2799. Inability to Locally Differentiate Rhinovirus/Enterovirus Results Impacts Infection Control Practices

Abstract Background Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses are closely related members of the family picornavirideae; however, they have distinct clinical manifestations. Rhinoviruses cause respiratory infections while Enteroviruses often present as nonspecific febrile illnesses. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is unusual in that although it is classified as an enterovirus it causes respiratory illness. Most of the currently used nucleic acid amplification assays for respiratory viruses do not distinguish between Rhino and Enteroviruses because of their shared homology. Rhino/Enterovirus infections are common in the Summer and Fall. In October of 2018 the NYS DOH issued a health advisory describing increased numbers of EV-D68 infection. Although there is no specific treatment for EV-D68, the advisory recommended contact precautions in addition to the droplet precautions recommended for other respiratory viruses. This recommendation creates logistical difficulties since there are no commercial test-kits that can identify EV-D68. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of EV-D68 among patients admitted to Stony Brook Hospital that tested positive for Rhino/Enterovirus. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested with the BioFire® FilmArray® Respiratory Panel (RP 2) test. 44 Rhino/Enterovirus positive specimens were sent for further identification to the NYS DOH Virology Lab. Enterovirus was differentiated from Rhinovirus by qRT–PCR. EV-D68 was identified by sequencing. Results During one week in October, 10 patients were admitted with positive EV-D68 (5 adults and 5 children). In contrast, all 21 admitted patients who had specimens sent for typing had Rhinovirus. Conclusion This study confirmed that there was significant EV-D68 activity among patients who required hospitalization consistent with the NYS DOH advisory in the Fall of 2018. In contrast, in the Winter a drop in the prevalence of Rhino/enterovirus was observed. EV-D68 was not found in any of the samples sent for typing. These data informed our internal decision to cohort all patients this past Winter with positive Rhino/enterovirus results, positively impacting patient cohorting capabilities during a time with increased local influenza activity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Effect of a novel coronavirus in human and its clinical diagnosis and implications by students of community pharmacy

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20202956 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 1140

Author(s):

Kanamala Arun Chand Roby ◽

Singamala Lakshmi Bhargavi ◽

Gali Devi Sri ◽

Avula Madhuri ◽

Sannadi Kamakshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Illnesses ◽

Runny Nose ◽

Corona Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Corona Viruses

Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated.

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Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses

PPAR Research ◽

10.1155/2021/6741290 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-28

Author(s):

Mahdi Ftouh ◽

Nesrine Kalboussi ◽

Nabil Abid ◽

Souad Sfar ◽

Nathalie Mignet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Antiviral Drug ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Short Review ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Viral Illness ◽

Syncytial Virus

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology’s promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.

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Virus–virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1911083116 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 116 (52) ◽

pp. 27142-27150 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Sema Nickbakhsh ◽

Colette Mair ◽

Louise Matthews ◽

Richard Reeve ◽

Paul C. D. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Cold ◽

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Strong Support ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Positive Interactions ◽

Infection Frequency ◽

Human Respiratory Tract ◽

Virus Interactions

The human respiratory tract hosts a diverse community of cocirculating viruses that are responsible for acute respiratory infections. This shared niche provides the opportunity for virus–virus interactions which have the potential to affect individual infection risks and in turn influence dynamics of infection at population scales. However, quantitative evidence for interactions has lacked suitable data and appropriate analytical tools. Here, we expose and quantify interactions among respiratory viruses using bespoke analyses of infection time series at the population scale and coinfections at the individual host scale. We analyzed diagnostic data from 44,230 cases of respiratory illness that were tested for 11 taxonomically broad groups of respiratory viruses over 9 y. Key to our analyses was accounting for alternative drivers of correlated infection frequency, such as age and seasonal dependencies in infection risk, allowing us to obtain strong support for the existence of negative interactions between influenza and noninfluenza viruses and positive interactions among noninfluenza viruses. In mathematical simulations that mimic 2-pathogen dynamics, we show that transient immune-mediated interference can cause a relatively ubiquitous common cold-like virus to diminish during peak activity of a seasonal virus, supporting the potential role of innate immunity in driving the asynchronous circulation of influenza A and rhinovirus. These findings have important implications for understanding the linked epidemiological dynamics of viral respiratory infections, an important step towards improved accuracy of disease forecasting models and evaluation of disease control interventions.

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Current status of traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of COVID-19 in China

Chinese Medicine ◽

10.1186/s13020-021-00461-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Liang Chu ◽

Fang Huang ◽

Mengdan Zhang ◽

Biao Huang ◽

Yigang Wang

Keyword(s):

Chinese Medicine ◽

Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Direct Determination ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

Current Status ◽

Respiratory Coronavirus

AbstractAn ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory illness and pneumonia caused by the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) commenced in December 2019, and the disease was named as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Soon after, scientists identified the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, including its genome sequence and protein structure. The clinical manifestations of COVID-19 have now been established; and nucleic acid amplification is used for the direct determination of the virus, whereas immunoassays can determine the antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trials of several antiviral drugs are ongoing. However, there is still no specific drugs to treat COVID-19. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was used in the treatment of COVID-19 during the early stages of the outbreak in China. Some ancient TCM prescriptions, which were efficacious in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2002–03 and the influenza pandemic (H1N1) of 2009, have been improved by experienced TCM practitioners for the treatment of COVID-19 based on their clinical symptoms. These developed new prescriptions include Lianhua Qingwen capsules/granules, Jinhua Qinggan granules and XueBiJing injection, among others. In this review, we have summarized the presenting features of SARS-CoV-2, the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and the progress in the treatment of COVID-19 using TCMs.

