Effect of a novel coronavirus in human and its clinical diagnosis and implications by students of community pharmacy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1140
Author(s):  
Kanamala Arun Chand Roby ◽  
Singamala Lakshmi Bhargavi ◽  
Gali Devi Sri ◽  
Avula Madhuri ◽  
Sannadi Kamakshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Runny Nose ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Respiratory Tract Illnesses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Corona Viruses

Coronavirus are coming under a broad family of virus that can cause respiratory illnesses such as the common cold, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). They are usual in many different species of animals, including camels and bats. Unusually, these corona viruses can evolve and infect humans and then spread between humans. Recent examples of this include SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) is a virus identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory illness first detected in Wuhan, China. In some cases, the viruses can cause lower-respiratory tract illnesses such as pneumonia and bronchitis. In human corona viruses are currently classified into seven types that are HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, SARS-CoV, HKU1, MERS-CoV and 2019-nCoV. These two types of corona virus (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) are more dangerous. Some of corona viruses like HCoV-229E, HCo-OC43, HCoNL63 and HKU1 that are continuously circulate in the population of human and cause respiratory infections in human either may children and adults world-wide. They are generally transmitted between animals and humans through sneezing, coughing, touching or shaking hands and making contact with a surface or object. The symptoms of corona virus are sneezing, cough, fatigue, runny nose, sore throat, breathing difficulty and exacerbated. In more severe cases SARS, kidney failure, pneumonia and even death. Diagnosis can be carried out by healthcare provider in laboratory test on respiratory specimens and serum to detect human corona virus. For this virus no specific treatment like vaccines and antiviral drugs but symptoms can be treated.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Global Pandemic of 21st Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-s) ◽  
pp. 311-321
Author(s):  
Prabhakar Budholiya ◽  
Abdul Wajid Ali ◽  
Deepshikha Gunwan ◽  
Sana Sahil ◽  
C.K. Tyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Director General ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

In last of 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention started monitoring the outbreak of a new corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, which causes the respiratory illness now known as COVID-19. Authorities first identified the virus in Wuhan, China. More than 82542 case of Corona virus in China at 31 March 2020. Health authorities have identified many other people with COVID-19 around the world. On 31 March 2020, the virus spread more than 750890 People in the World. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a public health emergency relating to COVID-19. Since then, this strain has been diagnosed in several residents of world. The CDC have advised that it is likely to spread to more people. COVID-19 has affected at least 213 countries or territories or areas. The first people with COVID-19 had links to an animal and seafood market. This fact suggested that animals initially transmitted the virus to humans. However, people with a more recent diagnosis had no connections with or exposure to the market, confirming that humans can pass the virus to each other. Corona viruses will infect most people at some time during their lifetime. Corona viruses can mutate effectively, which makes them so contagious. Information on the virus is scarce at present. In the past, respiratory conditions that develop from corona viruses, such as SARS and MERS, have spread through close contacts. On 17 February 2020, the Director-General of the WHO presented at a media briefing the following updates on how often the symptoms of COVID-19.However, while some viruses are highly contagious, it is less clear how rapidly corona viruses will spread. Symptoms vary from person-to-person with COVID-19. It may produce few or no symptoms. However, it can also lead to severe illness and may be fatal. On 11 March 2020, WHO declared Novel Corona virus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak as a Pandemic. Keywords: WHO, ICMR, SARS-CoV-2, Bats, Wuhan City, Pneumonia, Respiratory Infection, Pandemic

scholarly journals The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Al-Osail ◽  
Marwan J. Al-Wazzah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses cause common cold, and infections caused by corona viruses are generally self-resolving. During the last 4 years, corona viruses have become the most important viruses worldwide because of the occurrence of several recent deaths caused by corona viruses in Saudi Arabia. Spread of the infection occurred worldwide; however, most cases of mortality have occurred in the Middle East. Owing to the predominance of outbreaks in the Middle Eastern countries, the virus was renamed a Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) by the Corona virus Study Group. The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention and World Health Organization maintain a website that is updated frequently with new cases of MERS-CoV infection. In this review, we describe the history and epidemiology of this novel virus. Studies of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of this virus are expected to facilitate the development of vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals Potentiality and possibility of Medicinal Plants on Ayurvedic Principle in prevention and treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binay Sen ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Treatment Principle ◽  
Cardio Vascular ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic health emergency, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with underlying some medical problems are more likely to develop serious illness. Considering different classical and contemporary viewpoints, the newly identified COVID-19 can be categorized under agantuja vyadhi (exogenous disease) by inception, caused by bhoota (organisms), and transforming to nija (endogenous) leading to disequilibrium of kapha, vata, and pitta doshas and manifestation of clinical features of mainly pranavaha (cardio-pulmonary system), rasavaha (cardio-vascular system) and raktavaha (vascular and RES) srotas dushti (vitiation of channels). In Ayurveda, for a new disease, the treatment principle is designed on the basis of the nature of the disorder, etiology and location. Hence rasayana drugs for epidemic disease, disinfectants for microorganism, dosha (mainly kapha and vata) pacifying drugs and disease-location specific treatment i.e deepana (stomachic), pachana (digestive), shwasahara (anti-dyspnea) and kasahara (anti-cough) are being discussed in this paper. Apart from this, potential of mukhavaishadyakara (mouth cleansing agent), patimarsha-nasya (nasal smearing), krimighna (anti-viral), vishaghna (anti-toxic) and kshara (alkali) dravya (medicinal plants) are being highlighted as these groups of drugs are effective in subsiding kapha, vata, killing microorganism and protecting ojas (immunity) by virtue of their broad spectrum pharmacodynamic properties.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of COVID-19 and its potential therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Sarfaraz Alam Khan ◽  
Nazeem Ishrat Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Potential Therapeutics

