scholarly journals Terms-of-trade and counterterrorism externalities

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhayu Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Todd Sandler ◽  
Javed Younas
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Small Country ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Developing Nation ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Terrorist Organization

Abstract This article investigates the interplay of trade and terrorism externalities under free trade between a developed nation that exports a manufactured good to and imports a primary product from a developing nation. A terrorist organization targets both nations and reduces its attacks in response to a nation’s defensive counterterrorism efforts, while transferring some of its attacks abroad. Terms-of-trade considerations lead the developed nation to raise its counterterrorism level beyond the ‘small-country’ level, thus compounding its overprovision of these measures. By contrast, the developing nation limits its defensive countermeasures below that of the small-country level. This asymmetry is a novel finding. The analysis is extended to include proactive countermeasures to weaken the terrorist group. Again, the developed country raises its efforts owing to the terms-of-trade externality, which now opposes the underprovision associated with proactive efforts. A second extension allows for several developing-country exporters of the primary product.

scholarly journals Unilateral International Transfers and their Effects on the Welfare of the Recipient and Donor Countries

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-160
Author(s):  
Nadeem A. Burney
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Factor Endowment ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Paradoxical Result ◽  
Capital Transfer ◽  
External Economies Of Scale ◽  
International Transfers

This paper analyses impacts of unilateral income and capital transfers on welfare and terms of trade of the recipient and donor countries within a two-country framework. Introduction of the external economies of scale, helps in explicitly incorporating the differences in factor endowment between developed and developing economies in the analysis. The paper discusses the conditions under which unilateral capital transfer from a developed country may yield paradoxical result, i.e. immiserize the developing country, despite market stability. The analysis reinforces Brecher and Choudhri's analytical support to Singer-Prebisch thesis from a new angle.

The Al-Qaeda Revival in Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Zahid
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Terrorist Group ◽  
Al Qaeda ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Us ◽  
Terrorist Organization ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Tribal Areas

Pakistan remains a country of vital importance for Al-Qaeda. It is primarily because of Al-Qaeda’s advent, rise and shelter and not to mention the support the terrorist organization found at the landscape of Pakistan during the last two decades. The emergence of in Pakistan can be traced back to the Afghan War (1979-89), with a brief sabbatical in Sudan the Islamist terrorist group rose to gain prominence after shifting back to Afghanistan. It then became a global ‘Islamist’ terrorist entity while based in neighboring Afghanistan and found safe havens in the erstwhile tribal areas of Pakistan in the aftermath of the US invasion of Afghanistan in 2001. Prior to its formation in 1988 in Peshawar (Pakistan), it had worked as Maktab al-Khidmat (Services Bureau) during the Afghan War.2 It had its roots in Pakistan, which had become a transit point of extremists en route to Afghanistan during the War. All high profile Al-Qaeda leaders, later becoming high-value targets, and members of its central Shura had lived in Pakistan at one point in their lives. That is the very reason the Al-Qaeda in Pakistan is termed as Al-Qaeda Core or Central among law enforcement practitioners and intelligence communities. Without going into details of Al-Qaeda’s past in Pakistan the aim of this article is to focus on its current state of affairs and what future lies ahead of it in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Globalization Impact on Multinational Enterprises

World ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-230
Author(s):  
Justine Kyove ◽  
Katerina Streltsova ◽  
Ufuoma Odibo ◽  
Giuseppe T. Cirella
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Excellent Starting Point ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Impact

The impact of globalization on multinational enterprises was examined from the years 1980 to 2020. A scoping literature review was conducted for a total of 141 articles. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed typologies were categorized and conclusions were drawn regarding the influence and performance (i.e., positive or negative effects) of globalization. Developed countries show more saturated markets than developing countries that favor developing country multinational enterprises to rely heavily on foreign sales for revenue growth. Developed country multinationals are likely to use more advanced factors of production to create revenue, whereas developing country multinationals are more likely to use less advanced forms. A number of common trends and issues showed corporate social responsibility, emerging markets, political issues, and economic matters as key to global market production. Recommendations signal a strong need for more research that addresses contributive effects in the different economies, starting with the emerging to the developed. Limitations of data availability and inconsistency posed a challenge for this review, yet the use of operationalization, techniques, and analyses from the business literature enabled this study to be an excellent starting point for additional work in the field.

