FORMS AND HIST FORMS AND HISTORICAL ROO ORICAL ROOTS OF THE M S OF THE MAKHALLA

Background. In the following article, the concept of makhalla, its essence, functions, the responsibilities and the duties of the elderman of the makhalla are studied from the viewpoint of historical trends. Also, there is a discourse on the types of the makhalla, the makhallas which are adjacent to the cities and their suburbs, their peculiarities, the makhallas which are based on different professions and different ethnicities, including the makhallas of the Jews, the makhallas in the steppes and desert areas, the peculiarities of their management is analysed. Materials and methods. There is a scientific hypothesis that makhallas emerged long before the state. But this hypothesis is still waiting for its researchers who need scientific investigation and study. Sources found in Sopollitepa indicate that the place where 8 families stay is the makhalla. The eight families at this residence include more than a hundred couples of families, built according to the patriarchal order. Results and Discussions.

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Analysis of Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the State of Florida

American Journal of Public Health ◽

10.2105/ajph.2020.306130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 111 (4) ◽

pp. 704-707 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Moosa Tatar ◽

Amir Habibdoust ◽

Fernando A. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Moving Average ◽

The State ◽

Time Series Modeling ◽

Mortality Trends ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average ◽

The Impact ◽

Excess Deaths

Objectives. To determine the number of excess deaths (i.e., those exceeding historical trends after accounting for COVID-19 deaths) occurring in Florida during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Using seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average time-series modeling and historical mortality trends in Florida, we forecasted monthly deaths from January to September of 2020 in the absence of the pandemic. We compared estimated deaths with monthly recorded total deaths (i.e., all deaths regardless of cause) during the COVID-19 pandemic and deaths only from COVID-19 to measure excess deaths in Florida. Results. Our results suggest that Florida experienced 19 241 (15.5%) excess deaths above historical trends from March to September 2020, including 14 317 COVID-19 deaths and an additional 4924 all-cause, excluding COVID-19, deaths in that period. Conclusions. Total deaths are significantly higher than historical trends in Florida even when accounting for COVID-19–related deaths. The impact of COVID-19 on mortality is significantly greater than the official COVID-19 data suggest.

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Public Wealth in USA: Distribution and Financing

World Economy and International Relations ◽

10.20542/0131-2227-2014-5-42-52 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 42-52

Author(s):

A. Shlikhter

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Ronald Reagan ◽

Bill Clinton ◽

Barack Obama ◽

State Regulation ◽

The State ◽

Social Programs ◽

Historical Trends ◽

George Bush ◽

The Usa

The article focuses on the state regulation and financing of public wealth in the USA. The author analyses historical trends in managing of state social programs within the system “federation – states – local units”. Special attention is given to the concepts and practices of federative relations in the context of US socioeconomic development. The article also evaluates the reforms of state machinery conducted during the terms of Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George Bush (Jr.) and Barack Obama administrations.

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Administrative-Territorial Reform: The Experience of the Countries of Western Europe

Cuestiones Políticas - Conflictividad política, pandemia de COVID-19 y nuevos paradigmasConflictividad política, pandemia de COVID-19 y nuevos paradigmas ◽

10.46398/cuestpol.3865.19 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 37 (65) ◽

pp. 248-267

Author(s):

Yuriy Harust ◽

Yevhen Durnov ◽

Andrii Boichuk ◽

Olena Chernezhenko ◽

Ivan Holosnichenko

Keyword(s):

Research Methods ◽

Western Europe ◽

Political Power ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

The State ◽

Regional Level ◽

European Countries ◽

Main Research ◽

State Administration ◽

Western European

The relevance of this article is conditioned by the decentralization of the reform of political power in Ukraine, which presents the State with the permanent challenge of finding new ways to solve the problems of governance and governability at the district and regional level. The objective of the article was to carry out a scientific investigation on the mechanism of introduction of institutes of prefects in Ukraine, based on the experience of the main western European countries. The main research methods are general and specific, including the methods of logic, analysis and comparison of the sources consulted. The results of this study are to identify ways to introduce an institute of prefects in Ukraine. By way of conclusion, it highlights the importance of the results obtained, which is reflected in the fact that this study can serve as a basis to delineate future changes to the current legislation of Ukraine on issues of state administration, at the district and regional level, by introducing the institute of prefects.

