Opponents of the Hypothesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-277
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Model Building ◽  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Theoretical Physicist ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
Scientific Truth

Chapter 10 reviews the writings of three prominent scientists who reject the hypothesis as the basis for scientific thinking and research. Stuart Firestein is virulently anti-hypothesis and champions Curiosity-Driven science, a free-form mode which is deliberately unstructured. David Glass’s program of Questioning and Model-Building is rigidly structured and inductivist in spirit; he rejects the hypothesis in favor of “models” that he distinguishes from hypotheses. Both Firestein and Glass accept the empiricist standard for assessing scientific truth and believe that a scientific investigation proceeds on the basis of asking testable questions. David Deutsch is a theoretical physicist whose advanced ideas are, in principle, empirically untestable and, since empirical testability is the key to scientific hypothesis testing, he also rejects the hypothesis. His program is called Conjectures and Criticism. Unlike the other two critics, Deutsch is sympathetic to the scientific thinking process that Karl Popper advanced, but feels that Popper’s program must be superseded for science to get beyond the constraints of empiricism. The chapter shows that the supposed incompatibilities of each of the alternative approaches with the hypothesis are largely based on misrepresentations or misapplications of the nature of hypothesis-based science. The counterproposals are not grounds for rejecting the hypothesis, which can in fact coexist comfortably with them.

Correlational Methods for Analysis of Dance Movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 283-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Brick ◽  
Steven M. Boker
Keyword(s):  
Motion Capture ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Motion Capture Data ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Dance Movements ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Insight Into

Among the qualities that distinguish dance from other types of human behavior and interaction are the creation and breaking of synchrony and symmetry. The combination of symmetry and synchrony can provide complex interactions. For example, two dancers might make very different movements, slowing each time the other sped up: a mirror symmetry of velocity. Examining patterns of synchrony and symmetry can provide insight into both the artistic nature of the dance, and the nature of the perceptions and responses of the dancers. However, such complex symmetries are often difficult to quantify. This paper presents three methods – Generalized Local Linear Approximation, Time-lagged Autocorrelation, and Windowed Cross-correlation – for the exploration of symmetry and synchrony in motion-capture data as is it applied to dance and illustrate these with examples from a study of free-form dance. Combined, these techniques provide powerful tools for the examination of the structure of symmetry and synchrony in dance.

scholarly journals FORMS AND HIST FORMS AND HISTORICAL ROO ORICAL ROOTS OF THE M S OF THE MAKHALLA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Soyib Raupov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Investigation ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
Desert Areas ◽  
Investigation And Study

Background. In the following article, the concept of makhalla, its essence, functions, the responsibilities and the duties of the elderman of the makhalla are studied from the viewpoint of historical trends. Also, there is a discourse on the types of the makhalla, the makhallas which are adjacent to the cities and their suburbs, their peculiarities, the makhallas which are based on different professions and different ethnicities, including the makhallas of the Jews, the makhallas in the steppes and desert areas, the peculiarities of their management is analysed. Materials and methods. There is a scientific hypothesis that makhallas emerged long before the state. But this hypothesis is still waiting for its researchers who need scientific investigation and study. Sources found in Sopollitepa indicate that the place where 8 families stay is the makhalla. The eight families at this residence include more than a hundred couples of families, built according to the patriarchal order. Results and Discussions.

scholarly journals Kecakapan Berpikir Dalam Konteks Pendekatan Pembelajaran Pada Kurikulum Sekolah Di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Marwan Salahuddin ◽  
Fatimatul Asroriyah
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Previous Learning

The thinking skills are indispensable in the context of the learning approach, as it is a scientific thinking process aimed at growing the expected personality. It also affects the learning process and the ability to develop its goals through strengthening attitudes, skills and knowledge in an integrated way. The process includes activities: observing, asking, trying, reasoning, and communicating. In the course of the school curriculum in Indonesia and its learning process, the strengthening of cognitive and skill aspects is still dominant, while the attitude (spiritual and social) is still lacking, but this attitude will support the learning activities oriented to cultivation of character. Because the curriculum and the previous learning process still appear to be opposite and have not indicated the process of achieving competence in the attitude aspect, the curriculum of the school applied today is tailored to that need. So as to accommodate the elements of personality that include: beliefs, values, and behavior as a whole.

scholarly journals How Do We See The Non Luminous Objects? 12-13 Years Old Students’ Mental Representation of Vision

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Ravanis
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Teaching Intervention ◽  
Reflection Of Light ◽  
Luminous Objects ◽  
The One

In this paper, we present the findings of a research which has two objectives: firstly, it recorded 12-13 years old (7th grade) students’ mental representation regarding the vision of non-luminous objects, and, secondly, it emphasized on the relative cognitive fields. The research was done through interviews of 107 urban area students in Greece. The students were asked to explain how objects become visible, stressing the following themes: The manner in which our eyes help us see the objects, whether natural or artificial light helps us see the objects and in what way, and if the objects emit light. The data analysis led to the recording of the students' basic mental representation on the one hand, while on the other hand emphasized the reemission or reflection of light by the luminous objects as a basic mental representation.From the research results, it can be concluded that through a teaching intervention based on mental representation we can foster and enhance scientific thinking and learning about light and vision. 