Predictors of Desire to Institutionalization in Dementia Caregivers From a Developing Country

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Sinha ◽  
Sherin Yohannan ◽  
A. Thirumoorthy ◽  
Palanimuthu Thangaraju Sivakumar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Caregiver Burden ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dementia Caregivers ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Caregiver Education ◽  
Sociocultural Differences ◽  
Personal Strain

Older adults with dementia have higher rates of institutionalization than those without dementia. Desire to institutionalization (DTI) is an important factor influencing the actual institutionalization but is less well studied. This cross-sectional study examines the DTI with the scale of same name developed by Morycz, in 1985, in a sample of 50 caregivers of patients with dementia in a tertiary clinical care setting in a developing country. Caregiver burden associated with personal strain (by factor analyzed Zarit Burden Interview scale), and stress perceived out of caregiving (by Perceived Stress Scale) predicted higher DTI. Besides, those who were married had lower DTI scores. The factors which didn’t affect DTI were total caregiver burden, family and social support, age of patient and caregiver, education of caregiver, severity and duration of dementia, and treatment duration. These results were different from those of developed country-based DTI studies and may indicate sociocultural differences.

scholarly journals Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen atas Penjualan Produk Obrak Online

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 388-393
Author(s):  
Dewa Gede Widya Swastika ◽  
Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi ◽  
Luh Putu Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Consumer Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Responsible Attitude ◽  
Clear Information ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Indonesia is a developing country which one of the aspects that greatly influence its development is in the field of economy, in this case covering the field of trade. The existence of free trade is not little among businesses conducting unhealthy competition, especially for traded products. This research discusses two problem namely first, how the legal protection for consumers against the sale of online sale products without clear information and secondly, how are business actors responsible for consumers who experience losses due to online sale product purchases. Normative research is a type of research used in this study using a statutory approach. With this phenomenon it is impossible for people to be separated from the influence of business and as a consequence, society is the consumer who is the target of the producers. the lack of knowledge of the consumer community regarding their rights and obligations, it is necessary to further socialize the various provisions in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. So that it is hoped that it can increase awareness, knowledge and independence of consumers to protect their interests, which in turn can foster an honest and responsible attitude of business actors, especially in terms of selling products through social media or online.

scholarly journals Determinants of capital structure for firms in an Islamic equity index: comparing developed and developing countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-191
Author(s):  
Evrim Hilal Kahya ◽  
Hüseyin Yiğit Ersen ◽  
Cumhur Ekinci ◽  
Oktay Taş ◽  
Koray D. Simsek
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Muslim Country ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
Equity Index

PurposeThe paper aims to identify the differences between developed and developing country firms with respect to firm-specific and country-level determinants of their capital structure. For this purpose, all constituent firms in one of the oldest Islamic equity indices, Dow Jones Islamic Market World Index (DJIM), are considered and the Muslim-majority status of each firm's domicile country is recognized.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs Hausman–Taylor random effects regression with endogenous covariates to explain the debt ratios of firms in DJIM by separating them into developed and developing country subsamples in an unbalanced panel data setting. Developing country subsample is further split into two based on the Muslim-majority status of each firm's domicile country.FindingsConsistent with the previous literature, this study finds that firm-specific characteristics are the main determinants of their capital structure. Additionally, the paper shows that country-level characteristics have an impact on the debt ratio, however, the types of factors vary across developed and developing countries. Debt ratios in developing country firms are lower than those in developed country firms, largely due to the significantly smaller leverage ratios of firms in Muslim-majority countries. Although the debt ratios of DJIM firms are higher in “non-Muslim” countries, the set of firm-level capital structure determinants are not statistically explained by operating in a “Muslim” country. The study also documents that, before the global financial crisis of 2008, companies in developing countries have gradually become less leveraged worldwide.Originality/valueThis paper provides a new perspective into the differences between developed and developing country firms' capital structures by focusing on a relatively homogeneous data set restricted by leverage screening rules of an Islamic equity index and recognizing the Muslim-majority status of each firm's domicile country.

scholarly journals Contextualisation of the complexity in the selection of developing country outsourcees by developed country outsourcers

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (13) ◽  
pp. 4310-4332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kulwant S. Pawar ◽  
Fahian Anisul Huq ◽  
Ahmad Khraishi ◽  
Janat Shah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Selection Of
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