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Why Physics Alone Cannot Define the ‘Physical’: Materialism, Metaphysics, and the Formulation of Physicalism

Canadian Journal of Philosophy ◽

10.1080/00455091.2001.10717571 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 333-359 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Seth Crook ◽

Carl Gillett

Keyword(s):

Electromagnetic Field ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

Contemporary Philosophy ◽

Van Fraassen ◽

Good Standing ◽

Know How ◽

Scientific Hypothesis ◽

Scientific Hypotheses

Materialist metaphysicians want to side with physics, but not to take sides within physics.If we took literally the claim of a materialist that his position is simply belief in the claim that all is matter, as currently conceived, we would be faced with an insoluble mystery. For how would such a materialist know how to retrench when his favorite scientific hypotheses fail? How did the 18th century materialist know that gravity, or forces in general, were material? How did they know in the 19th century that the electromagnetic field was material, and persisted in this conviction after the aether had been sent packing?The doctrine of physicalism casts a long shadow in contemporary philosophy, configuring all kinds of philosophical issues and projects. Unsurprisingly, its proponents argue that physicalism has all the obvious features necessary for a scientific hypothesis to be in what we will call ‘good standing,’ i.e. being worthy of serious scientific investigation. In fact, many claim much more, arguing that physicalism is a well-confirmed hypothesis and possibly amongst the best of our theories. But, as our second opening passage makes clear, a persistent worry has been that physicalism, or ‘materialism’ as van Fraassen terms it, is an edifice built on sand. For many philosophers question whether the ‘physical’ can be specified at all, or at least in a manner that will produce a physicalism that would be in good standing.

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DECOLONIZING THE REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT COLONIZATION: GEOGRAPHIC REFLECTIONS

Revista Geografares ◽

10.7147/geo.v1i31.29141 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (31) ◽

pp. 114-143

Author(s):

Jaime Bernardo Neto

Keyword(s):

Latin America ◽

Social Theory ◽

World System ◽

The State ◽

Spatial Expansion ◽

Human Beings ◽

Spatial Profile ◽

Desert Areas ◽

Capitalist World ◽

Contemporary Social Theory

Most representations about the process of spatial expansion of capitalism over the spatial cuts that today constitute what we know as Brazil and Latin America, through the advance of colonization, perpetuates what some authors have been calling ideology of demographic voids, which would be the tendency to represent these spaces before their appropriation and incorporation into the capitalist world system as desert areas, without human beings, thus concealing the violence inherent in it. Despite the advances in Contemporary Social Theory, this type of timespace representation has still been reproduced and perpetuated in many historiographic and academic works from different areas of knowledge. The following article presents reflections on this phenomenon, developed with fulcrum in studies on the spatial profile that today constitutes the State of Espírito Santo, in order to understand the theoretical vices that corroborate the perpetuation of this type of representation.

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Opponents of the Hypothesis

Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190881481.003.0010 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 237-277

Author(s):

Bradley E. Alger

Keyword(s):

