Analyzing the Origins of Informality

2020 ◽  
pp. 78-107
Author(s):  
Charles B. Roger
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Final Part

This chapter presents the results of a quantitative analysis designed to test the observable implications of the two-step theory. The chapter begins with an overview of the dependent variable and the sample of international organizations that is used. The chapter then explains how the central domestic politics, functionalist, and power-based variables have been operationalized. The results of the statistical analysis are presented next, along with sensitivity analyses designed to check the robustness of the results. Overall, this provides strong support for the two-step theory explored in the book. In the final part of the chapter, the dynamic accounts of each theory are weighed against one another. This analysis reveals that shifts within the domestic political arenas of powerful states have been the biggest source of informality. Changing cooperation problems have played a critical role, too, but it appears that shifting power and interests have not influenced this trend in a significant way.

Cybersecurity, Global Commerce, and International Organizations

2021 ◽  
pp. 496-513
Author(s):  
David Fidler
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Cyber Espionage ◽  
Government Surveillance ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Transnational Trade ◽  
Trade And Investment

As private-sector enterprises became dependent on Internet-enabled technologies, cybersecurity threats developed into serious problems in international political economy. This chapter analyses how states use international organizations to address these threats. The chapter explains why international organizations were not prominent in the Internet’s emergence and impact on transnational trade and investment. It examines the main threats companies face, including cybercrime, economic cyber espionage, government surveillance and hacking, innovation in digital technologies, and poor corporate cyber defences. International organizations have been most involved in fighting cybercrime, but these efforts have not been successful. International organizations do not play significant roles in countering other cybersecurity threats in global commerce. The chapter argues that international organizations are unlikely to become more important in the future because geopolitics and shifts in domestic politics in democracies will make collective action on cybersecurity in global commerce more difficult.

Covenants Without the Sword International Law and the Protection of Civilians in Times of War

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Valentino ◽  
Paul Huth ◽  
Sarah Croco
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
International Law ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
International Laws ◽  
The Hague ◽  
War Aims

Do the international laws of war effectively protect civilian populations from deliberate attack? In a statistical analysis of all interstate wars from 1900 to 2003 the authors find no evidence that signatories of The Hague or Geneva Conventions intentionally kill fewer civilians during war than do nonsignatories. This result holds for democratic signatories and for wars in which both sides are parties to the treaty. Nor do they find evidence that a state's regime type or the existence of ethnic or religious differences between combatants explains the variation in civilian targeting. They find strong support, however, for their theoretical framework, which suggests that combatants seek to kill enemy civilians when they believe that doing so will coerce their adversaries into early surrender or undermine their adversaries' war-related domestic production. The authors find that states fighting wars of attrition or counterinsurgency, states fighting for expansive war aims, and states fighting wars of long duration kill significantly more civilians than states in other kinds of wars.

scholarly journals Reevaluating the Influence of Leaders Under Proportional Representation: Quantitative Analysis of Text in an Electoral Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika Fredén ◽  
Sverker Sikström
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Proportional Representation ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Vote Choice ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Text Data ◽  
Representation Systems

We propose that leaders play a more important role in voters’ party sympathy in proportional representation systems (PR) than previous research has suggested. Voters, from the 2018 Swedish General Election, were in an experiment asked to describe leaders and parties with three indicative keywords. Statistical models were conducted on these text data to predict their vote choice. The results show that despite that the voters vote for a party, the descriptions of leaders predicted vote choice to a similar extent as descriptions of parties. However, the order of the questions mattered, so that the first questions were more predictive than the second question. These analyses indicate that voters tend to conflate characteristics of leaders with their parties during election campaigns, and that leaders are a more important aspect of voting under PR than previous literature has suggested. Overall, this suggests that statistical analysis of words sheds new light of underlying sympathies related to voting.

scholarly journals Customized Mobile LiDAR System for Manhole Cover Detection and Identification

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 2422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanying Wei ◽  
Mengmeng Yang ◽  
Liuzhao Wang ◽  
Hao Ma ◽  
Xuexia Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Machine Method ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Exposure System ◽  
Detection And Identification

Manhole covers, which are a key element of urban infrastructure management, have a direct impact on travel safety. At present, there is no automatic, safe, and efficient system specially used for the intelligent detection, identification, and assessment of manhole covers. In this work, we developed an automatic detection, identification, and assessment system for manhole covers. First, we developed a sequential exposure system via the addition of multiple cameras in a symmetrical arrangement to realize the joint acquisition of high-precision laser data and ultra-high-resolution ground images. Second, we proposed an improved histogram of an oriented gradient with symmetry features and a support vector machine method to detect manhole covers effectively and accurately, by using the intensity images and ground orthophotos that are derived from the laser points and images, respectively, and apply the graph segmentation and statistical analysis to achieve the detection, identification, and assessment of manhole covers. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are performed using large experimental datasets that were acquired with the modified manhole-cover detection system. The detected results yield an average accuracy of 96.18%, completeness of 94.27%, and F-measure value of 95.22% in manhole cover detection. Defective manhole-cover monitoring and manhole-cover ownership information are achieved from these detection results. The results not only provide strong support for road administration works, such as data acquisition, manhole cover inquiry and inspection, and statistical analysis of resources, but also demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, which reduces the risk involved in performing manual inspections, improves the manhole-cover detection accuracy, and serves as a powerful tool in intelligent road administration.

