Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Loney
Keyword(s):  
Surprising Result

This introduction identifies what is at stake in the Odyssey’s use of tisis. It briefly considers some of the consequences of Odysseus’ tisis against the suitors. One surprising result is that a potentially sympathetic figure like Aigyptios mirrors and anticipates a foe of Odysseus like Eupeithes. Odysseus’ tisis also brings about further revenge by survivors that requires the radical ending of divine amnesia. Peace on Ithaca and the conclusion to the poem rest on the peculiar lie that Odysseus did not kill the suitors. This realization raises a number of interpretive questions.

Media Baru dan Fenomena Komunikasi Politik pada Pemilukada di Provinsi Banten 2011

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Afdal Makkuraga Putra
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
New Order ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
New Phase ◽  
Fair Balance

Political system in Indonesia after New Order regime has entered into a new phase, which is both fundamentally and practically different. With the growth of freedom of expression and the rise of information and communication technology (ICT), the use and practices of political communication is also striking a fair balance, two-ways direction, no longer dominated by government-only apparatuses. The use of internet and New Media in political communication realm has been pioneered since 1997, and has been growing ever since, thanks to the new practices of local election (Pilkada). This paper will address firstly, the theoretical framework of political communication in e-Democracy, and secondly, the application of New Media (website, blog, and social media sites) in local-based political communication, namely Pilkada in Banten at October 23, 2011. Having analysed the phenomenon in question, a surprising result appears. Even though all candidates of Governor and Deputy Governor of recent Pilkada Banten have used New Media as their communication and campaign media, nevertheless the interactivity factor embedded within those “New Media use” are largely neglected. Keywords: e-Democracy, political communication, New Media, interactivity.

scholarly journals Planetary Nebulae in M31: Abundances, and comparison with bright Planetary Nebulae in the LMC

1997 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 475-476
Author(s):  
M. G. Richer ◽  
G. Stasińska ◽  
M. L. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Nebula ◽  
Luminosity Function ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Wavelength Region ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Population Synthesis ◽  
Abundance Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean

We have obtained spectra of 28 planetary nebulae in the bulge of M31 using the MOS spectrograph at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Typically, we observed the [O II] λ3727 to He I λ5876 wavelength region at a resolution of approximately 1.6 å/pixel. For 19 of the 21 planetary nebulae whose [OIII]λ5007 luminosities are within 1 mag of the peak of the planetary nebula luminosity function, our oxygen abundances are based upon a measured [OIII]λ4363 intensity, so they are based upon a measured electron temperature. The oxygen abundances cover a wide range, 7.85 dex < 12 + log(O/H) < 9.09 dex, but the mean abundance is surprisingly low, 12 + log(O/H)–8.64 ± 0.32 dex, i.e., roughly half the solar value (Anders & Grevesse 1989). The distribution of oxygen abundances is shown in Figure 1, where the ordinate indicates the number of planetary nebulae with abundances within ±0.1 dex of any point on the x-axis. The dashed line indicates the mean abundance, and the dotted lines indicate the ±1 σ points. The shape of this abundance distribution seems to indicate that the bulge of M31 does not contain a large population of bright, oxygen-rich planetary nebulae. This is a surprising result, for various population synthesis studies (e.g., Bica et al. 1990) have found a mean stellar metallicity approximately 0.2 dex above solar. This 0.5 dex discrepancy leads one to question whether the mean stellar metallicity is as high as the population synthesis results indicate or if such metal-rich stars produce bright planetary nebulae at all. This could be a clue concerning the mechanism responsible for the variation in the number of bright planetary nebulae observed per unit luminosity in different galaxies (e.g., Hui et al. 1993).

A Mutation in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene (RAD3) Required for Nucleotide Excision Repair and Transcription Increases the Efficiency of Mismatch Correction

Genetics ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Yang ◽  
Anthony L Johnson ◽  
Leland H Johnston ◽  
Wolfram Siede ◽  
Errol C Friedberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Mismatch Repair ◽  
Excision Repair ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation Rate ◽  
Mismatch Correction ◽  
Nucleotide Excision ◽  
Repair Genes ◽  
Type Strains

Abstract RAD3 functions in DNA repair and transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and particular rad3 alleles confer a mutator phenotype, possibly as a consequence of defective mismatch correction. We assessed the potential involvement of the Rad3 protein in mismatch correction by comparing heteroduplex repair in isogenic rad3-1 and wild-type strains. The rad3-1 allele increased the spontaneous mutation rate but did not prevent heteroduplex repair or bias its directionality. Instead, the efficiency of mismatch correction was enhanced in the rad3-1 strain. This surprising result prompted us to examine expression of yeast mismatch repair genes. We determined that MSH2, but not MLH1, is transcriptionally regulated during the cell-cycle like PMSl, and that rad3-1 does not increase the transcript levels for these genes in log phase cells. These observations suggest that the rad3-1 mutation gives rise to an enhanced efficiency of mismatch correction via a process that does not involve transcriptional regulation of mismatch repair. Interestingly, mismatch repair also was more efficient when error-editing by yeast DNA polymerase δ was eliminated. We discuss our results in relation to possible mechanisms that may link the rad3-1 mutation to mismatch correction efficiency.

scholarly journals Word Prosody in Lung’Ie: One System or Two?

