Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Leonardo Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
Scientific Facts

What exactly is “noise” in the urban space? With limited resources, often navigating within turbulent political and economic contexts, public officials prefer to regulate sounds that they: 1) can easily specify and identify; 2) hear as imbued with negative ramifications (for health, for the economy, for political stability, for safety, for morals, etc.), especially when they have the support of the citizenry; and 3) can combat under the auspices of scientific facts. This is not an easy task, however, as all three parameters constantly undergo change. The introduction discusses noise as entailed with spatial and ontological axes. It relates the concept of sound-politics to citizenship studies, particularly insurgent citizenship, differentiated citizenship, and microcitizenship.

Shanghai and the Experience of War: The Fate of Refugees

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Henriot
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Refugee Population ◽  
The City ◽  
New Situation

AbstractIn 1937, bitter and brutal fighting raged for three months in and around the city, with intense bombardment from ships and planes. Within weeks, hundred of thousands of residents were thrown on to the streets and made homeless. This paper is concerned with the massive and sudden transformation of Shanghai residents into refugees and the consequences on the resources and management of the city. In the first part, I argue that 1937 created an entirely new situation no authority was prepared to meet because of the scope of the population exodus and to the actual blockade of the city. The second part is devoted to the refugee population, in both quantitative and qualitative terms. It examines who the refugees were—those who found refuge in camps—and why they did not reflect the normal structure of the local population. The last part is concerned with the challenges refugee camps had to face in maintaining a huge destitute population with limited resources in war-torn overcrowded urban space. War caused tremendous suffering among the civilian population, especially children, despite the fairly successful organisation of support by the authorities and private organisations.

Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A Re-analysis

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery M. Paige
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Subsistence Agriculture ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
The North ◽  
Poor Soil

Although the Department of State continues to attribute the war in Vietnam to “aggression from the North,” there has always been a suspicion among more enlightened public officials and most academic critics of the war that economic discontent rooted in the inequitable tenure arrangements of the Vietnamese countryside might have some connection with the vigorous opposition of the Viet Cong to numerous Saigon governments. Thus it is surprising to learn that, on the contrary, support for the Saigon regime is most pronounced in provinces in which few peasants farm their own land, large estates were formerly owned by French or Vietnamese landlords, tenancy is widespread, and the distribution of land is unequal. This finding is particularly striking since it is contrary to data from the rest of Southeast Asia. In Burma, for example dacoity and other forms of social disorder were most frequent in the deltaic area of lower Burma, a region of extensive tenancy, unstable tenure, massive agricultural debt, and large-scale absentee ownership by Indian financial houses. In Thailand most social tension is concentrated in the northeast, a region of poor soil and shifting subsistence agriculture, and in the Menam delta immediately adjacent to Bangkok, where absentee holdings are farmed by tenants. Most commercial agricultural land in Thailand is cultivated by owner-proprietors and it is this fact that explains much of the country's political stability. In the Philippines the Hukbalahap movement was concentrated in central Luzon, again a region of extensive tenancy.

Local Democracy and the Transformation of Popular Participation in Chile

2004 ◽  
Vol 46 (03) ◽  
pp. 55-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Dominant Mode ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Local Democracy ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Popular Participation ◽  
Electoral Success ◽  
The Right

AbstractStructural reforms, institutional arrangements, and the dominant mode of political party-base linkage all militate against effective popular participation in Chilean local democracy. Structural reforms have constrained local leaders' resources as well as their policymaking prerogatives; institutional arrangements limit public officials' accountability to their constituents and citizens' opportunities for input in decisionmaking. The parties of the center-left Concertación have reinforced this vicious cycle by pursuing a mode of linkage with civil society designed to promote their electoral success with only minimal organization and participation by their grassroots constituents. Such conditions fit well with the desire of elites of the Concertación and the right to depoliticize civil society in order to preserve macroeconomic and political stability. Yet they leave in doubt the efficacy of popular participation and the strength of local democracy in Chile.

