Affected Representatives, Group Advocacy, and Account Giving

2020 ◽  
pp. 125-152
Author(s):  
Karen Celis
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Key Features ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Account Giving ◽  
Gender Quota ◽  
Elected Representatives

Chapter 5 introduces a new category of political actors—the affected representatives of women—and discusses the key features of twin institutional augmentations, group advocacy and account giving. The affected representatives connect women to the formal representation process, establish new representative relations, and, importantly, generate a new context for deliberation by elected representatives on women’s issues. Affected representatives advocate for differently affected groups of women and hold elected representatives to account for their parliamentary deliberations and decisions. The standard according to which elected representatives will be publicly judged is reaching just and fair decisions for all women. Designed in this way, women’s group representation is better able to address women’s ideological and intersectional differences and tackle women’s inequality vis-à-vis men and within-group processes of privileging and marginalization. It is a much more solid answer to women’s failing representation compared with an overreliance on women’s descriptive representation and gender quota, the key first-generation design.

scholarly journals Publications about Women, Science, and Engineering: Use of Sex and Gender in Titles over a Forty-six-year Period

2021 ◽  
pp. 016224392110276
Author(s):  
Mary Frank Fox ◽  
Diana Roldan Rueda ◽  
Gerhard Sonnert ◽  
Amanda Nabors ◽  
Sarah Bartel
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Critical Case ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Analytical Issue ◽  
Key Features ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Science Policies

This article focuses on key features of the use of sex and gender in titles of articles about women, science, and engineering over an important forty-six-year period (1965–2010). The focus is theoretically and empirically consequential. Theoretically, the paper addresses science as a critical case that connects femininity/masculinity to social stratification; and the use of sex and gender as an enduring, analytical issue that reveals perspectives on hierarchies of femininity/masculinity. Empirically, this article identifies the emergence, development, and stabilization of published articles about women, science, and engineering that use sex and gender in their titles. The distinctive method involves search, retrieval, and review of 23,430 articles, using intercoder reliabilities for inclusion/exclusion. This results in a uniquely specified and comprehensive set of articles on our subject and the identification of titles with sex and gender. Findings point to (1) the growth of gender titles, (2) their increase in every field, (3) differing concentrations of sex and gender titles in journals, (4) a span of telling topic areas, and (5) higher citation rates of gender, compared to sex, titles. Broader implications appear in reasons for the growth of gender titles, meanings of topic areas that occur, insights into social inequalities and science policies, and emerging complexities of nonbinary categories of sex/gender.

17. Failed Democratization

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Steven Fish ◽  
Jason Wittenberg
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Established Democracies

This chapter examines key factors that lead to failed democratization. It first describes five categories of countries: established democracies, established autocracies, robust democratizers, tenuous democratizers, and failed democratizers. Using the Freedom House Index, it explains why some democratizers slid backwards while others did not. In particular, it looks at the conditions that undermine democracy and political actors, such as the chief executive, that contribute to democratization’s derailment. The chapter identifies several major structural factors that influence whether democratization succeeds fully, succeeds partially, or fails. These include poverty, a late history of national independence, a large Muslim population, economic reliance on oil and gas, and gender inequality. The chapter concludes by considering ways of reducing the hazards of democratic reversal and preventing relapses into authoritarianism, such as strengthening legislatures and curtailing executive power.

18. A Decade of Democratic Decline and Stagnation

2018 ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
M. Steven Fish ◽  
Jason Wittenberg ◽  
Laura Jakli
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Established Democracies

This chapter examines key factors that lead to failed democratization. It first describes five categories of countries: established democracies, established autocracies, robust democratizers, tenuous democratizers, and failed democratizers. Using the Freedom House Index, it explains why some democratizers slid backwards while others did not. In particular, it looks at the conditions that undermine democracy and political actors, such as the chief executive, that contribute to democratization’s derailment. The chapter identifies several major structural factors that influence whether democratization succeeds fully, succeeds partially, or fails. These include poverty, a late history of national independence, a large Muslim population, economic reliance on oil and gas, and gender inequality. The chapter concludes by considering ways of reducing the hazards of democratic reversal and preventing relapses into authoritarianism, such as strengthening legislatures and curtailing executive power.