Probus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-93
Author(s):  
Ana Lívia Agostinho ◽  
Larry M. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Surprising Result ◽  
African Origin ◽  
Tone Language ◽  
Split Systems ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Heavy Syllable ◽  
Word Prosody ◽  
Creole Languages ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
Unusual Stress

Abstract Creole languages have generally not figured prominently in cross-linguistic studies of word-prosodic typology. In this paper, we present a phonological analysis of the prosodic system of Lung’Ie or Principense (ISO 639-3 code: pre), a Portuguese-lexifier creole language spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe. Lung’Ie has produced a unique result of the contact between the two different prosodic systems common in creolization: a stress-accent lexifier and tone language substrates. The language has a restrictive privative H/Ø tone system, in which the /H/ is culminative, but non-obligatory. Since rising and falling tones are contrastive on long vowels, the tone must be marked underlyingly. While it is clear that tonal indications are needed, Lung’Ie reveals two properties more expected of an accentual system: (i) there can only be one heavy syllable per word; (ii) this syllable must bear a H tone. This raises the question of whether syllables with a culminative H also have metrical prominence, i.e. stress. However, the problem with equating stress with H tone is that Lung’Ie has two kinds of nouns: those with a culminative H and those which are toneless. The nouns with culminative H are 87% of Portuguese origin, incorporated through stress-to-tone alignment, while the toneless ones are 92% of African origin. Although other creole languages have been reported with split systems of “accented” vs. fully specified tonal lexemes, and others with mixed systems of tone and stress, Lung’Ie differs from these cases in treating African origin words as toneless, a quite surprising result. We consider different analyses and conclude that Lung’Ie has a privative /H/ tone system with the single unusual stress-like property of weight-to-tone.

The Idea of Moral Duties to History

Philosophy ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Saul Smilansky
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
The Past ◽  
Special Obligations ◽  
Good People ◽  
The Future ◽  
Moral Duties

History is, indeed, little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire I argue that there are duties that can be called ‘Moral duties due to history’ or, in short, ‘Duties to History’ (DTH). My claim is not the familiar thought that we need to learn from history on how to live better in the present and going forward, but that history itself creates moral duties. In addition to those obligations we currently recognise in response to the present and the future, there also exist special obligations in response to the past. If convincing, this means that our lives ought to be guided, in part, not only by our obligations to the living but by our DTH. This is a surprising result, with significant and sometimes perplexing implications. My focus is on the obligations of individuals in the light of history rather than on collective duties. I argue that there are duties that can be called ‘Moral duties due to history’ or, in short, ‘Duties to History’ (DTH). My claim is not the familiar thought that we need to learn from history on how to live better in the present and going forward, but that history itself creates moral duties. In addition to those obligations we currently recognise in response to the present and the future, there also exist special obligations in response to the past; such as obligations to good people in the past, but going beyond them. If convincing, this means that our lives ought to be guided, in part, not only by our obligations to the living but by our DTH. This is a surprising result, with significant and sometimes perplexing implications. My focus is on the obligations of individuals in the light of history rather than on collective duties.

scholarly journals Enzymatic identification of the load-bearing boundary lubricant in the joint.

Rheumatology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Hills ◽  
M K Monds
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Lubrication System ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Bovine Articular Cartilage ◽  
Boundary Lubricant ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Wear Tests

Abstract Bovine articular cartilage and synovial fluid (SF) were co-incubated with one of three enzymes selected to destroy each of the three major contenders for the active ingredient imparting such remarkable load-bearing lubrication to the normal joint. Destroying hyaluronic acid (HA), alias hyaluronan, with hyaluronidase, both frictional and wear tests displayed no significant change in accordance with most previous studies of SF alone. Destroying surface-active phospholipid (SAPL) with phospholipase A2, there was a highly significant dose-dependent compromise of lubrication as recorded on both tests. Trypsin produced a somewhat surprising result in that lubrication of the cartilage actually improved. This result can be interpreted as indicating that lubricin is not the lubricant per se, but, as a water-soluble, macromolecular, proteinaceous carrier for phospholipid, its destruction caused more SAPL to be deposited as the true load-bearing lubricant. These results are discussed in the context that SAPL, lubricin and HA each have specific roles in a comprehensive lubrication system.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota of Healthy Aged Chinese Is Similar to That of the Healthy Young

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaorui Bian ◽  
Gregory B. Gloor ◽  
Aihua Gong ◽  
Changsheng Jia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Compositional Data ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Compositional Data Analysis ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Cohorts

