Achieving High Poliovirus Antibody Seroprevalence in Areas at Risk of Vaccine Derived Poliovirus Transmission – Niger Experience

Abstract Background Outbreaks of vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (VDPV2) continue to expand across Africa. We conducted a serological survey of polio antibodies in polio high-risk areas of Niger to assess risk of poliovirus outbreaks. Methods Children between 1 and 5 years of age were enrolled from structures randomly selected using satellite imaging enumeration in Diffa Province, Niger in July 2019. After obtaining informed consent, dried blood spot cards were collected. Neutralizing antibodies against three poliovirus serotypes were detected using microneutralization assay at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta. Results We obtained analysable data from 309/322 (95.9%) enrolled children. Seroprevalence of polio antibodies was 290/309 (93.9%), 272/309 (88.0%), and 254/309 (82.2%) for serotypes 1, 2 and 3 respectively. For serotypes 1 and 2 the seroprevalence did not significantly change with age (p=0.09, p=0.44 respectively); for serotype 3 it increased with age (from 65% in 1-2 year-olds to 91.1% in 4-5-year olds; p<0.001). We did not identify any risk factors for type 2 seronegativity. Conclusions With type 2 seroprevalence close to 90%, the risk of emergence of new cVDPV2 outbreaks in Niger is low, however, the risk of cVDPV2 importations from neighbouring countries leading to local transmission persists. Niger should maintain the outbreak response readiness capacity; and further strengthen its routine immunization.

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Evaluation of vaccine derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak response options: A randomized controlled trial, Karachi, Pakistan

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.051 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (13) ◽

pp. 1766-1771 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ali Faisal Saleem ◽

Mohammad Tahir Yousafzai ◽

Ondrej Mach ◽

Asia Khan ◽

Farheen Quadri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Response Options ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Case of Poliomyelitis Caused by Significantly Diverged Derivative of the Poliovirus Type 3 Vaccine Sabin Strain Circulating in the Orphanage

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v12090970 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 970

Author(s):

Ekaterina A. Korotkova ◽

Maria A. Prostova ◽

Anatoly P. Gmyl ◽

Liubov I. Kozlovskaya ◽

Tatiana P. Eremeeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Genome Sequencing ◽

Mucosal Immunity ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Oral Poliovirus Vaccine ◽

Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽

Epidemiological Investigation ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Complete Rejection ◽

Type 3

Significantly divergent polioviruses (VDPV) derived from the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) from Sabin strains, like wild polioviruses, are capable of prolonged transmission and neuropathology. This is mainly shown for VDPV type 2. Here we describe a molecular-epidemiological investigation of a case of VDPV type 3 circulation leading to paralytic poliomyelitis in a child in an orphanage, where OPV has not been used. Samples of feces and blood serum from the patient and 52 contacts from the same orphanage were collected twice and investigated. The complete genome sequencing was performed for five polioviruses isolated from the patient and three contact children. The level of divergence of the genomes of the isolates corresponded to approximately 9–10 months of evolution. The presence of 61 common substitutions in all isolates indicated a common intermediate progenitor. The possibility of VDPV3 transmission from the excretor to susceptible recipients (unvaccinated against polio or vaccinated with inactivated poliovirus vaccine, IPV) with subsequent circulation in a closed children’s group was demonstrated. The study of the blood sera of orphanage residents at least twice vaccinated with IPV revealed the absence of neutralizing antibodies against at least two poliovirus serotypes in almost 20% of children. Therefore, a complete rejection of OPV vaccination can lead to a critical decrease in collective immunity level. The development of new poliovirus vaccines that create mucosal immunity for the adequate replacement of OPV from Sabin strains is necessary.