scholarly journals One of Us: On the Role of Accent and Race in Real-Time In-Group Categorization

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Paola Paladino ◽  
Mara Mazzurega
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Group Representation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Race Prejudice ◽  
Parallel Activation

In the present research, we investigated the combined role of accent (native vs. nonnative) and race (European native or White vs. nonnative or Black) in real-time in-group categorization among Italian participants. We found that targets presenting mixed cues (i.e., Black persons with a native accent and White persons with a nonnative accent) led to the simultaneous and parallel activation of in-group and out-group representation in the early stage of person perception, showing that both accent and appearance were initially processed. However, later in the process, when accent and appearance did not match, the first played a major role in the participants’ construal of the target as “one of us.” Finally, we examined the role of social identification, beliefs on the importance of language and race, prejudice, social dominance, and contacts with first-generation Italians in the categorization process. Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.

Serum levels of BCL-2 protein in patients with schizophrenia

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1371-1371
Author(s):  
V.V. Djordjević ◽  
D. Lazarević ◽  
V. Ćosić ◽  
P. Vlahović ◽  
S. Tošić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Oxidant Stress ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Glutamate Excitotoxicity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
First Onset ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control

In order to identify a patophysiological mechanism that could explain the progressive elements of schizophrenia and its relationship with neurodevelopment, oxidant stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, neurochemical sensitisation and a disregulation of apoptosis were considered.To test apoptotic process in schizophrenia, Bcl-2 protein was determined in sera from 30 patients with schizophrenia and from 30 age and gender matched healthy subjects by an ELISA method. Although mean serum Bcl-2 protein concentration in patients with schizophrenia was lower than in healthy volunteers, there was no any significant difference between patient (0.276 ± 0.07 ng/mL) and control (0.332 ± 0.22 ng/mL) values. No significant difference was found between males and females. Similar Bcl-2 concentrations were obtained in the group showing almost equally positive and negative symptoms, in the group with a relative predomination of positive symptoms and in the group with a relative predomination of negative symptoms. Serum Bcl-2 protein concentration in patients treated with first generation antipsychotics was 0.301 ± 0.075 ng/mL, and it was significantly higher in comparison with the values obtained in patients receiving the second generation antipsychotics (0.233 ± 0.052 ng/mL, p< 0.05). A significant correlation was found between serum levels of Bcl-2 and FasL (r = 0.418, p < 0.01). There was not any significant correlation between serum Bcl-2 concentration and heredity, the first onset of the disease, the number of psychotic episodes and the duration of psychosis. To our knowledge to date, this has been the first demonstration of Bcl-2 concentration in sera of patients with schizophrenia, showing significantly different values between patients treated with typical or atypical antipsychotics.

Violence against Women in Politics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Political Violence ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ongoing Dialogue

Women have made significant inroads into politics in recent years, but in many parts of the world, their increased engagement has spurred attacks, intimidation, and harassment intended to deter their participation. This book provides the first comprehensive account of this phenomenon, exploring how women came to give these experiences a name—violence against women in politics—and lobby for its increased recognition by citizens, states, and international organizations. Drawing on research in multiple disciplines, the volume resolves lingering ambiguities regarding its contours by arguing that violence against women in politics is not simply a gendered extension of existing definitions of political violence privileging physical aggressions against rivals. Rather, it is a distinct phenomenon involving a broad range of harms to attack and undermine women as political actors. Incorporating a wide range of country examples, the book illustrates what this violence looks like in practice, catalogues emerging solutions around the world, and considers how to document this phenomenon more effectively. Highlighting its implications for democracy, human rights, and gender equality, the volume concludes that tackling violence against women in politics requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration to ensure women’s equal rights to participate—freely and safely—in political life around the globe.