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Original Hosts, Clinical Features, Transmission Routes, and Vaccine Development for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2021.702066 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Ting Wu ◽

Shuntong Kang ◽

Wenyao Peng ◽

Chenzhe Zuo ◽

Yuhao Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Early Stage ◽

Close Contact ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Asymptomatic Individuals ◽

Droplet Transmission

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to public concern worldwide. Although a variety of hypotheses about the hosts of SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, an exact conclusion has not yet been reached. Initial clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 are similar to those of other acute respiratory infections, leading to misdiagnoses and resulting in the outbreak at the early stage. SARS-CoV-2 is predominantly spread by droplet transmission and close contact; the possibilities of fecal–oral, vertical, and aerosol transmission have not yet been fully confirmed or rejected. Besides, COVID-19 cases have been reported within communities, households, and nosocomial settings through contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients or asymptomatic individuals. Environmental contamination is also a major driver for the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the absence of specific treatment for COVID-19, it is urgent to decrease the risk of transmission and take preventive measures to control the spread of the virus. In this review, we summarize the latest available data on the potential hosts, entry receptors, clinical features, and risk factors of COVID-19 and transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, and we present the data about development of vaccines.

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The Effects of Artemisia Plant and Its Components Against Respiratory Viruses Like Influenza and Their Mechanisms of Action

Jundishapur Journal of Natural Pharmaceutical Products ◽

10.5812/jjnpp.113060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Asie Shojaii ◽

Roshanak Ghods

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Antiviral Activity ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Action Mechanisms ◽

Influenza Activity ◽

Artemisia Species ◽

Viral Respiratory Infections

Context: Artemisia genus and its chemical constituents show antiviral activity against different viruses. The aim of this study was to review the effects of selected Artemisia species and their components against respiratory viruses like influenza and coronavirus. Methods: All the articles published in English or Persian related to the effects of Artemisia and its components on viral respiratory infections and relevant action mechanisms were searched throughout Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, Ebsco, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library Database from 1966 up to April 2020. Results: A few numbers of Artemisia species such as A. scoparia, A. rupestris, and A. annua and their components showed efficacy against the influenza virus and coronaviruses. Furthermore, some chemical compounds isolated from Artemisia species, like rupestonic acid, showed potent anti-influenza activity. The mechanism of antiviral activity was also determined for some of these compounds. Conclusions: The present study summarized the efficacy of a number of Artemisia species and their components against respiratory viruses like influenza and coronavirus. Future studies on other Artemisia species may lead to the discovery of new antiviral drugs against the influenza virus and coronaviruses.

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Comparative Evaluation of Allplex Respiratory Panels 1, 2, 3, and BioFire FilmArray Respiratory Panel for the Detection of Respiratory Infections

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics12010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Harshad Lade ◽

Jung-Min Kim ◽

Yousun Chung ◽

Minje Han ◽

Eun-Kyung Mo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Infections ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Simultaneous Detection ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Clinical Diagnostics ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

Human Enterovirus ◽

Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Threshold Values

Multiplex nucleic acid amplification assays that simultaneously detect multiple respiratory pathogens in a single nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimen are widely used for rapid clinical diagnostics. We evaluated Allplex Respiratory Panel (RP) 1, 2, 3, and the BioFire FilmArray RP assay for detecting respiratory pathogens from NPS specimens. In all, 181 NPS specimens obtained from patients suspected of having respiratory infections during the non-influenza season (August–December 2019) were included. The Allplex RP 1, 2, and 3 detected 154 samples positive for respiratory viruses, whereas the BioFire FilmArray detected viruses in 98 samples. Co-infection with two or more viruses was detected in 41 and 17 NPS specimens by Allplex RP and the BioFire FilmArray RP, respectively. For adenoviruses, Allplex RP 1 detected 31 specimens, compared to 34 by the BioFire FilmArray. In all, 64 NPS specimens were positive for human enterovirus (HEV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) on the Allplex RP, in contrast to 39 HEV/HRV on the BioFire FilmArray. The parainfluenza virus (PIV-1–4) detection rate differed between the two systems. Most discrepant results were observed for NPS specimens with high cycle threshold values obtained by Allplex RP. This study showed concordant performance of the Allplex RP 1, 2, 3, and the BioFire FilmArray RP for the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses.

