Concluding Remarks on Linguistic Equality, Strategic Pluralism, and Linguistic Justice

2019 ◽  
pp. 249-266
Author(s):  
Janny H.C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Moral Norm ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Linguistic Justice ◽  
Strategic Pluralism ◽  
Language Law

Since equality is a foundation of liberalism and a moral norm, the value of linguistic equality is easily taken for granted. This chapter offers a characterization of linguistic equality as it is claimed and practiced in bilingual and multilingual jurisdictions today. It argues that shallow equality must not be confused with equality that is difference-blind and universal. Both symbolic jurisprudence and shallow equality are properties of a policy of strategic pluralism. The symbolic nature of official language law and the shallow character of linguistic equality do not prevent official multilingualism from serving legitimate goals. Official multilingualism is not morally superior to official monolingualism. Both are viable strategies for the survival of a polity. Although this book has been primarily concerned with the descriptive and analytical questions of how to make sense of official multilingualism, it concludes with some insights that may illuminate normative questions about linguistic justice.

Conferring Official Language Rights in Legal Communication

2019 ◽  
pp. 209-248
Author(s):  
Janny H.C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trial ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Language Rights ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Cultural Survival ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Communication ◽  
To Come ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Official Status

This chapter asks two questions about the nature of official language rights. The first is a practical one—whether and how official language law enhances language rights for the communities concerned. A comparative approach is taken to answer this question, which will also reveal situations where official language rights conflict with existing legal principles and norms. The second question is a philosophical one. Should language rights derived from official status be distinguished from language rights derived from fair trial rights? Since natural justice rationale only seeks to ensure effective communication and fair trial, and is indifferent to the choice of particular languages, the enlargement of language rights through official status must be justified through additional principles. Courts in multilingual jurisdictions have been trying to come up with persuasive principles that justify the derivation of language rights from official status. Such justifications include a constitutional promise about linguistic equality, the cultural survival of official language communities, and respect for the cultural identity of these communities.

How Official Multilingualism Works

2019 ◽  
pp. 87-120
Author(s):  
Janny H.C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Economic Capital ◽  
Symbolic Power ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Widespread Adoption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Substantive Law ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Sociopolitical Forces

This chapter spells out major sociopolitical forces that have contributed to the widespread adoption of official multilingualism, and offers an explanation of how official multilingualism works through law. Jurisdictions that adopt multilingual law are primarily driven by pragmatic rather than normative forces. Official language law can perform a plethora of instrumental functions because such law works chiefly through its symbolic power. This discursive reading of law is contrary to the dominant, positivist view of law as command of a sovereign backed by force. Although symbolism is sometimes defined in opposition to what is real or substantive, law that works through symbolism is not necessarily empty in content or limited in impact. In fact, its semiotic flexibility has allowed it to be used to pursue a wide range of instrumental goals, which consist mostly of political and economic capital.

Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janny H.C. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Political Management ◽  
Strategic Pluralism ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Collective Goals

This book offers a critical perspective to the proliferation of official multilingualism in the contemporary world. Through diachronic and synchronic comparisons, it shows that official multilingualism has become a norm in the political management of linguistic diversity, but actual practices vary according to sociohistorical contexts and current power dynamics. It explains such convergences and divergences using a theory of symbolic jurisprudence, which posits that official language law has served chiefly as a discursive resource for a range of political and economic functions, such as ensuring stability, establishing legitimacy, balancing rival powers, and harnessing trade opportunities. The book goes on to examine the practical impact of official multilingualism on public institutions and legal processes and the application of linguistic equality—frequently asserted in multilingual polities—on the ground. The study shows that serious pursuit of linguistic equality calls for elaborate administrative effort in public institutions and carries a potential to clash with existing legal practices (from legal drafting and interpretation, to language rights in trial proceedings). However, such changes—however extensive—hardly ever disrupt the status quo. The book further argues that linguistic equality as proclaimed and practiced in many polities today is shallow in character, and must not be confused with popular conceptions of equality. The book concludes that both symbolic jurisprudence and shallow equality are components of a policy of strategic pluralism that underlies official multilingualism. Although official multilingualism can legitimately be used to pursue collective goals, it runs the underlying risks of disguising substantive inequalities and displacing more progressive efforts in social change.