scholarly journals Evaluating probiotics for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a randomised placebo-controlled multicentre trial protocol and statistical analysis plan for PROSPECT

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e025228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Johnstone ◽  
Diane Heels-Ansdell ◽  
Lehana Thabane ◽  
Maureen Meade ◽  
John Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Critically Ill Patients ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Statistical Analysis Plan ◽  
Hospital Length Of Stay ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Ventilator Associated Pneumonia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

IntroductionVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most common healthcare-associated infection in critically ill patients. Prior studies suggest that probiotics may reduce VAP and other infections in critically ill patients; however, most previous randomised trials were small, single centre studies. The Probiotics: Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial (PROSPECT) aims to determine the impact of the probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusGG on VAP and other clinically important outcomes in critically ill adults.MethodsPROSPECT is a multicentre, concealed, randomised, stratified, blinded, controlled trial in patients ≥18 years old, anticipated to be mechanically ventilated ≥72 hours, in intensive care units (ICUs) in Canada, the USA and Saudi Arabia. Patients receive either 1×1010 colony forming units ofL. rhamnosusGG twice daily or an identical appearing placebo. Those at increased risk of probiotic infection are excluded. The primary outcome is VAP. Secondary outcomes are other ICU-acquired infections includingClostridioides difficileinfection, diarrhoea (including antibiotic-associated diarrhoea), antimicrobial use, ICU and hospital length of stay and mortality. The planned sample size of 2650 patients is based on an estimated 15% VAP rate and will provide 80% power to detect a 25% relative risk reduction.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol and statistical analysis plan outlines the methodology, primary and secondary analyses, sensitivity analyses and subgroup analyses. PROSPECT is approved by Health Canada (#9427-M1133-45C), the research ethics boards of all participating hospitals and Public Health Ontario. Results will be disseminated via academic channels (peer reviewed journal publications, professional healthcare fora including international conferences) and conventional and social media. The results of PROSPECT will inform practice guidelines worldwide.Trialregistration numberNCT02462590; Pre-results.

scholarly journals Reforming International Organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-627
Author(s):  
Eugénia C. Heldt ◽  
Laura C. Mahrenbach
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Affect State ◽  
State Preferences

Abstract Recent scholarship has highlighted the role of domestic pressures in determining state preferences toward the reform of international organizations (IO s). This article adds a new dimension by examining how partisanship and ministerial control affect state preferences toward IO empowerment. The article derives two expectations from the existing literature. First, partisan position will determine preferences toward IO empowerment. Second, when a government is constituted by multiple parties, the position of the party with the IO’s ministerial portfolio will determine the government’s position toward IO empowerment. The article illustrates this argument by examining the positions of four net donors (Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and two net recipients (Brazil and India) during the World Bank’s reforms. By bringing domestic politics back in, this article complements existing studies on the politics of IO reform and weighs in on central debates in comparative politics and international political economy.

scholarly journals Quantitative analysis of cryptocurrencies transaction graph

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Pasha Motamed ◽  
Behnam Bahrak
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Degree Sequence ◽  
Power Law Distribution ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Financial Transactions ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCryptocurrencies as a new way of transferring assets and securing financial transactions have gained popularity in recent years. Transactions in cryptocurrencies are publicly available, hence, statistical studies on different aspects of these currencies are possible. However, previous statistical analysis on cryptocurrencies transactions have been very limited and mostly devoted to Bitcoin, with no comprehensive comparison between these currencies. In this study, we intend to compare the transaction graph of Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dash, and Z-Cash, with respect to the dynamics of their transaction graphs over time, and discuss their properties. In particular, we observed that the growth rate of the nodes and edges of the transaction graphs, and the density of these graphs, are closely related to the price of these currencies. We also found that the transaction graph of these currencies is non-assortative, i.e. addresses do not tend for transact with a particular type of addresses of higher or lower degree, and the degree sequence of their transaction graph follows the power law distribution.

scholarly journals Disinformation in International Relations: How Important Is It?

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 3-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
André W.M. Gerrits
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
International Context ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Security Challenge ◽  
Information Manipulation

This article explores the relevance of disinformation in international relations. It discusses the nature of information manipulation, ways to counter disinformation, and possibilities for international organizations, including the osce, to initiate confidence-building measures. The article suggests that although disinformation becomes an increasingly salient aspect of global politics, its security impact should not be overstated. As in domestic politics, international disinformation parasites on existing divisions and concerns, which it exploits rather than creates. This should not be trivialized. Disinformation is disruptive and it further deteriorates the overall international context. But as yet it is not a significant security challenge, and it does not change the international balance of power.

Quantitative Analysis of Limonin in Grapefruit Juice Using an Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay: Interlaboratory Study

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilbur W Widmer ◽  
Russell L Rouseff
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Grapefruit Juice ◽  
Interlaboratory Study ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Statistical Analysis Method ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
The One

Abstract Eleven laboratories participated in an interlaboratory study of an enzyme-linked immunoassay for limonin in grapefruit Juice. Participating laboratories received training and practice samples until familiar with the procedure. Laboratories then received 8 sample pairs of grapefruit Juice as blind duplicates. Samples were refrigerated and analyzed within 4 days of receipt. Results from 1 laboratory and 6 Individual samples were excluded from the statistical analysis. Method performance was measured by the one-way component of variance analysis. Repeatability relative standard deviations (RSDr) ranged from 7.0 to 15.6%. Reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDR) ranged from 12.9 to 29.4%

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