Mirror worlds?

Mirror Worlds ◽  
1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gelernter
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Real World ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Software Models ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
Public Money ◽  
The City

what are they? They are software models of some chunk of reality, some piece of the real world going on outside your window. Oceans of information pour endlessly into the model (through a vast maze of software pipes and hoses): so much information that the model can mimic the reality’s every move, moment-by-moment. A Mirror world is some huge institution’s moving, true-to-life mirror image trapped inside a computer—where you can see and grasp it whole. The thick, dense, busy sub-world that encompasses you is also, now, an object in your hands. A brand new equilibrium is born. Suppose you are sitting in a room somewhere in a city, and you catch yourself wondering—what’s going on out there? what’s happening? At this very instant, traffic on every street is moving or blocked, your local government is making brilliant decisions, public money is flowing out at a certain rate, the police are deployed in some pattern, there’s a fire here and there, the schools are staffed and attended in some way or other, oil and cauliflower are selling for whatever in local markets... This list could fill the rest of the book. Suppose you’d like to have some of this information. why? who are you to be so nosy? Let’s say you’re a commuter or an investment house or a school principle or a CEO or journalist or politician or policeman or even a mere, humble, tax-paying citizen. Let’s say you’re just curious. You want to browse, take in the big picture (it’s your city, isn’t it?)—form some impression of how well the whole thing is working. So you build a model. You lay out a detailed map on your living room floor. You add little model buildings and bridges and cars and policemen and so on, and lots of blackboards. On the blackboards you will record information that doesn’t correspond to any physical object—the state of the budget, the weather; thousands or maybe millions of other tidbits. The blackboards are scattered all over. Given the blackboards, you don’t really need the map, the buildings and so on—the city-in-miniature.

Analysis of geodetic and legal documentation in the process of expropriation for roads. Krakow case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Anna Trembecka
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Value ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Construction Design ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The City

Abstract Amendment to the Act on special rules of preparation and implementation of investment in public roads resulted in an accelerated mode of acquisition of land for the development of roads. The decision to authorize the execution of road investment issued on its basis has several effects, i.e. determines the location of a road, approves surveying division, approves construction design and also results in acquisition of a real property by virtue of law by the State Treasury or local government unit, among others. The conducted study revealed that over 3 years, in this mode, the city of Krakow has acquired 31 hectares of land intended for the implementation of road investments. Compensation is determined in separate proceedings based on an appraisal study estimating property value, often at a distant time after the loss of land by the owner. One reason for the lengthy compensation proceedings is challenging the proposed amount of compensation, unregulated legal status of the property as well as imprecise legislation. It is important to properly develop geodetic and legal documentation which accompanies the application for issuance of the decision and is also used in compensation proceedings.

scholarly journals Local partnerships in the social security system of the region

Management ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-159
Author(s):  
Anna Łoś-Tomiak
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Social Security ◽  
Social Security System ◽  
The State ◽  
Security System ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Local Partnerships

Abstract This paper looks at the state of social security through the lens of the local cross-sector partnerships. The foundations of cooperation undertaken by NGOs and the local government have been determined. The analysis was made on the example of the cooperation between the city of Zielona Góra and the NGO sector in the years 2009-2013

TASKS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN THE FIELD OF FIRE IN LEGAL AND PRACTICAL TERMS, BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF BIELSKO-BIAŁA AND BIELSKI COUNTY – SELECTED ISSUES

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XXI) ◽  
pp. 767-789
Author(s):  
Jarosław Storczyński
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Financial Aid ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Fire Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
The City