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Evaluation of poliovirus type 2 outbreak response options: a randomized controlled trial, Karachi, Pakistan

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2018.04.4234 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 73 ◽

pp. 362

Author(s):

M. Yousafzai ◽

A.F. Saleem ◽

O. Mach ◽

W. Weldon ◽

S. Oberste ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Outbreak Response ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Response Options ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Rapid Disappearance of Poliovirus Type 2 (PV2) Immunity in Young Children Following Withdrawal of Oral PV2-Containing Vaccine in Vietnam

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jiz124 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 220 (3) ◽

pp. 386-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dang Thi Thanh Huyen ◽

Ondrej Mach ◽

Nguyen Thanh Trung ◽

Pham Quang Thai ◽

Ho Vinh Thang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Children ◽

Blood Sample ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Oral Vaccine ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Population Immunity

Abstract Background Due to global shortage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine and withdrawal of oral vaccine containing poliovirus type 2 (PV2), a PV2-containing vaccine was not used in Vietnam May 2016 to October 2018. We assessed the population immunity gap to PV2. Methods A cross-sectional survey in children aged 1–18 months was carried out in January 2018. One blood sample per child was analyzed for presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. In children with detectable anti-PV2 antibodies, a second sample was analyzed 4 months later to distinguish between passive (maternally derived) and active (induced by secondary transmission or vaccination) immunity. Results Sera were obtained from 1106/1110 children. Seroprevalence of PV2 antibodies was 87/368 (23.6%) at age 1–7 months, 27/471 (5.7%) at 8–15 months, and 19/267 (7.1%) at 16–18 months. Seroprevalence declined with age in the 1–7 months group; in the 8–18 months group there was no significant change with age. Four months later, 11/87 (14%), 9/27 (32%), and 12/19 (37%) remained seropositive in 1–7, 8–15, and 16–18 months age groups, respectively. Conclusions We found declining immunity to PV2, suggesting Vietnam is at risk for an outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus following virus importation or new emergence.

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Surge of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections linked to single introduction of a virus strain in Myanmar, 2020

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89361-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Myat Htut Nyunt ◽

Hnin Ohnmar Soe ◽

Kay Thi Aye ◽

Wah Wah Aung ◽

Yi Yi Kyaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Early Phase ◽

International Travel ◽

Health Concern ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Genomic Epidemiology ◽

Local Spread ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Local Transmission

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major health concern globally. Genomic epidemiology is an important tool to assess the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Several mutations have been reported by genome analysis of the SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated the mutational and phylogenetic analysis of 30 whole-genome sequences for the virus's genomic characteristics in the specimens collected in the early phase of the pandemic (March–June, 2020) and the sudden surge of local transmission (August–September, 2020). The four samples in the early phase of infection were B.6 lineage and located within a clade of the samples collected at the same time in Singapore and Malaysia, while five returnees by rescue flights showed the lineage B. 1.36.1 (three from India), B.1.1 (one from India) and B.1.80 (one from China). However, there was no evidence of local spread from these returnees. Further, all 19 whole-genome sequences collected in the sudden surge of local transmission showed lineage B.1.36. The surge of the second wave on SARS-CoV-2 infection was linked to the single-introduction of a variant (B.1.36) that may result from the strict restriction of international travel and containment efforts. These genomic data provides the useful information to disease control and prevention strategy.

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A surrogate virus neutralization test to quantify antibody-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in finger stick dried blood spot samples

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-94653-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Amelia E. Sancilio ◽

Richard T. D’Aquila ◽

Elizabeth M. McNally ◽

Matthew P. Velez ◽

Michael G. Ison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Host Cells ◽

Dried Blood Spot ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Widespread Application ◽

Live Virus ◽

Dilution Series ◽

Wide Range ◽

Blood Spot

AbstractThe spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 engages the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to enter host cells, and neutralizing antibodies are effective at blocking this interaction to prevent infection. Widespread application of this important marker of protective immunity is limited by logistical and technical challenges associated with live virus methods and venous blood collection. To address this gap, we validated an immunoassay-based method for quantifying neutralization of the spike-ACE2 interaction in a single drop of capillary whole blood, collected on filter paper as a dried blood spot (DBS) sample. Samples are eluted overnight and incubated in the presence of spike antigen and ACE2 in a 96-well solid phase plate. Competitive immunoassay with electrochemiluminescent label is used to quantify neutralizing activity. The following measures of assay performance were evaluated: dilution series of confirmed positive and negative samples, agreement with results from matched DBS-serum samples, analysis of results from DBS samples with known COVID-19 status, and precision (intra-assay percent coefficient of variation; %CV) and reliability (inter-assay; %CV). Dilution series produced the expected pattern of dose–response. Agreement between results from serum and DBS samples was high, with concordance correlation = 0.991. Analysis of three control samples across the measurement range indicated acceptable levels of precision and reliability. Median % surrogate neutralization was 46.9 for PCR confirmed convalescent COVID-19 samples and 0.1 for negative samples. Large-scale testing is important for quantifying neutralizing antibodies that can provide protection against COVID-19 in order to estimate the level of immunity in the general population. DBS provides a minimally-invasive, low cost alternative to venous blood collection, and this scalable immunoassay-based method for quantifying inhibition of the spike-ACE2 interaction can be used as a surrogate for virus-based assays to expand testing across a wide range of settings and populations.

