Autonomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-105
Author(s):  
Nathan L. King
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Suffrage Movement ◽  
The Relationship

Drawing from examples ranging from the suffrage movement to the Scientific Revolution, this chapter explores the nature of intellectual autonomy, the virtue we need in order to think for ourselves. The chapter identifies autonomy as a virtue that stands between the vices of servility (a deficiency of independence) and isolation (an excess). It argues that, surprisingly, virtuous autonomy requires us to rely on others—a fact illustrated by both the suffragists and the scientific revolutionaries. Autonomy is a matter of thinking for ourselves, but not a matter of thinking by ourselves. The chapter includes a discussion of the relationship between autonomy and deference to experts. It closes with exercises designed to prompt the reader toward virtuous, autonomous thinking.

History of Science and Medicine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Staffan Müller-Wille
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Growth Of Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Agendas ◽  
Ways Of Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores what both historians of medicine and historians of science could gain from a stronger entanglement of their respective research agendas. It first gives a cursory outline of the history of the relationship between science and medicine since the scientific revolution in the seventeenth century. Medicine can very well be seen as a domain that was highly productive of scientific knowledge, yet in ways that do not fit very well with the historiographic framework that dominated the history of science. Furthermore, the article discusses two alternative historiographical approaches that offer ways of thinking about the growth of knowledge that fit well with the cumulative and translational patterns that characterize the development of the medical sciences, and also provide an understanding of concepts such as ‘health’ and ‘life’.

The Intellectual and the State: Social Dynamics of Intellectual Autonomy During the Post-Mao Era

1991 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
pp. 569-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Bonnin ◽  
Yves Chevrier
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
The State ◽  
Communist State ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Chinese Intellectual ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mao Era

The relationship between the Chinese intellectual and the communist state experienced some significant changes during the 1980s, although some of the basic patterns established since the 1930s and 1940s were not altered. This contrast is in line with the overall impact of Deng Xiaoping's limited reforms, which gave more room, and more weight, to society vis-à-vis the state, while the basic structures of the latter were left untouched. Social change was the new element which allowed the intellectuals to enjoy more autonomy in organizing their associations and in articulating new ideas. The intellectual with an autonomous base in a more autonomous society emerged from the prevalent pattern of technocratic intellectuals operating within the state framework, a state whose totalitarian scope had deprived them of any social base.

The Dilemmas of Male Consumption in Nineteenth-Century Argentina: Fashion, Consumerism, and Darwinism in Domingo Sarmiento and Juan B. Alberdi

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-795
Author(s):  
ADRIANA NOVOA
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Cultural Changes ◽  
Luxury Consumption ◽  
Darwinian Revolution ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Categories ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis article explores how the relationship between luxury, consumption and gender in Argentina changed in response to the introduction of Darwinian ideas. Ideas surrounding consumerism were transformed by the 1870s, influenced by a scientific revolution that gave new meaning to gender categories. The introduction of Darwinism at a time of extreme ideological confusion about how to organise the nation only enhanced the perceived dangers about how economic changes and the expansion of markets would affect elites' ability to govern. The article focuses specifically on changing perceptions of gender and consumerism between 1830 and 1880, paying particular attention to the work of two of the most important intellectuals of the Generación del '37, Juan B. Alberdi and Domingo F. Sarmiento. By closely examining their reflections on the expansion of markets and accumulation of luxury goods, it reveals the nature of the cultural changes introduced by the Darwinian revolution.

4. Iran and the West

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
The West ◽  
Economic Opportunities ◽  
Political Advantage ◽  
Constitutional Revolution ◽  
The Relationship

‘Iran and the West’ charts the relationship between Iran and the West beginning in the 16th and 17th centuries with increased contact with Western rulers eager to secure both economic opportunities and political advantage. In the 18th century, as Europe embarked on Enlightenment and scientific revolution, Iran entered a period of prolonged political and economic turmoil—the collapse of the Safavid state and then the rise of the Qajar dynasty. The Constitutional Revolution of 1906 profoundly altered the political and social direction of the country and laid the foundations for much that was to follow. Twentieth-century politics and the profound effects of the 1979 Islamic Revolution are also described.