Feeding the Front-Line Towns

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-179
Author(s):  
Alex Dowdall
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Moral Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
German Army ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
National Effort

Chapter 5 examines the importance of food for survival at the front. The urban battlefields at the Western Front experienced particularly acute problems of food supply. This chapter explores why this was so, and the solutions implemented. But it also moves beyond bureaucratic measures, to consider the meanings attributed to shortages on both sides of the lines. In wartime, food was a key issue that tested both the state’s ability to manage limited resources equitably, and peoples’ willingness to endure sacrifices and shortages for the national effort. In France as a whole, popular debates around food supply centred on what could be considered acceptable levels of sacrifice. But near the front on the Allied side, civilians developed a localized moral economy structured around their experiences of military violence. They demanded that the state acknowledge their additional suffering under fire by granting them additional entitlements in terms of rationing, and acting swiftly to root out hoarding and speculation. Civilians on the occupied side could not make such demands, especially in a context where food supplies were tightly controlled by the Commission for Relief in Belgium and the German Army. Here, food supply was necessary for material survival; but those involved in supply risked moral reproach for the contacts they were required to nurture with the German authorities. Here, the context of occupation shaped attitudes towards food supply, and public officials and private citizens were judged harshly for perceived indiscretions in their dealings with the occupiers.

COVID-19 will threaten African political stability

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Political Instability ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ordinary Citizens

Subject COVID-19 and African democracy. Significance The spread of COVID-19 across Africa is likely to exacerbate political instability by causing disruption within governments, exacerbating existing challenges such as hunger and poverty, triggering debt crises and increasing tensions between ordinary citizens and the security forces. Impacts The use and extension of emergency powers in a number of countries represents a threat to human rights and the consolidation of democracy. Slowing economic growth will undermine the ability of governments to provide basic public services in the medium term. The reputation of the security forces will further deteriorate as they struggle to enforce lockdowns with limited resources and discipline.

Rapid Growth as a Destabilizing Force

1963 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mancur Olson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Hannah Arendt ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The World ◽  
Famous Book

Many writers—some of them reputable scholars, others important public officials—have implicitly assumed or explicitly argued that economic growth leads toward political stability and perhaps even to peaceful democracy. They have argued that “economic development is one of the keys to stability and peace in the world”; that it is “conditions of want and instability on which communism breeds”; and that economic progress “serves as a bulwark against international communism.” A recent and justly famous book on revolution by Hannah Arendt ascribes the most violent forms of revolutionary extremism mainly to poverty.

scholarly journals Smart city technologies in the context of ensuring environmental safety and political stability

2021 ◽  
Vol 311 ◽  
pp. 07004
Author(s):  
Oleg Evgenyevich Grishin ◽  
Olga Alekseevna Nesterchuk ◽  
Sergey Ivanovich Popov ◽  
Alexander Vladimirovich Tolochko ◽  
Olga Viktorovna Levashova
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Large City ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Ecological Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Effective Development

The article analyzes the problems of formation and implementation of technologies of “smart cities” through the prism of ensuring environmental safety and maintaining the political stability of a large city. It has been established that there are various aspects of the development of smart cities. An increased interest on the part of scientists, engineers, ecologists, politicians, government and international structures and institutions in the technologies of “smart cities” is noted. The focus of the study is on the fact that the range of real problems of a modern city includes the solution of problems of safety, ecology, harmonious formation of infrastructure, logistics and other aspects of its effective development. The effect of use of such technologies in the environmental sphere is considered in the context of maintaining political stability. The problem of radiophobia in Moscow is illustrated. The costs of the media functioning when covering environmental issues are indicated. The role of information and communication technologies as a toolkit contributing to development of smart cities is outlined. An example of Moscow metropolis radiation-ecological monitoring system is given. It is offered to replicate technologies of an integrated automated system for environmental monitoring of urban space. The authors complement the existing approaches to the study of smart city technologies in key aspects of ensuring environmental safety and maintaining political stability.