The article presents the tasks imposed on the city of Bielsko-Biała in the field of fire protection, consisting of bearing the costs of equipment and maintenance of fire protection units in the field of Voluntary Fire Brigades by the commune. The amounts of financial resources spent on the above-mentioned purposes were given on the basis of the report on the condition of the city of Bielsko-Biała for 2018 and 2019. The poviat’s tasks in the field of fire protection were also discussed, and based on the report on the state of the Bielski poviat for 2018 and 2019, data on financial aid granted by the Bielski poviat for poviat structures of the State Fire Service and Volunteer Fire Brigades were provided. Some of the issues were devoted to indicating the legal basis for the operation and tasks performed by fire protection units performing tasks in the field of fire protection in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski poviat, i.e. the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała and units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades. As regards the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service, its organizational structure has been presented, with particular attention being paid to the rescue and firefighting units located in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the station located in Czechowice-Dziedzice. Tasks performed by the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in 2019 and for the period January - November 2020 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data of the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters. The tasks of the Volunteer Fire Brigades units, the rules of qualifying units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades to the National Rescue and Firefighting System and the rules of their departure to events in the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were discussed. Tasks carried out by units of the Volunteer Fire Brigades in 2019 for the city of Bielsko-Biała and the Bielski County were presented on the basis of statistical data from the Municipal Headquarters of the State Fire Service in Bielsko-Biała available on the website of the Headquarters

Running for the City Council: a Case Study

1949 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1235-1241
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Bromage
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Municipal Government ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
The State ◽  
City Council ◽  
Federal Level ◽  
The City ◽  
The Prestige

“So you want to be a politician,” my friend said, with a slight lift to the eyebrows. Others wanted to know what the goal was. Running for alderman in ward politics and a partisan campaign must be a training ground for some coveted objective in the state legislature or Congress. You don't just want to be an alderman, some queried. “Starting pretty low down,” was another leading remark. All these and many more comments intrigued me, for they spelled out something or other about the prestige of local government in a day of Big Government at the federal level, or any level other than a municipality of 40,000 population. My answer to all this was that, after twenty years of residence in one community, a professor of municipal government could hardly avoid grubbing around in politics at the level of local self-government. I hoped to become an alderman—period.I soon learned to parry the pleasant “hazing” remarks made to all prospective ward “politicians.” “Kissed any babies today, Alderman?” “Where are the cigars?” “How's ward-heeling today?” “I'll vote for you, if—.” “How is door-bell ringing?” Most of these remarks prompted the unspoken remark: “When you say those words, sir, smile.” You will notice that I said unspoken.

The Abolition of Elective Local Government in Penang

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Tennant
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
State Government ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Town Council ◽  
George Town ◽  
The City

The demise of elective local government in the State of Penang, Malaysia, is worth examining for several reasons. George Town, the state capital, was the first British settlement in the Far East; traces of elective local government appeared in the city early in the nineteenth century and the subsequent development of local government in the city followed British theory and practice to such a degree that at the time of Malayan Independence in 1957 the George Town City Council was a remarkable replica of a British town council. To study the George Town Council after Independence is thus to study a transplanted western institution which failed to survive within an Asian political system. Of more significance, however, is the light which a study of elective local government in Penang casts upon the fundamental transformations now underway in local government throughout Malaysia. Penang was the only state in the Federation to attain fully developed elective local government. Penang was one of the two states (the other was Malacca) in which all state territory and all state citizens were within the jurisdiction of local authorities. Penang however, was the only state in which every local authority consisted entirely of elected members and the only state in which every local authority was financially autonomous of the state government. Yet in 1966 the George Town Council was suspended and in 1971 the remaining local authorities were suspended as well. Penang became the first state in the federation to have no elective local government at all. It now seems likely that the other Malaysian states will follow Penang's lead (indeed, Malacca did so in early 1972), since it is now clear that the sanguine view of elective local government originally held by state and central officials has given way to one of pessimism and distrust. In July 1971 the Minister of Local Government indicated in Parliament that the central government believed that elective local government should be abolished. For these reasons, and for others which will become apparent in this paper, a study of the decline of elective local government in Penang provides an opportunity not only to test the hypotheses which have already been advanced to explain the demise of elective local government in the State itself, but also to test wider hypotheses advanced to explain the actions of national and state government towards elective local government throughout Malaysia.

scholarly journals Η συμβολή της τοπικής αυτοδιοίκησης στη δημόσια πρωτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση στην Αθήνα από το 1833 έως το 1862

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ελευθέριος Μαραγκουδάκης
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Administrative Framework ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The City