Theology and the Scientific Imagination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Funkenstein
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Religious Language ◽  
Christian Theology ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Secular Theology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Scientific Imagination

This book is a pioneering work of intellectual history that transformed our understanding of the relationship between Christian theology and the development of science. The author explores the metaphysical foundations of modern science and shows how, by the 1600s, theological and scientific thinking had become almost one. Major figures like Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, and others developed an unprecedented secular theology whose debt to medieval and scholastic thought shaped the trajectory of the scientific revolution. The book ends with the author's influential analysis of the seventeenth century's “unprecedented fusion” of scientific and religious language. Featuring a new foreword, the book is a pathbreaking and classic work that remains a fundamental resource for historians and philosophers of science.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CULTURAL VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND NATIONAL AFFILIATION OF UKRAINIAN STUDENTS YOUTH

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10(55)) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Ірина Булах ◽  
Любов Співак
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Cultural Value ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Intellectual Autonomy ◽  
Schwartz Value Survey ◽  
National Affiliation ◽  
Reverse Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The strong relationship between cultural value orientations and national affiliation ensure the stability of the nation. Group identity and cultural value orientations intensively develop during the youth period. The aim of the article is to empirical study of the relationship between cultural value orientations and the national affiliation of Ukrainian students of domestic higher education institutions. To achieve this aim, the questionnaire of cultural value orientations (Schwartz Value Survey), modified method of “Ethnic affiliation” and methods of mathematical statistics was applied. The study was attended by a students of higher educational institutions of Kyiv city, who came to study from different cities and villages of the country. It was established that all students provided the greatest importance to cultural value orientations of the pole with “egalitarianism”, the smallest with “hierarchy”. It was established that the largest number of students differ in the average level of national affiliation, much less – low and lowest – high.It was proved that the strength and direction of the relationship between cultural value orientations and national affiliation for students are different. For students who came to study from the cities, there are strong and positive relationship between the cultural value orientations of the poles “embeddedness”, “hierarchy”, “harmony”, “egalitarianism”, “mastery” and “affective autonomy” and national affiliation. For these students, the relationship between cultural value orientations of the “intellectual autonomy” pole and the national affiliation is weak. For students who came to study from the villages, the strong and direct relationship of the cultural value orientations of the poles “egalitarianism” and “embeddedness” and the national affiliation are identified. For these students, a strong and reverse relationship of cultural value orientations to the pole of “affective autonomy” with national affiliation is established. Also, the reverse relationship of cultural value orientations of the poles “intellectual autonomy”, “mastery”, “hierarchy”, and “harmony” and the national affiliation is noted to be weak. So, for students who came to study from the cities, a strong the strength the relationship between the largest number cultural value orientations and national affiliation are identified.

STRUCTURING AND INTERPRETING THE EXPERIENCE OF EARLY MODERN EUROPEANS

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 295-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAYMOND A. MENTZER
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Geographic Concentration ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Imperial Court ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Relationship

Archives of the scientific revolution: the formation and exchange of ideas in seventeenth-century Europe. Edited by Michael Hunter. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 216. ISBN 0–8511–553–7. £45.00.The peasantries of Europe from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Edited by Tom Scott. London: Longman, 1998. Pp. xi + 416. ISBN 0–582–10131-X. £19.99.Civil society and fanaticism: conjoined histories. By Dominique Colas. Translated by Amy Jacobs. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997. Pp. xxx + 480. ISBN 0–8047–2736–8. £14.95.The quest for compromise: peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna. By Howard Louthan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xvi + 185. ISBN 0–531–58082-X. £35.00.Each of the four volumes at hand examines a different yet vital aspect of European society between the late middle ages and the beginnings of industrialization. The field is far too diverse and the approaches too complex to expect a commonality among these works, excepting a shared temporal and geographic concentration. Still, the themes and subjects reveal some of the issues that have captured recent attention and show how scholars propose to go about exploring them. They suggest the interests of historians of early modern Europe, their distinctive perspectives, and varying methodologies. The collective reach extends from deciphering the papers and manuscripts left by participants in the scientific revolution to an exploration of the immense yet largely reticent peasant world, an attempt to establish the origins and trace the development of today's ongoing discussion over civil society and fanaticism, and finally a study of four peacemakers who urged religious moderation at the imperial court of Counter-Reformation Vienna. Put slightly differently, these studies raise fundamental questions about the sources upon which scholars depend, the nature and utility of historical models, and the relationship between contemporary concerns and our collective past, whether they be issues of civil society or irenic accommodation.