A series of acute and atypical serious respiratory illnesses were reported in December 2019 from Wuhan, a city of China. It spread to other places and became a global pandemic involving more than 200 countries of the world. Soon, it was discovered that this atypical respiratory illness was caused by a novel corona virus. It was named as the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease caused by it as corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19). Since COVID-19 is a new viral disease, world is still struggling to find out a permanent remedy to control this serious health problem. It seems prudent to study or have a look on the pathophysiology of SARS CoV-2 in the light of available research. Further, a review on pathophysiology may give an insight on the potential therapeutic options. Being a new virus and having potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in short span of time various approved drugs are being repurposed for the treatment of COVID-19.

COLD AGGLUTININS, EATON AGENT, AND RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF CHILDREN

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-577
Author(s):  
Sidney J. Sussman ◽  
Robert L. Magoffin ◽  
Edwin H. Lennette ◽  
Jack Schieble
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Inpatient Service ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Cold Agglutinins ◽  
Pediatric Inpatient ◽  
Sporadic Cases

Twenty-eight of 444 children under 4 years of age developed cold agglutinins in association with a respiratory illness. Infection with the Eaton agent, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, could not be established by C-F tests in any of these 28 cases. In 18 cases, pathogens other than the Eaton agent were implicated. A positive cold agglutinin test was of no value in making an etiologic diagnosis. Complement-fixation tests for antibody to the Eaton agent in 106 children with respiratory illnesses showed an antibody titer rise in 1 case and stationary titers in 12 others. These observations covered a 4-year period on the pediatric inpatient service of a large metropolitan general hospital. Sporadic cases of pneumonia due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae, confirmed by C-F antibody titer rises, were observed in older children and adults in the same metropolitan area during this period, but no evidence of epidemic occurrence was observed.

scholarly journals Fractional exhaled nitric oxide and respiratory complaints in Hajj pilgrims wearing a cotton towel or plain cotton ihram

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 030006051989100
Author(s):  
Sultan Ayoub Meo ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Abeer Al-Masri ◽  
Inam Zia ◽  
Sibtain Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Respiratory Symptoms ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Exhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Runny Nose

Objective Hajj is an important component of Islam. This study aimed to determine the effect of wearing a cotton towel or plain cotton ihram on the onset of respiratory symptoms and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels in Hajj pilgrims. Methods One hundred male nonsmoking subjects (age: 20–60 years) without a previous clinical history of respiratory illnesses were included. Fifty subjects were dressed in a cotton towel ihram and 50 wore a plain cotton ihram (control group). Respiratory symptoms and FeNO levels were recorded on the day before leaving for Hajj, when ihrams were removed, and when the pilgrims had returned home. Results Pilgrims who wore cotton towel ihrams showed significantly higher rates of respiratory symptoms, including being generally ill, coughing, a sore throat, and a runny nose, than those who wore plain ihrams. FeNO levels also tended to be higher in pilgrims who wore a cotton towel ihram compared with those with a plain cotton ihram during and after Hajj. Conclusions Hajj pilgrims who wear cotton towel ihrams may have a risk of respiratory symptoms, including a cough, sore throat, and runny nose. Therefore, a plain cotton ihram is advisable while performing Hajj to minimize respiratory illness.

scholarly journals Viruses associated with acute respiratory infections 1961–71

1974 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Sore Throat ◽  
School Children ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Illness ◽  
Pathogenic Organism ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Influenza Like Illness

SUMMARYInfluenza-like illness, cold and sore throat was the diagnosis given in over 80% of 5177 acute respiratory illnesses in patients swabbed over a 10-year-period. A pathogenic organism was isolated twice as frequently from patients with a sore throat or an influenza-like illness as from those diagnosed as suffering from croup or laryngitis and bronchitis. A laboratory diagnosis was commoner in school children than in older or younger persons.Most of the organisms isolated were found in association with all types of acute respiratory illness but, with increasing age of the patient, one particular agent or group of agents was more likely to be of aetiological significance.

