scholarly journals Children’s Culture and Social Studies

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Hemelryk Donald ◽  
Zitong Qiu ◽  
Zhenhui Yan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
Children And Childhood ◽  
Youth Music ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Sphere Of Influence

The study of childhood is crucial to understanding contemporary Chinese society and culture. Successive generations of childhood since the mid-20th century have been given the burden of succession—of revolution, of reform, and now of globalization and national pride. They have been involved in wars as child soldiers; they have found themselves at the forefront of internal struggles for the very meaning of culture; and they have been assigned the task of taking Chinese science and technology to the pinnacle of modernity. Chinese society expects a lot from its children. Nonetheless, there are relatively few academic studies of the subject, although that situation is changing in line with the increasing academic focus on Chinese media, an area where younger generations are leading the way. This article seeks to provide an account of key foci in the study of childhood, while also extending the reach of the works cited to certain writings on “youth.” Childhood is a difficult category to pin down, as cultural and social norms can mean that a sixteen-year-old is a child in one place, but a working adult somewhere else. Here we keep to the United Nations Convention of the Rights of a Child (1988), of which China is a signatory, and mark infancy up to age two, and childhood up to seventeen years of age. However, we have still included titles that are concerned with youth over seventeen (approximately), when those discussions are also pertinent to an overall study of generational change. The twelve sections of this article are not exhaustive, but they tease out important themes: Annual Reports, Premodern History of Children and Childhood, Modern Histories of Childhood and Youth, the Child as a Sign of Value, Youth, Music and Literature, Television and Film, Media Use, Education, Anthropology, Politics and Psychology, and Rural Children. The overwhelming impression is one of a double contradiction. The study of the child entails a focus on the future, on abrupt change, and on China’s potential in the world. At the same time, it leads us back to longstanding discourses of social value, discourses that have been forged in the political philosophies of the Confucian tradition but that have developed through the governmental necessities of imperial systems, whereby education underpinned an imperial bureaucracy that spread across the imperial sphere of influence. Indeed, the Book of Rites is clear that the job of a ten-year-old is to study. Yet it was childhood that became the working metaphor for 20th-century critiques of that tradition, whereby lost childhoods such as of that of the peasant Runtu in Lu Xun’s seminal short story “Old Home” (first published in the radical magazine New Youth, 1921; see also Lu 1972, cited under Premodern History of Children and Childhood) were taken as causes and effects of an impoverished and emasculated China.

scholarly journals CHURCH DEANS’ ANNUAL REPORTS AS A SOURCE FOR REGIONAL HISTORY OF RUSSIAN IN THE 2ND HALF OF 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-84
Author(s):  
Вячеслав Николаевич Новак
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Church Life ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Working Out ◽  
The Church

В статье анализируется одна из функций благочинных в синодальный период - составление отчётов о состоянии приходских храмов вверенных им территорий. Анализируются как регламенты их составления, так и сами тексты за период со второй половины XIX до начала XX в. Несмотря на то, что правила их написания были достаточно четкими, сами тексты составлялись в относительно свободной форме, зависели от стараний их авторов и принятой местной традиции, а с течением времени становились все более подробными. Они отражают как специфику церковной жизни региона (например, отношение к синодальной Церкви разных этнических групп, традиционно придерживающихся иных религий), так и быта населения в целом, указывают на общие факторы, снижающие уровень религиозности и благочестия (революционные настроения, отходничество в город на заработки). Надежду на расширение научных знаний об этом виде источников автор связывает с дальнейшим изучением фондов местных духовных консисторий, куда они поступали. The author of this article analyzes one of the main functions of the deans (incl. rural deans) during the Synodal period - working out the reports on the condition in parish churches of the territories entrusted to these deans. The author examines both the regulations of making these reports as well as the text themselves, focusing on the period of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries. Despite the clear rules for writing of these repots, the texts were composed in a free form and depended on the efforts of their authors and local tradition. Over the time they turned out to be more and more detailed. They reflect both the specifics of the church life of the region (for example, attitudes towards the Synodal Church of different ethnic groups, traditionally adhering to other religions), and the life of the population as a whole. They pointed out the main factors that reduced the level of religiosity and piety (revolutionary ideas, migrations). The author connects the hope for expanding scientific knowledge about this type of sources with further study of the funds of local spiritual consistories, where these reports have been kept.