scholarly journals FEMINIST POLITICAL THOUGHT AND ACTIVISM IN REVOLUTIONARY IRELAND, c. 1880–1918

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Senia Pašeta
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
Women's Suffrage ◽  
Home Rule ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
The Third ◽  
Suffrage Movement ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Women’S Suffrage

ABSTRACTFeminist thought and activism was a feature of Irish political life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Because the women's suffrage campaign coincided with and was at times influenced by wider debates on the national question, it has often been understood almost entirely in relation to Irish nationalism and unionism, and usually in the specific context of acute political crisis such as the third Home Rule. The Irish suffrage movement should instead be understood both in terms of wider political developments and in particular Irish contexts. This paper surveys aspects of feminist political culture with a particular emphasis on the way that nationalist Irish women articulated and negotiated their involvement in the women's suffrage movement. It argues that the relationship between the two was both more nuanced and dynamic than has been allowed, and that opposition to women's activism should be understood in structural and cultural terms as well as in broadly political ones. The relationship should also be understood in longer historical terms than is usual as it also evolved in the context of broader political and social shifts and campaigns, some of which predated the third Home Rule crisis.

scholarly journals God-Pantocrator and God-Coordinator: The Status of a Miracle in the Scientific Revolution

2021 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 116-137
Author(s):  
Igor Dmitriev
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
The Status ◽  
The One ◽  
Theological Thought ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reasoning By Analogy

Scientists and philosophers of the 17th century, with all the novelty of their ideas, at the same time were in no hurry to reject the concept of a miracle, although many of them, such as I. Newton, rejected the understanding of a miracle as a violation of the laws of nature, its “ordinary course”. On the whole, with regard to the Christian concept of the miracle in the natural philosophy of the early modern period, a very uncertain situation developed. On the one hand, in the era of the Scientific Revolution, there was a clear tendency to explain extraordinary phenomena by the action of natural causes, which in theology found its meaningful expression in the Protestant concept of the cessation of miracles (cessatio miraculorum) in post-apostolic times, and in philosophy (more precisely, in the philosophico-theological literature), especially in the teachings of B. Pascal, R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, D. Hume and other authors, in an effort to build a rational theology in which the status of a miracle turned out to be very uncertain. On the other hand, the difficulties that arose in science after I. Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation and associated with the problem of actio in distans, forced researchers to resort to theological concepts and images in natural-philosophical reasoning, in particular, to refer to the concept of a miracle. The latter circumstance required the development of a new understanding of miracles, namely the concept of “coincidence miracles”, which made it possible to preserve the apologetic functions of miracles and at the same time to neutralize the philosophical and theological criticism of the concept of miracle by B. Spinoza and D. Hume. My aim in this article is to demonstrate that the relationship between theological and scientific (more precisely, natural-philosophical) problems is by no means reduced to the use of theological concepts in the process of the formation of classical science in the mode of general reasoning by analogy or as general ideological statements. Theological concepts turned out to be included in the natural-philosophical discourse on a par with purely physical arguments, and, on the contrary, theological thought had to somehow react to natural-philosophical discoveries, which ultimately led to a mutual adjustment of both natural-philosophical and theological concepts.

Measuring the World: Exploration, Empire and the Reform of the Royal Geographical Society, c. 1874–93

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Jones
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Victorian Britain ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
The World ◽  
New Imperialism ◽  
British Education ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship between geography, exploration and empire. It focuses on the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and how it influenced the organisation of knowledge in Victorian Britain. It describes the transformation of the RGS, resulting from four forces in which new imperialism acted as catalyst rather than a cause: firstly, the scientific revolution unleashed by the publication of Darwin’s Origin of Species in 1859; secondly, the global rise of ideas of bureaucratic government and expertise; thirdly, the expansion of the British education system; and finally, the challenge posed by the inexorable extension of the map of the world.

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