scholarly journals From non-conscious processing to conscious events: a minimalist approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asael Y Sklar ◽  
Rasha Kardosh ◽  
Ran R Hassin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Minimalist Approach ◽  
Conscious Processing ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Conscious Processes

Abstract The minimalist approach that we develop here is a framework that allows to appreciate how non-conscious processing and conscious contents shape human cognition, broadly defined. It is composed of three simple principles. First, cognitive processes are inherently non-conscious, while their inputs and (interim) outputs may be consciously experienced. Second, non-conscious processes and elements of the cognitive architecture prioritize information for conscious experiences. Third, conscious events are composed of series of conscious contents and non-conscious processes, with increased duration leading to more opportunity for processing. The narrowness of conscious experiences is conceptualized here as a solution to the problem of channeling the plethora of non-conscious processes into action and communication processes that are largely serial. The framework highlights the importance of prioritization for consciousness, and we provide an illustrative review of three main factors that shape prioritization—stimulus strength, motivational relevance and mental accessibility. We further discuss when and how this framework (i) is compatible with previous theories, (ii) enables new understandings of established findings and models, and (iii) generates new predictions and understandings.

Précis ofUnified theories of cognition

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Newell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Syllogistic Reasoning ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Unified Theory ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Unified Theories

AbstractThe book presents the case that cognitive science should turn its attention to developing theories of human cognition that cover the full range of human perceptual, cognitive, and action phenomena. Cognitive science has now produced a massive number of high-quality regularities with many microtheories that reveal important mechanisms. The need for integration is pressing and will continue to increase. Equally important, cognitive science now has the theoretical concepts and tools to support serious attempts at unified theories. The argument is made entirely by presenting an exemplar unified theory of cognition both to show what a real unified theory would be like and to provide convincing evidence that such theories are feasible. The exemplar is SOAR, a cognitive architecture, which is realized as a software system. After a detailed discussion of the architecture and its properties, with its relation to the constraints on cognition in the real world and to existing ideas in cognitive science, SOAR is used as theory for a wide range of cognitive phenomena: immediate responses (stimulus-response compatibility and the Sternberg phenomena); discrete motor skills (transcription typing); memory and learning (episodic memory and the acquisition of skill through practice); problem solving (cryptarithmetic puzzles and syllogistic reasoning); language (sentence verification and taking instructions); and development (transitions in the balance beam task). The treatments vary in depth and adequacy, but they clearly reveal a single, highly specific, operational theory that works over the entire range of human cognition, SOAR is presented as an exemplar unified theory, not as the sole candidate. Cognitive science is not ready yet for a single theory – there must be multiple attempts. But cognitive science must begin to work toward such unified theories.

scholarly journals Writing with Automated Machines: Between Translation and Sabotage

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
Ana Marques
Keyword(s):  
Information Theory ◽  
Political Ecology ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Evolution Of Technology

A generative text is a system constituted by non-conscious and conscious cognizers, digital and analogue processes, and mathematical and linguistic modes of representation. But how do algorithms cognize? And how is meaning constructed in a system where authorial intentions and readers’ experiences and interpretations are mediated by algorithmic agents? Through the analysis of How It Is In Common Tongues (Cayley and Howe, 2012), I intend to discuss the tensions that arise from the encounter between algorithmic and human cognition, and between the regimes of information and expression. Drawing on Katherine Hayles’ view on the cognitive non-conscious and Claude Shannon’s information theory I will start by establishing a distinction between information and meaning, between communication and expression, and between the regimes of information and of the literary. To reflect on the political ecology of digital mediation (situated in the informational regime of cybernetics), I will consider Matteo Pasquinelli’s perspective on the co-evolution of technology and economics, and discuss how algorithmic cognitive processes embody and reinforce the structures of contemporary cognitive capitalism. Finally, I will discuss the strategies of resistance enabled by aesthetic approaches to computation, such as the ones explored in this case study.

scholarly journals Creating Something Different: Similarity, Contrast, and Representativeness in Categorization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph L. Austerweil ◽  
Shi Xian Liew ◽  
Nolan Bradley Conaway ◽  
Kenneth J. Kurtz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Category Learning ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Concept Generation ◽  
Statistical Structure ◽  
Representativeness Heuristic ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Computational Analyses

The ability to generate new concepts and ideas is among the most fascinating aspects of human cognition, but we do not have a strong understanding of the cognitive processes and representations underlying concept generation. In this paper, we study the generation of new categories using the computational and behavioral toolkit of traditional artificial category learning. Previous work in this domain has focused on how the statistical structure of known categories generalizes to generated categories, overlooking whether (and if so, how) contrast between the known and generated categories is a factor. We report three experiments demonstrating that contrast between what is known and what is created is of fundamental importance for categorization. We propose two novel approaches to modeling category contrast: one focused on exemplar dissimilarity and another on the representativeness heuristic. Our experiments and computational analyses demonstrate that both models capture different aspects of contrast’s role in categorization.

Human Cognitive Processes

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Slava Kalyuga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Memory Knowledge ◽  
High Level

One of the major components of our cognitive architecture, working memory, becomes overloaded if more than a few chunks of information are processed simultaneously. For example, we all experience this cognitive overload when trying to keep in memory an unfamiliar telephone number or add two four-digit numbers in the absence of a pen and paper. Similar in nature processing limitations of working memory represent a major factor influencing the effectiveness of human learning and performance, particularly in complex environments that require concurrent performance of multiple tasks. The learner prior domain-specific knowledge structures and associated levels of expertise are considered as means of reducing these limitations and guiding high-level knowledge-based cognitive activities. One of the most important results of studies in human cognition is that the available knowledge is a single most significant learner cognitive characteristic that influences learning and cognitive performance. Understanding the key role of long-term memory knowledge base in our cognition is important to the successful management of cognitive load in multimedia learning.