Practical Resources for Provision of Services to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Users of AAC

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-39
Author(s):  
Elena Dukhovny ◽  
E. Betsy Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Augmentative And Alternative Communication ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Culturally And Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Flexible Systems ◽  
Alternative Communication ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Provision Of Services

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, over 20% of Americans speak a language other than English in the home, with Spanish, Chinese, and French being the languages most commonly spoken, aside from English. However, few augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems offer multilingual support for individuals with limited functional speech. There has been much discussion in the AAC community about best practices in AAC system design and intervention strategies, but limited resources exist to help us provide robust, flexible systems for users who speak languages other than English. We must provide services that take into consideration the unique needs of culturally and linguistically diverse users of AAC and help them reach their full communication potential. This article outlines basic guidelines for best practices in AAC design and selection, and presents practical applications of these best practices to multilingual/multicultural clients.

Unknown and Under-Researched: The Anatomy of Drinking Under Control Programs

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 277-288
Author(s):  
Harald Klingemann ◽  
Justyna Klingemann
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Mission Statements ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Admission Criteria ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Institutional Order

Abstract. Introduction: While alcohol treatment predominantly focuses on abstinence, drug treatment objectives include a variety of outcomes related to consumption and quality of life. Consequently harm reduction programs tackling psychoactive substances are well documented and accepted by practitioners, whereas harm reduction programs tackling alcohol are under-researched and met with resistance. Method: The paper is mainly based on key-person interviews with eight program providers conducted in Switzerland in 2009 and up-dated in 2015, and the analysis of reports and mission statements to establish an inventory and description of drinking under control programs (DUCPs). A recent twin program in Amsterdam and Essen was included to exemplify conditions impeding their implementation. Firstly, a typology based on the type of alcohol management, the provided support and admission criteria is developed, complemented by a detailed description of their functioning in practice. Secondly, the case studies are analyzed in terms of factors promoting and impeding the implementation of DUCPs and efforts of legitimize them and assess their success. Results: Residential and non-residential DUCPs show high diversity and pursue individualized approaches as the detailed case descriptions exemplify. Different modalities of proactively providing and including alcohol consumption are conceptualized in a wider framework of program objectives, including among others, quality of life and harm reduction. Typically DUCPs represent an effort to achieve public or institutional order. Their implementation and success are contingent upon their location, media response, type of alcohol management and the response of other substance-oriented stake holders in the treatment system. The legitimization of DUCPs is hampered by the lack of evaluation studies. DUCPs rely mostly – also because of limited resources – on rudimentary self-evaluations and attribute little importance to data collection exercises. Conclusions: Challenges for participants are underestimated and standard evaluation methodologies tend to be incompatible with the rationale and operational objectives of DUCPs. Program-sensitive multimethod approaches enabled by sufficient financing for monitoring and accompanying research is needed to improve the practice-oriented implementation of DUCPs. Barriers for these programs include assumptions that ‘alcohol-assisted’ help abandons hope for recovery and community response to DUCPs as locally unwanted institutions (‘not in my backyard’) fuelled by stigmatization.

A Typology of Caregiving Situations and Service Use in Family Carers of Older People in Six European Countries

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Di Rosa ◽  
Christopher Kofahl ◽  
Kevin McKee ◽  
Barbara Bień ◽  
Giovanni Lamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Older People ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Service Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Typology Of Care

This paper presents the EUROFAMCARE study findings, examining a typology of care situations for family carers of older people, and the interplay of carers with social and health services. Despite the complexity of family caregiving situations across Europe, our analyses determined the existence of seven “caregiving situations,” varying on a range of critical indicators. Our study also describes the availability and use of different support services for carers and care receivers, and carers’ preferences for the characteristics of support services. Our findings have relevance for policy initiatives in Europe, where limited resources need to be more equitably distributed and services should be targeted to caregiving situations reflecting the greatest need, and organized to reflect the preferences of family carers.

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