ma anche samaritani o pagani. I primi medici cristiani, di conseguenza, non ponevamo i pazienti in una posizione preferenziale, e quindi erano in grado di sviluppare una sintesi specifica di abilità professionale, di amore fraterno e il senso salvifico della sofferenza. Essi hanno risposto alla malattia umana non con esorcismi e magia, ma con la medicina e con un’etica medica sorprendentemente “moderna”. La versione cristiana del Giuramento presenta, nonostante l’accoglienza alla lettera di molti principi del giuramento pagano, alcune novità rivoluzionarie. La sostituzione nel giuramento alle divinità pagane con l’invocazione a Dio Padre e la dichiarazione di “non mentire” pone la nuova formula in una prospettiva di trascendenza e l’eternità. L’alleanza tra maestro e discepolo con l’aggiunta dei propri doveri di aiuti finanziari e dipendenza pratica si è mutata in un aperto riconoscimento del reciproco rispetto tra insegnante e studente. Nel nuovo contesto, l’essere posseduti da una forte vocazione professionale, diventa l’unico requisito per l’accesso all’apprendimento dell’arte medica. Ora la lealtà verso il paziente ha la precedenza sulla sottomissione al maestro: il corporativismo medico è bandito. La versione cristiana omette anche la la “clausola chirurgica”, così che le vecchie barriere alla pari dignità di tutte le specialità mediche sono state rimosse. In considerazione di questi e di altri valori del Giuramento cristiano, l’autore si rammarica della quasi universale ignoranza di questo importante documento, e della scarsità di studi dedicato alla sua storia e ai suoi contenuti. Il confronto delle due versioni, pagana e cristiana, aiuta a comprendere l’impatto emotivo e permanente che i medici cristiani dell’antichità hanno determinato all’etica della medicina. ---------- The basic aim of this article is to compare two versions of the Hippocratic Oath: the famous pagan one and the almost unknown “Oath according to Hippocrates in so far as a Christian may swear it”. The attitude of early Christians toward medicine was guided by their lively remembrance of Jesus, who, as healer and comforter, never denied his help to the sick, not only Jews, but also Samaritans or Pagans. Early Christian physicians, in consequence, placed patients without discrimination in a preferential position, and so they were able to develop a specific synthesis of professional prowess, brotherly love and a redemptive sense of suffering. They responded to human disease not with exorcisms or magic, but with medicine and with a surprisingly “modern” medical ethics. The Christian version of the Oath introduces, despite its literal acceptance of many tenets of the Pagan Oath, some revolutionary novelties. The substitution of the swearing by the pagan deities for the invocation to God the Father and the declaration “I lie not” places the new formula in a perspective of transcendence and eternity. The old covenant between master and disciple with its added duties of financial help and practice dependence is changed to an open recognition of mutual respect between teacher and student. In the new circumstances, to be possessed by a strong professional calling becomes the only requirement for access to the medical art’s learning. Now loyalty to the patient takes precedence over submissiveness to the master: medical corporativism is banished. The Christian version omits also the “surgery clause”, so the old barriers to the equal dignity of all medical specialties are removed. In view of these and other values of the Christian Oath, the author regrets the almost universal ignorance surrounding this important document, and the scarcity of studies devoted to its history and contents. All the same, the comparison of both versions, Pagan and Christian, of the Oath helps to understand the impressive and permanent impact that Christian physicians of the Antiquity brought about to the ethics of medicine.


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