LEGAL COMMENTS IN RELATION TO THE LATGALIAN WRITING LANGUAGE AS A HISTORICAL VARIETY OF LATVIAN

Via Latgalica ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Agris Bitāns
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Formal Communication

<p>The paper is aimed at provision of legal assessment of the Latgalian language as a variant of Latvian, using mainly the analytical and historical method.</p><p>Notwithstanding the fact that the Official Language Law recognizes that the Latgalian language is a variant of the Latvian language, there is no absolute clarity with regard to the status of this language and its practical use in formal communication. Also the attitude from public authorities is inexcusably inappropriate – as far as declaring the Latgalian language to be a foreign language. However, from historical point of view the Latgalian language was recognised and applied in official communication, including also judicial proceedings, in Latgale.</p><p>Positive evaluation has to be given to the discussion, which has been opened with regard to the Latgalian language and its legal status. It should be noted with satisfaction, that their significant contribution is provided also by Latvians from other regions, and edition of „Jurista Vārds” („Lawyer’s Word”), dated 25 October 2011, is a good confirmation. However, the practice is indicative that there is no clarity with regard to legal status of the Latgalian language and its practical use in formal communication. Currently existing approach of the approved establishments on Latvia results from historical prejudices and ignorance.</p><p>Existence of a number of languages as official state languages is nothing exceptional, and also the dialects or vernaculars may be constitutionally protected and their use can be defined. In evaluation of the constitutional framework also in other countries, a conclusion should be drawn that proper normative strengthening and daily use of the Latgalian language constitutes no threat to the official language. On the contrary, it could be a basis for raising confidence in Latgale, as well as in other regions. Linguistic diversity is the national cultural and historical heritage, which is worth a special appreciation and protection.</p><p>Although nomenclative designation of the Latgalian language (language of Latgale) should be specified, it is much more important to come to understand the content of this concept in order to clearly denote the language, which is spoken not only in the region of Latgale of the contemporary Latvia, but also beyond, preserving for the language its historic roots.</p><p>The Latgalian language was recognized to be one of the cornerstones in foundation of the Latvian state when the Latvian state was founded, and it was consistently respected also after the Republic of Latvia was proclaimed. In the normative field forgetting or disregarding of the Latgalian language has started to be present only after K. Ulmanis’ coup, while depriving the Latgalian language of its legal status and regulation.</p><p>With the Official Language Law the Republic of Latvia in a normative way has demonstrated its special attitude towards the Latgalian language. The State has determined not only to protect and at the same time to regulate the Latgalian language, but has assumed even larger active obligation to maintain and to develop the Latgalian language.</p><p>There are neither legal nor linguistic or logical grounds to declare the Latgalian (Latgale) language (not to say the dialect!) to be a foreign language. The claim that the Latvian literary language is the only one to be recognized as the official language would have to be considered erroneous, because it has no normative basis. Latgalian language meets all requirements for a literary language, i. a., it has approved orthography rules in accordance with the laws and regulations of the Republic of Latvia.</p><p>Conclusions made by the decision of Senate in case No. A42571907 S–596/2009, dated 18 August 2009, cannot be construed to be legitimate, because these are not only discrepant with legal method, but also clearly contrary to the logic. Declaring the Latgalian language, as well as any dialect to be a foreign language causes great damage to statehood of Latvia, first of all, to the local self-confidence.</p><p>There is no legal basis to prevent contacts with governmental and local authorities in any vernacular or dialect of Latvian, still less there is a legal basis to limit communication in officially recognised variant of the official language – Latgalian (of Latgale) language.</p><p>The State in the nearest future should enforce in practice the obligation undertaken by the Official Language Law – „maintenance, protection and development of the Latgalian written language as a historic variant of the Latvian language”. Including practical use of the Latgalian language as a variant of the Latvian language should be ensured in communication with governmental and local authorities in the Republic of Latvia according to the existing law. The State should ensure obligations undertaken by the Official Language Law and should guarantee possibilities to apply to the authorities with a document, drawn up in Latgalian. However, the State should not confine itself only to provision of the document circulation in Latgalian, but it should also carry out a series of other real activities, including allocation of necessary funds from the State budget in order to maintain, to protect and to develop the Latgalian language.</p>