Model Building ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

The Other ◽

Free Form ◽

Scientific Thinking ◽

Scientific Hypothesis ◽

Theoretical Physicist ◽

Alternative Approaches ◽

Thinking Process ◽

Scientific Truth

Chapter 10 reviews the writings of three prominent scientists who reject the hypothesis as the basis for scientific thinking and research. Stuart Firestein is virulently anti-hypothesis and champions Curiosity-Driven science, a free-form mode which is deliberately unstructured. David Glass’s program of Questioning and Model-Building is rigidly structured and inductivist in spirit; he rejects the hypothesis in favor of “models” that he distinguishes from hypotheses. Both Firestein and Glass accept the empiricist standard for assessing scientific truth and believe that a scientific investigation proceeds on the basis of asking testable questions. David Deutsch is a theoretical physicist whose advanced ideas are, in principle, empirically untestable and, since empirical testability is the key to scientific hypothesis testing, he also rejects the hypothesis. His program is called Conjectures and Criticism. Unlike the other two critics, Deutsch is sympathetic to the scientific thinking process that Karl Popper advanced, but feels that Popper’s program must be superseded for science to get beyond the constraints of empiricism. The chapter shows that the supposed incompatibilities of each of the alternative approaches with the hypothesis are largely based on misrepresentations or misapplications of the nature of hypothesis-based science. The counterproposals are not grounds for rejecting the hypothesis, which can in fact coexist comfortably with them.

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Museum of Natural Sciences: valuation of the paleontological collection of the State University of Ponta Grossa

Terr Plural ◽

10.5212/terraplural.v.15.2119754.036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. e2119754

Author(s):

Antonio Liccardo ◽

◽

Elvio Pinto Bosetti ◽

Gilson Burigo Guimarães ◽

Christopher Vinicius Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Academic Research ◽

Natural Sciences ◽

Scientific Investigation ◽

The State ◽

State University ◽

The Public ◽

Communication Of Science ◽

Support Of Research ◽

Scientific Collections ◽

The University

In the State University of Ponta Grossa is a reference institution in Paleontology in the State of Paraná, for being located on top of fossiliferous terrains of the Devonian and, mainly, by the tradition in research in this area since 1969. In 2020, the Museum of Natural Sciences (MCN) was created on the UEPG campus with the proposal to enhance the scientific collections of regional and state geodiversity and biodiversity. Among the material on display in this space, there is a set of fossils representative of the Paraná paleontology with didactic potential and also for tourist visitation. The MCN has the support of research laboratories and their researchers to advance in the communication of science and, in the case of fossils, the Laboratory of Paleontology and Stratigraphy of the Department of Geosciences supports the curatorship and scientific investigation of the museum. The MCN concentrates on the most representative fossils of the region, culturally valuing the university collection and bringing to the public the results of decades of academic research, usually not accessible to the community. This paper presents the characteristics of this paleontological collection.

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Capital, Ideology, and the Liberal Order

Analyse & Kritik ◽

10.1515/auk-2021-0017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 413-435

Author(s):

Nick Cowen ◽

Vincent Geloso

Keyword(s):

Empirical Research ◽

The State ◽

Participatory Governance ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Market Economies ◽

Classical Liberal ◽

Epistemic Function ◽

Liberal Position

Abstract Thomas Piketty’s Capital and Ideology (2020) offers a powerful critique of ideological justifications for inequality in capitalist societies. Does this mean we should reject capitalist institutions altogether? This paper defends some aspects of capitalism by explaining the epistemic function of market economies and their ability to harness capital to meet the needs of the relatively disadvantaged. We support this classical liberal position with reference to empirical research on historical trends in inequality that challenges some of Piketty’s interpretations of the data. Then we discuss the implications of this position in terms of limits on the efficacy of participatory governance within firms and the capacity of the state to levy systematic taxes on wealth.

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So What's New in the New Basals? a Focus on First Grade

Journal of Reading Behavior ◽

10.1080/10862969409547836 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 47-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

James V. Hoffman ◽

Sarah J. McCarthey ◽

Judy Abbott ◽

Cheryl Christian ◽

Laura Corman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Whole Language ◽

Program Design ◽

First Grade ◽

The State ◽

Future Research ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Design Organization ◽

State Adoption ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Literary Quality

The authors examine the first-grade materials in five new basal programs submitted for the 1993 Texas state adoption.1 These series are compared with program materials currently in use in the state (copyright 1986/1987). The analysis focuses on features of the pupil texts (e.g., total number of words, number of unique words, readability levels, literary quality) and features of the teachers' editions (e.g., program design, organization, tone). Results of the analysis indicate substantial changes in the more recent series. The findings are interpreted in terms of historical trends as well as recent developments in the literature-based and whole-language movements. Implications for future research are identified that relate to the study of the implementation and effects of these new programs.

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