Quotas, the Electoral System Type and the Election of Young Women

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Stockemer ◽  
Aksel Sundström
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
System Type ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Quota

Abstract This article focuses on a specific group of legislators facing large hurdles during recruitment processes, namely young women. Building on the institutional literature, we hypothesize that gender quota regulations, youth quotas, and proportional representation (PR) electoral systems should particularly benefit young women. Our quantitative study, capturing one hundred elections conducted between 2012 and 2017, finds partial support for our expectations. For the three hypotheses, we find that legislative quotas and voluntary party quotas for both youths and gender do not significantly increase the share of young women. In contrast, PR electoral systems render the electoral arena less discriminatory toward younger women.

Mandated Representation: Exploring the Consequences of Gender Quota Design on Parliamentary Activity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Euchner ◽  
Elena Frech
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Gender Quotas ◽  
Binomial Regression ◽  
Interdisciplinary Framework ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Quota ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Although the scholarship on legislative behaviour widely agrees that electoral rules determine parliamentary activities, surprisingly little is known on the impact of gender quotas. We contribute to this research gap by developing an innovative interdisciplinary framework and by exploring it based on a unique dataset on varying gender quota designs throughout EU countries and parties running for the 7th term of the European Parliament (2009–2014). Based on the scholarship on gender diversity in management teams and the research on gendered processes in political parties, we argue that especially mandated gender quotas stimulate processes of social categorisation, intergroup biasing and competition due to a normative mis-fit between conceptions of gender equality and gender quotas, which in turn influences coordination and communication and hence, parliamentary activity more generally. Combining negative-binomial regression models and expert interviews, we indeed find that mandated gender quotas promote ‘individual’ parliamentary activities (e.g. speeches) and tend to impede ‘collaborative’ parliamentary activities (e.g. reports).

Growing Up Queer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
First Generation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Intersecting Identities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
A Site ◽  
Teenage Sexuality ◽  
Natural Characteristics

Growing Up Queer explores what it is like being young and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or queer (LGBTQ) in the United States today. Using interviews and ethnographic research conducted at an LGBTQ youth drop-in center, it shows how young people understand their sexual and gender identities, their interest in queer media, and the role that family plays in their lives. The young people who participated in this research are among the first generation to embrace queer identities as kids and teens, and Growing Up Queer shows how both sexual and gender identities are formed through complicated, ambivalent processes, as opposed to the natural characteristics one is born with. In addition to showing how youth understand their identities, Growing Up Queer describes how young people navigate queerness within a culture in which being gay is the “new normal.” Using Sara Ahmed’s concept of queer orientation, it argues that being queer is not just about one’s sexual and/or gender identity but is also understood through intersecting identities including race, class, ability, and more. By showing how society accepts some kinds of LGBTQ-identified people while rejecting others, Growing Up Queer provides evidence of queerness as a site of social inequality. The book moves beyond an oversimplified examination of teenage sexuality and shows, through the voices of young people themselves, the exciting yet complicated terrain of queer adolescence.

Immigrants' Progress: Ethnic and Gender Differences among U.S. Immigrants in the 1980s

1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Waldinger ◽  
Greta Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Occupational Prestige ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Generation Immigrant ◽  
Language Difficulties ◽  
Occupational Achievement ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Using data from the June 1986 and June 1988 Current Population Surveys, we look at differences in occupational achievement, education, occupational prestige, and per capita income among a large number of first-generation immigrant groups. We seek to explore a central question in the debate about the economic prospects of immigrants: Do groups convert education into occupational prestige in similar ways? To address this issue, we examine differences in estimated rates of returns to socioeconomic occupational scores for education among immigrant groups. Notwithstanding language difficulties and unfamiliarity with the labor market—characteristics that we could not measure with this dataset—the labor market experiences of higher-skilled immigrants appear not to differ appreciably from that of native whites of native parentage. By contrast, low-skilled immigrants are concentrated in low-level jobs where the structure of employment seems to limit the rewards to additional gains in skill.

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