scholarly journals Standard of speech: grammatical invasion as a linguistic phenomenon

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
Iryna Kolesnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Level ◽  
National Language ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Communication Tool ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
The Status ◽  
Factors Of Influence ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Language Law ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

The article deals with the main options of violation of speech design in the information space of modern Ukraine both at the domestic and official levels. The language disbalance of the system due to the global fashion for foreign terminology, without taking into account adaptability in a particular linguistic environment, the permission to democratization of means of communication and the use of peripheral layers and dirty language, especially in blogs, errors in the administrative language the officials transitions, as a rule, to surzhyk, genocide of modern Ukrainian language in the advertising field and other factors of influence lead to the destruction of national language therefore the analysis of these problems extremely urgent. Preservation of literary speech design, its deprivation of typical mistake at such language levels as orthoepic, orthographical, morphological, lexical, syntactic, stylistic etc. creates conditions to address in the Ukrainian speaking space shortcomings. The author suggests to look at the violation of the rules of the literary language as a kind of grammatical invasion, that is, the process of the linguistic organism and adaptation in it, with further spread among those who violate the standards of the language. This phenomenon needs attention of the state level. Recently, there has been activity in the work of the Ukrainian government and public organizations related to the strengthening of the status of the Ukrainian language as an official language and the creation of favorable conditions for its development as a means of self-identification of the nation and a communication tool (adoption of the «Language Law»). However, these steps are still not sufficient. Constructive actions are needed to really cleanse the Ukrainian language of elements that are not typical of it (for example, profanity, when is cultivated among young people), and also in terms of increasing the literacy rate Ukraine and agencies put forward the item well-bred speech as one of the conditions for employment of an applicant for the position can be also considered as a positive thing.

scholarly journals The Latvian Language as Perceived by Teachers and Students in the 21st Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Viktorija Kuzina
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Language Status ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Language Environment ◽  
Language Law

<p>The risks to the Latvian language is also Latvian attitude to their own language – vulgarization of language, style diferences, ignoring the elementary language law – the attitude of the state towards the latvian language teaching and research funding. If we talk about Latvian language on 21st century, there could be two forecasts-optimistic and pessimistic. In order to fulfill the optimistic forecast, as consider 76 teachers from high schools of Lielupe and Pumpuri, who had participated in the survey, consider, that Latvian language must remain the only official language status. If the Latvian language will lose the only official language status, then the possible negative forecasts will come true. So 29% of respondents believe in that case, Latvia will lose the Latvian language environment. About 62% of respondents supported the pessimistic forecast. However, like other linquists, I am convinced that Latvian language in 21st century will move a lighter path, that will lead it to further prosperity. In conclusion let us remember the words what an academician J.Stradins said the European Year of Languages conference members:„I wish so the 21st century will not destroy what was built in the 20th century.”<em></em></p>

scholarly journals The language policy of Ukraine in the retail and services sphere

2021 ◽  
pp. 20-35
Author(s):  
Maryna Hontar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Product Information ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Official Language ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The Right ◽  
Language Law ◽  
To Receive

This paper explores how the language policy of Ukraine is established in the retail and services sphere. The analysis focuses on the Ukrainian legislation which regulates the use of the official language and other languages in advertising, product information, and services. In the period of the Ukrainian state independence, the language use in the retail and servi-ces sphere is determined by Article 10 of the Constitution of Ukraine which lays down the basic principles for the operation of languages in Ukraine and the legislative documents which regu-late customer-provider relationships and contain requirements for goods and consumer services.The article states that information should be provided to the consumer in accordance with the lan-guage legislation requirements. The Law “On Languages in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic” (1989) and especially the so-called “Kivalov – Kolesnichenko language law” did not guarantee Ukrainian citizens the right to receive information and to be served in the official language, i.e., in Ukrainian. The 2019 language law, Article 30, however, obliges all service providers to serve consumers and provide information about goods and services in Ukrainian. Keywords: sociolinguistics, language policy, retail and services sphere, Ukrainian language.