scholarly journals Researching the History of Chinese Logic

Asian Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Qingtian Cui
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
Chinese Logic ◽  
Short Presentation

During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the progressive intellectuals, who were confronted with the all-embracing crisis of Chinese society, yearned to find the new truth within the Western ideas on the one hand, and the works of the classical Chinese philosophy of the pre-Qin era on the other. These social and historical circumstances started the research into the history of Chinese logic. In the process of these investigations, it soon became clear that more appropriate methodologies were needed to explore Chinese logic, as those used for researching Western logic were not suitable for the task. The revival and modernization of such methods took place in the latter half of the 20th century, and one of the most important figures in these processes was Professor Wen Gongyi, who was hence one of the pioneers of modern research into the history of Chinese logic. Therefore, the present article also offers a short presentation of his biography and his contributions to the development of the research into traditional Chinese logic.

scholarly journals Ancient Chinese Political Thought

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Comparative Political Theory ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
Archeological Evidence ◽  
Chinese Texts ◽  
Chinese Political Thought

“Ancient Chinese political thought” refers to the reflections and discussions about politics during the period before the First Emperor established the Qin dynasty in 221 bce. Although one could also infer some political thought of that period from the other archeological evidence, the main sources of such reflections and discussions are texts believed to date back to that period, some of which became the foundation of Chinese education that began in the Han dynasty (210 bce–220 ce) and lasted till the beginning of the 20th century. Although disrupted by the turbulent history of China’s encounter with modernity in the early 20th century, the study of ancient Chinese texts has become the center of what is known as “national studies (guoxue国学)” in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) today, with institutes devoted to it in many Chinese universities, supporting researchers from various disciplines. In the revival of Confucianism coupled with the rise of cultural nationalism in mainland China, many Chinese scholars have turned to ancient Chinese political thought for inspiration in their search for distinctively Chinese perspectives on politics, both local and global, and they advocate Chinese alternatives or models to address contemporary challenges. With limited space, the publications selected for this article make up only a small fraction of the works in English and even fewer in Mandarin that discuss ancient Chinese political thought. (The focus on English works is due to the consideration that not all readers of this article would be able to read Mandarin.) In addition to being studied as part of early Chinese civilization that has influenced Chinese society through subsequent centuries, political theorists and philosophers engage ancient Chinese political thought to address perennial or contemporary political problems, contributing significantly to the growth of comparative political theory and comparative political philosophy.

Republican China, 1911–1949

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wright
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Republican China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Chinese Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Major Trend ◽  
City States ◽  
Economic Developments

There have been major changes since the mid-20th century in the way in which the history of republican China (1911–1949) is conceptualized by scholars in the West and elsewhere. Up to the 1970s, scholarship was dominated by a somewhat teleological revolutionary paradigm, in which developments in republican China were seen predominantly in terms of their relationship to the 1949 revolution and thus, of their contribution to the total transformation of Chinese society. This teleological approach has more recently been challenged in at least two respects. First, scholars have affirmed that ideas and actions in Nationalist China are worthy of study in their own right, rather than merely in terms of the contribution they did or did not make to China’s Communist revolution. This was partly, though not exclusively, a reflection of the economic and, to some extent, political success of Taiwan and the ethnically Chinese city-states outside the People’s Republic of China, which suggested that the Chinese past could generate paths other than those outlined by Mao Zedong. Second, the degree to which 1949 actually represented a radical break or complete transformation of Chinese society has come increasingly under question. Developments after 1949 have come more and more to be seen as the continuation of a process of state building that was under way, certainly, during the Nationalist regime of 1927–1949 and, to some extent, even before that, back to the warlords or even the late Qing. A further change, and one that reflects the emergence of postmodern views of history way beyond Chinese studies, is to downgrade metanarratives of all types (not just the revolutionary teleology) and to focus more on the local and the contingent. Local studies have therefore been a major trend in republican history since the 1990s. The field covered by this article is vast, and in order to reduce it to manageable size, the author has decided to concentrate mainly (though not exclusively) on topics linked to politics (though in the Chinese case many social, cultural, and economic developments had a strong political element, and they are touched on) and on works that focus centrally on the 1911–1949 period rather than, for example, the whole 20th century.