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A novel comprehensive program combined optimal medical treatment and lifestyle for type 2 diabetes

10.22541/au.163525379.97538059/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chunsong Hu ◽

Tengiz Tkebuchava ◽

Qinghua Wu

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Medical Treatment ◽

Lifestyle Modification ◽

Current Status ◽

Comprehensive Program ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽

Novel Strategy

This article introduces briefly current status in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and an updated classical standardized comprehensive program which combines optimal medical treatment (OMT) with lifestyle modification, that is, intervention of RT-ABCDEFG (iRT-ABCDEFG) for control and prevention of T2D, and discusses its advantages and prospects. Here, G means goals; F means follow-up; E means examination; D means disease & risk factors control; C means changing unhealthy “environment-sleep-emotion-exercise-diet” intervention [E(e)SEEDi] lifestyle & Chinese medicine or control the source of infection & cutting genetic or spreading pathways during the COVID-19 pandemic; B means biohazard control; And A means antagonistic treatment, such as optimal anti-diabetic agents, the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLPR) agonists, the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and the ultralong-acting, once-daily basal insulin. As a novel strategy for Intervention of diabetes, this program can be used as a Reverse, Right, and Routine Treatment in clinical practice. Moreover, the vital goals which include less major adverse cardiocerebrovascular events (MACCE) and diabetic complications, less medical costs, longer life expectancy, lower morbidity and mortality, and higher quality of life, will be realized by consistently practicing this program due to early diagnosis, OMT, and overall prevention. Whatever, this program is very helpful to manage or self-manage T2D and improve its outcomes since it highly links to cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke, cancer, and other MACCEs.

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Human enterovirus infection in stray dogs. Some aspects of interest to public health

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46651996000200012 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 157-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eliseu Alves Waldman ◽

Regina C. Moreira ◽

Sueli G. Saez ◽

Denise F.C. Souza ◽

Rita de C.C. Carmona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neutralizing Antibody ◽

Human Enterovirus ◽

Poliovirus Type ◽

Stray Dogs ◽

Wild Poliovirus ◽

Antibody Titres ◽

Global Eradication ◽

Type 3 ◽

Echovirus Type

To investigate the possible role of domestic animals as reservoirs of human enteroviruses, we studied 212 stray dogs captured in different areas of the municipality of São Paulo. The captured animals were divided into 19 groups of 10 to 20 dogs each; faeces of 126 of the 212 dogs were processed for enterovirus isolation. The following viruses were isolated from 12 dogs: poliovirus type 1 (2 dogs), poliovirus type 3 (1 dog), echovirus type 7 (8 dogs) and echovirus type 15 (1 dog). Of the 12 infected animals, four had specific homotypic neutralizing antibody titres > 16. All 212 animals were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies to human enteroviruses. The frequency of neutralizing antibodies present in titres of > 16 was 10.3%, 3,8% and 4.3% for vaccinal prototypes of polioviruses 1, 2 and 3 respectively; 1,9%, 1.4% and 1.5% for wild prototypes of the same viruses, 11.3% for echovirus 7, and 2.4% for echovirus 15. The proportion of dogs with neutralizing antibodies varied with the virus studied. Some indication of the susceptibility of dogs to infection with human enteroviruses was demonstrated, and the importance of this fact for the Plan for Global Eradication of the Wild Poliovirus is discussed.

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