Cognitive Issues in Bible Translation: The Biblical Text in the Context of Human Experience

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-56
Author(s):  
R. Daniel Shaw ◽  
Danny DeLoach ◽  
Jonathan Grimes ◽  
John O. Luchivia ◽  
Sheryl Silzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Interactive Environments ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Cognitive Studies ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive studies affect all disciplines that reflect the connection between the mind–brain and human behavior. To state the obvious, Bible translation is a multidisciplinary task influenced by cognitive processes. What, then, do Bible translators need to know about the intended communication of a biblical text on one hand and a people’s context-based inferences on the other? Can these disparate, but necessarily interactive, environments blend to reflect a totality of knowledge from the content of the biblical text? Together, the coauthors explore a variety of cognitive processes that reflect on the relationship between translation and human behavior. Our objective is to show how translated biblical text interfaces with human cognition to affect behavior in specific contexts.

scholarly journals The evolution of religious cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Fraser Watts
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human System ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Evolution Of Religion ◽  
Two Phases

Several accounts of the evolution of religion distinguish two phases: an earlier shamanic stage and a later doctrinal stage. Similarly, several theories of human cognition distinguish two cognitive modes: a phylogenetically older system that is largely intuitive and a later, more distinctively human system that is more rational and articulate. This article suggests that cognition in the earlier stage in the evolution of religion is largely at the level of intuition, whereas the cognition of doctrine or religion is more conceptual and rational. Early religious cognition is more embodied and is more likely to carry healing benefits. The evolutionary origins of religion in humans seem to depend on developments in the cognitive architecture. It is further suggested that the cognition of early religion shows less conceptual differentiation, is characteristically participatory rather than objectifying and is less individualistic. The development of religion in recent centuries appears to show some approximate recapitulation of the stages through which religion originally evolved.

Toward an Affective Aesthetics: Cognitive-Driven Interaction in the Affective Environment of the Mind Cupola

Leonardo ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitta Zics
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Affective Responses ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Human Response ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cognitive Feedback ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents two interactive artworks that represent a shift in artistic practice in their approach to active spectatorship. This approach to interaction incorporates the cognitive processes of the participant through an aesthetic interconnection between technological effect and affective human response. The discussion of the artworks seeks to demonstrate how this aesthetic interconnection creates a novel approach to an engagement with interaction, while suggesting a new forum for addressing the philosophical problem of the relationship between body and mind. This aesthetic interconnection between technology and human cognition, which will be referred to as affective aesthetics, is stimulated by introducing a novel application of emerging technologies that dynamically effect and evaluate the participant's affective responses through cognitive feedback loops within interactive artworks.

Cognition et communication: Un paradigme de recherche et d’application

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 656-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valery Nosulenko ◽  
Elena Samoylenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Quality Approach ◽  
Russian Research

The paradigm ‘Cognition and Communication’ has served as a methodological basis for interdisciplinary studies carried out within the framework of Franco-Russian research projects in the field of psychology. The importance of investigating human cognition and activity in relationship with communication processes has been taken as a starting-point for these studies. This 25-year collaboration has made possible the development of new perspectives (e.g. the perceived quality approach) and research methods (e.g. techniques of free verbalization analysis) as well as their application in field studies. This collaboration has also resulted in a fruitful exchange of theoretical approaches among French and Russian researchers. The studies carried out in the field of cognition and communication have involved a number of disciplines: general, experimental and social psychology, ergonomics and education. This article presents a synthesis of a number of results obtained within the framework of Franco-Russian projects as well as various perspectives for future collaboration.

Creative Stimulation in Conceptual Design

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oren Benami ◽  
Yan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Modeling ◽  
Protocol Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Creative Design ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Relationship

Conceptual design is a process of creating functions, forms and behaviors. Although cognitive processes are utilized in the development of new ideas, conventional methodologies do not take human cognition into account. However, it is conceivable that if one could determine how cognitive processes are stimulated, then more effective conceptual design methods could be developed. In this paper, we develop a Cognitive Model of Creative Conceptual Design to capture the relationship between the properties that stimulate cognitive processes and the design operations that facilitate cognitive processes. Through cognitive modeling, protocol analysis, and cognitive experiments, this research showed that designers exhibit patterns of creative design behavior, and that these patterns can be captured and instilled into the design process, to promote creativity.

scholarly journals Integrating ACT-R Cognitive Models With the Unity Game Engine

2019 ◽  
pp. 512-535
Author(s):  
Paul Richard Smart ◽  
Tom Scutt ◽  
Katia Sycara ◽  
Nigel R. Shadbolt
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Game Engine ◽  
Virtual Characters ◽  
3D Environments ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
3D Virtual Environments

The main aim of the chapter is to describe how cognitive models, developed using the ACT-R cognitive architecture, can be integrated with the Unity game engine in order to support the intelligent control of virtual characters in both 2D and 3D virtual environments. ACT-R is a cognitive architecture that has been widely used to model various aspects of human cognition, such as learning, memory, problem-solving, reasoning and so on. Unity, on the other hand, is a very popular game engine that can be used to develop 2D and 3D environments for both game and non-game purposes. The ability to integrate ACT-R cognitive models with the Unity game engine thus supports the effort to create virtual characters that incorporate at least some of the capabilities and constraints of the human cognitive system.

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