Morphological Characterization of Mycobacteriophage R1

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 254-255
Author(s):  
B. L. Soloff ◽  
T. A. Rado
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Minimal Medium ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Logarithmic Growth Phase ◽  
Complete Lysis ◽  
Lysogenic Culture ◽  
Logarithmic Growth

Mycobacteriophage R1 was originally isolated from a lysogenic culture of M. butyricum. The virus was propagated on a leucine-requiring derivative of M. smegmatis, 607 leu−, isolated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of typestrain ATCC 607. Growth was accomplished in a minimal medium containing glycerol and glucose as carbon source and enriched by the addition of 80 μg/ ml L-leucine. Bacteria in early logarithmic growth phase were infected with virus at a multiplicity of 5, and incubated with aeration for 8 hours. The partially lysed suspension was diluted 1:10 in growth medium and incubated for a further 8 hours. This permitted stationary phase cells to re-enter logarithmic growth and resulted in complete lysis of the culture.

AEM analysis of crystallization in Ti-based amorphous alloys

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
A.R. Pelton ◽  
A.F. Marshall ◽  
Y.S. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Amorphous Alloys ◽  
Amorphous Materials ◽  
Isothermal Annealing ◽  
Amorphous Matrix ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Current Interest ◽  
Amorphous Films ◽  
Electrical And Magnetic Properties

Amorphous materials are of current interest due to their desirable mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. Furthermore, crystallizing amorphous alloys provides an avenue for discerning sequential and competitive phases thus allowing access to otherwise inaccessible crystalline structures. Previous studies have shown the benefits of using AEM to determine crystal structures and compositions of partially crystallized alloys. The present paper will discuss the AEM characterization of crystallized Cu-Ti and Ni-Ti amorphous films.Cu60Ti40: The amorphous alloy Cu60Ti40, when continuously heated, forms a simple intermediate, macrocrystalline phase which then transforms to the ordered, equilibrium Cu3Ti2 phase. However, contrary to what one would expect from kinetic considerations, isothermal annealing below the isochronal crystallization temperature results in direct nucleation and growth of Cu3Ti2 from the amorphous matrix.

Characterization of Coherent, Ordered Precipitates in Nickel-Base Alloys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 144-145
Author(s):  
B. H. Kear ◽  
J. M. Oblak
Keyword(s):  
Stable Phase ◽  
Nickel Base Superalloy ◽  
Alloy 718 ◽  
Commercial Alloy ◽  
Precipitate Morphology ◽  
Continuous Precipitation ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Base Superalloy ◽  
Strengthening Precipitate

A nickel-base superalloy is essentially a Ni/Cr solid solution hardened by additions of Al (Ti, Nb, etc.) to precipitate a coherent, ordered phase. In most commercial alloy systems, e.g. B-1900, IN-100 and Mar-M200, the stable precipitate is Ni3 (Al,Ti) γ′, with an LI2structure. In A lloy 901 the normal precipitate is metastable Nis Ti3 γ′ ; the stable phase is a hexagonal Do2 4 structure. In Alloy 718 the strengthening precipitate is metastable γ″, which has a body-centered tetragonal D022 structure.Precipitate MorphologyIn most systems the ordered γ′ phase forms by a continuous precipitation re-action, which gives rise to a uniform intragranular dispersion of precipitate particles. For zero γ/γ′ misfit, the γ′ precipitates assume a spheroidal.

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