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Respiratory Viruses Among Ethnic Nicobarese During COVID-19 Pandemic

10.21203/rs.3.rs-994318/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nagarajan Muruganandam ◽

Avijit Roy ◽

Nimisha Sivanandan ◽

Alwin Vins ◽

Nisha Beniwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Respiratory Illness ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Considerable Proportion ◽

Nicobar Island ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

Time Of Infection ◽

Outpatient Settings ◽

Health Burdens

Abstract Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) are public health burdens globally. The percentage of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses among patients having ARI and SARI who visit Car Nicobar's hospital settings is undocumented. Changes in the epidemiology of other respiratory viruses during COVID19 pandemic is being reported worldwide.Methods: Inpatient and outpatient settings at BJR hospital, Car Nicobar Island, India, were used to conduct prospective monitoring for ARI and SARI among Nicobarese tribal members. The patients with ARI and SARI were enlisted in BJR hospital from June 2019 to May 2021. At the ICMR-NIV in Pune, duplex qRTPCR assays were used to test the presence of respiratory viruses. The prevalence of non- SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was measured by comparing here between pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.Results: During the COVID19 pandemic, Influenza A (H3N2) (55.7%), and rhinovirus (12.5%) were predominantly reported non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses while Human metapneumovirus (48.1%) and influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 (18.5%) were most commonly reported in the prepandemic period. This result indicates the altered circulation of non-SARS CoV-2 during pandemic.Conclusions: A considerable proportion of respiratory infection was correlated with respiratory viruses. Prevalence of non-SARS CoV-2 respiratory viruses was high at the time of infection when compared with pre-pandemic period, at Car Nicobar Island. This study enlightened the change in circulation of other respiratory viruses among the indigenous Nicobarese tribes. Clinicians and allied medical staff should be more prudent of these respiratory infections.

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Respiratory tract damage with bocavirus infection in children

CHILDREN INFECTIONS ◽

10.22627/2072-8107-2020-19-2-14-18 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 14-18

Author(s):

E. V. Sharipova ◽

I. V. Babachenko ◽

M. A. Shcherbatyh

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Tract ◽

Lower Respiratory Tract ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽

Human Bocavirus ◽

Long Time ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Tract Damage

Long time the main pathogens associated with the development of community-acquired pneumonia were bacteria. However, in recent years in the Russian Federation, like all over the world, the view of the damage of lower respiratory tract changed, including a unique approach to community-acquired pneumonia as a bacterial infection, and respiratory viruses have become seen as a direct cause of lower respiratory tract damage, or as part of a viral-bacterial co-infection. These studies became possible since the widespread introduction of PCR techniques in the clinical setting, identification of respiratory viruses has increased and new microorganisms such, one as human bocavirus have been discovered. Objective: to study the features of respiratory tract damage in acute bocavirus infection in children of different ages. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of 97 medical hospital documentation of children with acute bocavirus infection, detected confirmed by PCR in nasopharyngeal aspirate. Results: In this work, it was shown that human bocavirus spread throughout the year with an increase in the incidence of clinically significant forms in the autumnwinter period, including during the period of an increase in the incidence of influenza. HBoV infection requiring hospitals is most significant in the first three years of life. In 74.2% of hospitalized children, bocavirus infection occurs with lower respiratory tract infections in the form of bronchitis — 77.8%, pneumonia — 28.9% and rarely bronchiolitis and is complicated by the development of respiratory failure in 28.9% of cases. Changes in the blood test are non-specific, and the level of C-reactive protein in children with various clinical manifestations of HBoV infection generally does not exceed 50 mg / l. An x-ray of the chest organs does not objectively reflect the existing volume and nature of the inflammatory process in the lungs.

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A New Multiplatform Model for Outpatient Prenatal and Postpartum Care in a Cohort of COVID-19-Affected Obstetric Patients

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18105144 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 5144

Author(s):

Mar Muñoz-Chápuli Gutiérrez ◽

Ana Durán-Vila ◽

Javier Ruiz-Labarta ◽

Pilar Payá-Martínez ◽

Pilar Pintado Recarte ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Good Adherence ◽

Major Morbidity ◽

Reference Hospital ◽

The Mean ◽

Discharge From Hospital ◽

Over Time

Spain was one of the epicenters of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We describe in this article the design and results of a new telephone-and-telematic multiplatform model of systematic prenatal and postpartum follow-up for COVID-19-affected women implemented in a tertiary reference hospital in Madrid. We included patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 during pregnancy or delivery from 10 March 2020 to 15 December 2020. We had a total of 211 obstetric patients: 148 (70.1%) were tested at the onset of suspicious clinical manifestations and 62 (29.4%) were tested in the context of routine screening. Of all the patients, 60 women (28.4%) were asymptomatic and 97 (46%) presented mild symptoms. Fifty-one women (24.2%) were admitted to our hospital for specific treatment because of moderate or severe symptoms. We had no missed cases and a good adherence. The mean number of calls per patient was 2.3. We performed 55 in-person visits. We analyzed the complexity of our program over time, showing a two-wave-like pattern. One patient was identified as needing hospitalization and we did not record major morbidity. Telemedicine programs are a strong and reproducible tool to reach to pregnant population affected by COVID-19, to assess its symptoms and severity, and to record for pregnancy-related symptoms both in an outpatient regime and after discharge from hospital.

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