scholarly journals “...Your Only Choice Now is to Type or to Be a Seller at the Muir and Mirrielees“: on the Creative History of A.N. Tolstoy’s Short Story Without Wings (From the Past)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-421
Author(s):  
Anna S. Akimova
Keyword(s):  
Young Woman ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Main Direction ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
History Of

“Female issue” probed on the example of A.N. Tolstoy’s diaries for 1911–1914 and his fiction in the article. The biographical, socio-cultural and textological methods were used to describe the writer’s texts. The analysis of periodical and the study of social and cultural life of the early 20th century led to the conclusion that the “female issue” and fates of real women had a great influence on the issues of the short story Masha. The text of the story was published in the Zavety journal in 1914, later Tolstoy prepared it for publication in volume 5 of his Works (1914). The main direction of his corrections was connected with the main character who left her husband and strolled the evening city. The author reduced some details which characterized her as a frivolous lady from tragicomedy or farce, and replaced real names and images with more common things. Tolstoy rewrote the story in 1927. He changed the title (Without Wings (From the Past)) and corrected all characters. As a result the genre of tragicomedy was transformed into tragedy of a lonely young woman “without wings.”

scholarly journals Marcell Benedek. The Double of Mr. Golyadkin

2021 ◽  
pp. 196-209
Author(s):  
Olga V. Sedelnikova ◽  
Enhzaya Vandan S.
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
European History ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Educational Project ◽  
Fourth Volume ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic

It is here presented the Russian translation of the introduction Dostoevsky’s short story The Double, firstly published in the fourth volume of the Hungarian translation of Dostoevsky’s Collected Works (1922) that was part of a large educational project by the publishing house Révai. The author of this short article about The Double, Marcell Benedek (1885–1969), writer, translator, and literary scholar, was an eminent representative of the Hungarian culture of the early and mid-20th Century. His works and media appearances were intended to familiarize readers with the works of Hungarian and European literature, to teach them to understand the language of fiction and the mechanisms of the aesthetic interpretation of reality. Benedek wrote one of the first articles about Dostoevsky’s early work in the European history of Dostoevsky studies and is at the origins of a tradition of deep reflection on the nature of the writer’s aesthetic principles.

scholarly journals Sources for Research on Childhood and Childhood History in Poland in the 19th and Early 20th Century – Selected Problems

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274
Author(s):  
Monika Nawrot Borowska
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Children And Childhood ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Incomplete Picture ◽  
Written Sources

The aim of the present article is to draw attention to the informative value of selected types of source materials which may provide a basis for research on childhood and childhood in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. At the same time, an attempt will be made to indicate the sorts of research problems which can be analyzed using these sources. Some types of sources will be discussed in more depth, with emphasis on those that are particularly rich and valuable in terms of information about children and childhood, but have not yet been fully exploited by researchers in historical and pedagogical analyses, have been used only occasionally, or have even been ignored altogether. The informative potential of the source materials for the study of history of children and childhood will be presented using the examples of such written sources as women’s, family and children’s press, diaries and memoirs, children’s literature, guidebooks, as well as iconographic sources. Comparing and combining sources, as well as considering them in a complementary manner may contribute to reconstructing the as yet incomplete picture of childhood and children in the Polish historiography of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Economic Views of L. Trotsky

2004 ◽  
pp. 142-157
Author(s):  
M. Voeikov ◽  
S. Dzarasov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Russian History ◽  
History Of

The paper written in the light of 125th birth anniversary of L. Trotsky analyzes the life and ideas of one of the most prominent figures in the Russian history of the 20th century. He was one of the leaders of the Russian revolution in its Bolshevik period, worked with V. Lenin and played a significant role in the Civil War. Rejected by the party bureaucracy L. Trotsky led uncompromising struggle against Stalinism, defending his own understanding of the revolutionary ideals. The authors try to explain these events in historical perspective, avoiding biases of both Stalinism and anticommunism.

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