ABSTRACT We report the large-scale use of compositional data analysis to establish a baseline microbiota composition in an extremely healthy cohort of the Chinese population. This baseline will serve for comparison for future cohorts with chronic or acute disease. In addition to the expected difference in the microbiota of children and adults, we found that the microbiota of the elderly in this population was similar in almost all respects to that of healthy people in the same population who are scores of years younger. We speculate that this similarity is a consequence of an active healthy lifestyle and diet, although cause and effect cannot be ascribed in this (or any other) cross-sectional design. One surprising result was that the gut microbiota of persons in their 20s was distinct from those of other age cohorts, and this result was replicated, suggesting that it is a reproducible finding and distinct from those of other populations. The microbiota of the aged is variously described as being more or less diverse than that of younger cohorts, but the comparison groups used and the definitions of the aged population differ between experiments. The differences are often described by null hypothesis statistical tests, which are notoriously irreproducible when dealing with large multivariate samples. We collected and examined the gut microbiota of a cross-sectional cohort of more than 1,000 very healthy Chinese individuals who spanned ages from 3 to over 100 years. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequencing results used a compositional data analysis paradigm coupled with measures of effect size, where ordination, differential abundance, and correlation can be explored and analyzed in a unified and reproducible framework. Our analysis showed several surprising results compared to other cohorts. First, the overall microbiota composition of the healthy aged group was similar to that of people decades younger. Second, the major differences between groups in the gut microbiota profiles were found before age 20. Third, the gut microbiota differed little between individuals from the ages of 30 to >100. Fourth, the gut microbiota of males appeared to be more variable than that of females. Taken together, the present findings suggest that the microbiota of the healthy aged in this cross-sectional study differ little from that of the healthy young in the same population, although the minor variations that do exist depend upon the comparison cohort. IMPORTANCE We report the large-scale use of compositional data analysis to establish a baseline microbiota composition in an extremely healthy cohort of the Chinese population. This baseline will serve for comparison for future cohorts with chronic or acute disease. In addition to the expected difference in the microbiota of children and adults, we found that the microbiota of the elderly in this population was similar in almost all respects to that of healthy people in the same population who are scores of years younger. We speculate that this similarity is a consequence of an active healthy lifestyle and diet, although cause and effect cannot be ascribed in this (or any other) cross-sectional design. One surprising result was that the gut microbiota of persons in their 20s was distinct from those of other age cohorts, and this result was replicated, suggesting that it is a reproducible finding and distinct from those of other populations.

Still the American Century

1999 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 271-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRUCE CUMINGS
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
Federal Budget ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
American Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
Year 2000

At the inception of the twenty-first century—not to mention the next millennium—books on ‘the American Century’ proliferate monthly, if not daily. We now have The American Century Dictionary, The American Century Thesaurus, and even The American Century Cookbook; perhaps the American Century baseball cap or cologne is not far behind. With one or two exceptions, the authors celebrate the unipolar pre-eminence and comprehensive economic advantage that the United States now enjoys. Surveys of public opinion show that most people agree: the American wave appears to be surging just as the year 2000 beckons. Unemployment and inflation are both at twenty-year lows, sending economists (who say you can't get lows for both at the same time) back to the drawing board. The stock market roars past the magic 10,000 mark, and the monster federal budget deficit of a decade ago miraculously metamorphoses into a surplus that may soon reach upwards of $1 trillion. Meanwhile President William Jefferson Clinton, not long after a humiliating impeachment, is rated in 1999 as the best of all postwar presidents in conducting foreign policy (a dizzying ascent from eighth place in 1994), according to a nationwide poll by the Chicago Council on Foreign Relations. This surprising result might also, of course, bespeak inattention: when asked to name the two or three most important foreign policy issues facing the US, fully 21 per cent of the public couldn't think of one (they answered ‘don't know’), and a mere seven per cent thought foreign policy issues were important to the nation. But who cares, when all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds?

Phenotypic selection in a population of Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila (Asteraceae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Andersson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Phenotypic Selection ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Ecotypic Differentiation ◽  
Crepis Tectorum

A 3-year demographic study was conducted to reveal targets of selection on morphology and life history in a population of Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila, a winter annual plant confined to calcareous grasslands (alvars) on the Baltic island of Öland (south Sweden). I calculated the selection differential to describe the change in the mean value of a character due to selection and used multiple regression analyses to partition the direct effect of selection on the trait from indirect responses of selection on other traits. Rosette leaf number, a convenient measure of plant size, was strongly correlated with both viability and fertility (fitness). There was also a strong relationship between fitness and the extent to which the plants expressed traits characterizing this particular taxon. Multiple regression analyses indicated direct selection favouring plants with deeply lobed leaves and a densely branched stem, two distinctive traits of ssp. pumila believed to be adaptive in the alvar habitat. Only stem height was subject to both direct and indirect selection in the wrong direction; taller individuals were more successful than those with a shorter stem, a surprising result considering the inferred advantage of a short stature in the exposed alvar habitat. Selection on other traits assumed to be ecologically important (germination time, flowering time, and seed size) was found to be either absent or variable in direction when other traits were held constant. The failure of plants to survive to the flowering stage in the last two summers indicates strong selection for plants that produce a high percentage of dormant seeds. Overall, the contemporary selection regime as revealed by demographic data was only partly congruent with predictions regarding historical selection pressures based on large-scale patterns of variation (ecotypic differentiation). Key words: Crepis tectorum, ecotypic differentiation, life history, morphology, phenotypic selection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document