scholarly journals Contribution of Nanotechnologies to Vaccine Development and Drug Delivery against Respiratory Viruses

PPAR Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Mahdi Ftouh ◽  
Nesrine Kalboussi ◽  
Nabil Abid ◽  
Souad Sfar ◽  
Nathalie Mignet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Viral Illness ◽  
Syncytial Virus

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the coronavirus disease 2019, a respiratory viral illness linked to significant morbidity, mortality, production loss, and severe economic depression, was the third-largest cause of death in 2020. Respiratory viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and adenovirus, are among the most common causes of respiratory illness in humans, spreading as pandemics or epidemics throughout all continents. Nanotechnologies are particles in the nanometer range made from various compositions. They can be lipid-based, polymer-based, protein-based, or inorganic in nature, but they are all bioinspired and virus-like. In this review, we aimed to present a short review of the different nanoparticles currently studied, in particular those which led to publications in the field of respiratory viruses. We evaluated those which could be beneficial for respiratory disease-based viruses; those which already have contributed, such as lipid nanoparticles in the context of COVID-19; and those which will contribute in the future either as vaccines or antiviral drug delivery systems. We present a short assessment based on a critical selection of evidence indicating nanotechnology’s promise in the prevention and treatment of respiratory infections.

scholarly journals Non-SARS Non-MERS Human Coronaviruses: Clinical Characteristics and Outcome

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1549
Author(s):  
Israa Saib ◽  
Saud Aleisa ◽  
Husam Ardah ◽  
Ebrahim Mahmoud ◽  
Ahmad O. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Invasive Ventilation ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Co Detection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have become evident sources of human respiratory infections with new emerging HCoVs as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The common four coronaviruses (229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43) are known to cause respiratory illness in humans, but their clinical impact is poorly described in the literature. We analyzed the data of all patients who tested positive for at least one of the four HCoVs from October 2015 to January 2020 in a tertiary care center. HCoVs were detected in 1062 specimens, with an incidence rate of 1.01%, out of all documented respiratory illnesses. Detection of these viruses was reported sporadically throughout the years, with a peak of occurrence during winter seasons. OC43 had the highest incidence (53.7%), followed by NL63 (21.9%), HKU1 (12.6%), and 229E (11.8%). Most of these infections were community-acquired, with symptoms of both upper and lower respiratory tract. Co-detection with other viruses were observed, mostly with rhinovirus. 229E was the most frequent (26.4%) HCoV in patients requiring intensive care, while NL63 and 229E were the most common in patients requiring invasive ventilation. The highest 30-day mortality rate was observed in patients infected with 229E (6.4%). HCoVs are common circulating pathogens that have been present for decades, with 229E being the most virulent in this study cohort.

scholarly journals 2799. Inability to Locally Differentiate Rhinovirus/Enterovirus Results Impacts Infection Control Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S989-S990
Author(s):  
Susan V Donelan ◽  
Silvia Spitzer ◽  
Eric Spitzer
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Contact Precautions ◽  
Influenza Activity ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Data Informed

Abstract Background Rhinoviruses and Enteroviruses are closely related members of the family picornavirideae; however, they have distinct clinical manifestations. Rhinoviruses cause respiratory infections while Enteroviruses often present as nonspecific febrile illnesses. Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is unusual in that although it is classified as an enterovirus it causes respiratory illness. Most of the currently used nucleic acid amplification assays for respiratory viruses do not distinguish between Rhino and Enteroviruses because of their shared homology. Rhino/Enterovirus infections are common in the Summer and Fall. In October of 2018 the NYS DOH issued a health advisory describing increased numbers of EV-D68 infection. Although there is no specific treatment for EV-D68, the advisory recommended contact precautions in addition to the droplet precautions recommended for other respiratory viruses. This recommendation creates logistical difficulties since there are no commercial test-kits that can identify EV-D68. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of EV-D68 among patients admitted to Stony Brook Hospital that tested positive for Rhino/Enterovirus. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were tested with the BioFire® FilmArray® Respiratory Panel (RP 2) test. 44 Rhino/Enterovirus positive specimens were sent for further identification to the NYS DOH Virology Lab. Enterovirus was differentiated from Rhinovirus by qRT–PCR. EV-D68 was identified by sequencing. Results During one week in October, 10 patients were admitted with positive EV-D68 (5 adults and 5 children). In contrast, all 21 admitted patients who had specimens sent for typing had Rhinovirus. Conclusion This study confirmed that there was significant EV-D68 activity among patients who required hospitalization consistent with the NYS DOH advisory in the Fall of 2018. In contrast, in the Winter a drop in the prevalence of Rhino/enterovirus was observed. EV-D68 was not found in any of the samples sent for typing. These data informed our internal decision to cohort all patients this past Winter with positive Rhino/enterovirus results, positively impacting patient cohorting capabilities during a time with increased local influenza activity. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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