Alternative Approaches to Regional Equity and Racial Justice

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Goetz
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Community Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Justice ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Racial Equity ◽  
Regional Equity ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
The Common ◽  
The One

This chapter provides an overview of two different ways of working towards racial justice and regional equity. The two approaches are integration efforts on the one hand and community development efforts on the other. The tension between these two approaches is described as a conflict among groups that are generally allied on issues of social justice. It is argued that this debate is a tension within a race-conscious policy alliance, and represents a disagreement about how best to achieve the common goal of racial equity.

Advantages of the Hypothesis

2019 ◽  
pp. 196-218
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Testing ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Scientific Hypothesis ◽  
The World ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Testing Of Hypotheses ◽  
Natural Way

This chapter makes the case for the scientific hypothesis from two quite different points of view: statistical and cognitive. The consideration of statistical advantages picks up from the discussion of the Reproducibility Crisis in the previous chapter. First, it explores reasoning that shows that hypothesis-based research will, as a general rule, be much more reliable than, for example, open-ended gene searches. It also revives a procedure, Fisher’s Method for Combining Results that, though rarely used nowadays, underscores the strengths of multiple testing of hypotheses. Second, the chapter goes into many cognitive advantages of hypothesis-based research that exist because the human mind is inherently and continually at work trying to understand the world. The hypothesis is a natural way of channeling this drive into science. It is also a powerful organizational tool that serves as a blueprint for investigations and helps organize scientific thinking and communications.

Avoidance of Complexity

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-236
Author(s):  
Sara E. Gorman ◽  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Health Decisions ◽  
The Right ◽  
Health Experts ◽  
Do So

This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.

15. International and global security

2019 ◽  
pp. 240-255
Author(s):  
John Baylis
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
International Security ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
The Other ◽  
China Seas ◽  
Global Security ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Causes Of War ◽  
Alternative Approaches

This chapter examines whether international relations, especially in an era of increasing globalization, are likely to be as violent in the future as they have been in the past. It asks whether globalization increases or decreases international security, which International Relations theories best help to provide an understanding of global security and insecurity, and what are the most important contemporary threats to international security. The chapter first considers existing disagreements about the causes of war and whether violence is always likely to remain with us. It then discusses traditional/classical realist and more contemporary neorealist and neoliberal perspectives on international security, along with a range of alternative approaches. It also explores recent debates about globalization and geopolitics and presents two case studies, one on the conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the other on growing tensions in the South and East China Seas.

The Speech-to-Song Illusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-169
Author(s):  
Diana Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Musical Ability ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Musical Context

Chapter 10 begins with the author’s discovery that a phrase she had enunciated—“Sometimes behave so strangely”—when presented repeatedly, came to be heard as sung rather than spoken. This illusion is presented as a sound example. It shows that speech can be perceptually transformed into song without altering the sounds in any way, or by adding any musical context, but simply by repeating a phrase several times over. The speech-to-song illusion, as Deutsch named it, has no obvious explanation in terms of current scientific thinking about the neural underpinnings of speech and music. Many researchers believe that speech and music are each analyzed in independent modules, based on their physical characteristics. This view was supported by studies of stroke patients, some of whom lost their power of speech while their musical abilities remained intact, whereas others lost aspects of musical ability while their speech remained normal. In contrast, philosophers and composers throughout the ages have argued that a continuum extends from ordinary speech at one end to song at the other, with emotional and heavily intoned speech in between. Some recent brain-scanning studies have supported the idea that speech and song are subserved by the same circuitry, while others have shown that song involves more brain regions than speech. Evidence for these different views are currently being debated, but the exact explanation for the speech-to-song illusion remains a mystery.

scholarly journals Morphology, Modes of Behavior, and Measures of Market Power: A Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Industrialization of Southern Agriculture on Markets and Market Structure

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Richard A. King
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Power ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Present State ◽  
Model Building ◽  
The Other ◽  
Agricultural Industrialization ◽  
The Arts ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Impact

In spite of the volume of literature produced over the years reflecting concern over the present state of the arts, the situation is likely to continue. However, there are several new ideas that offer some promise for improving our understanding and ability to project new relationships in the agribusiness sector of the Southern region.Although the title of this article implies a one-way set of forces working from agricultural industrialization to market structure, some of our colleagues regard this relationship as a two way process with forces at work in each sector having strong impacts on the other. It is these interdependencies that make the task of model building so difficult and empirical analysis so complex.

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