The following thesis entitled “The Contribution of Local Government in Public Primary Education in Athens from 1833 to 1862” by Eleftherios Maragkoudakis explores the role and contribution of local government in the development of educational affairs within the Municipality of Athens during the King Otto reign. The time limits of the investigation were restricted to discrete turning points which involved not only the city of Athens but Greece in general. The starting point of this research is 1833 when, along with the beginning of the Ottoman period, Athens becomes capital of the the state, the primary education system is established, the local government is organised and the state educational secretariat involving ecclesiastical issues is founded. The research spans throughout the entire Ottoman period until the year 1862 wherein the political landscape in Greece changes.The thesis an attempt to highlight the actions of the local government related to education in conjunction with the institutional context and the socioeconomic level of the time. The research specializes in issues regarding the creation of logistics, the operation of primary schools and kindergartens in the Municipality of Athens, as well as the factors that influenced the choice of institutions in the Municipality of Athens in relation to the aforementioned.The thesis begins with a chronological table of the most important political, historical, social and educational events both generally and locally. In the end, the conclusive results and bibliography are cited.The introduction justifies the reasons for choosing the specific subject, presents the research questions, by highlighting the problem issue and target of the thesis. With the presentation of the research questions, there is reference to the historical method by which the matter under inquiry is approached and an attempt to interpret the research results .The chapters comprise four parts of the thesis:The chapters of the first part refer to the historical events of the period and the events associated with the development of the city of Athens.The chapters of the second part present the constitutional and administrative framework of the local government. It also presents the actions taken on behalf of the mayors and the municipal councils of the time.The chapters of the third part involve the administrative framework involving education which prevailed during this period by placing emphasis on the 1834 law “On Primary Schools”. Furthermore, reference is made to the innovations that influenced education in the following decades, such as the implementation of the peer teaching method. The first private schools which appear in Athens to meet the basic needs of the student population highlight the need to establish state funded schools. In the meanwhile, the course of private education during that same time is depicted. Moreover, the thesis presents the legal framework for the construction of school buildings, the materials used and the infrastructure of schools.The chapters of the fourth part investigate the administration and supervision of municipality funded schools on a local level, the responsibilities of governing bodies in conjunction with the existing legal framework, their members and their effectiveness. Furthermore, reference is made to the funding of schools and teachers in relation to the legislative framework and the capabilities of the local government. In conclusion, unionism is examined as a factor in shaping developments in educational issues.Research suggests that the economic potential of municipalities in general and of Athens in particular were not sufficient to meet the educational needs of the time. Regardless of the difficulties, mayors and municipal authorities of Athens surpassed themselves and any objective difficulties in order for public schools to operate, to increase in number and contribute to the effort for an intellectual and economic advancement of the Athenian society.This thesis is based on records and literature examined and presented according to principles of scientific methodology. Greek and translated foreign language literature is also used for this purpose.

Ras al Khaimah: further archaeological discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (200) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Cardi
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
The State ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Ras a1 Khaimah is the most northerly of the seven states comprising the United Arab Emirates and its Ruler, H. H. Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammad al-Qasimi, is keenly interested in the history of the state and its people. Survey carried out there jointly with Dr D. B. Doe in 1968 had focused attention on the site of JuIfar which lies just north of the present town of Ras a1 Khaimah (de Cardi, 1971, 230-2). Julfar was in existence in Abbasid times and its importance as an entrep6t during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-the Portuguese Period-is reflected by the quantity and variety of imported wares to be found among the ruins of the city. Most of the sites discovered during the survey dated from that period but a group of cairns near Ghalilah and some long gabled graves in the Shimal area to the north-east of the date-groves behind Ras a1 Khaimah (map, FIG. I) clearly represented a more distant past.

Spatial and Institutional Analysis of the Voivodships Expenditure on Culture in the Years 2003 – 2015

e-Finanse ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
Adam Mateusz Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Location Quotient ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
National Heritage

AbstractFollowing the completion of the process of decentralisation of public administration in Poland in 2003, a number of tasks implemented previously by the state authorities were transferred to the local level. One of the most significant changes to the financing and management methods of the local authorities was the transfer of tasks related to culture and national heritage to the set of tasks implemented by local governments. As a result of the decentralisation process, the local government units in Poland were given significant autonomy in determining the purposes of their budgetary expenditures on culture. At the same time, they were obliged to cover these expenses from their own revenues.This paper focuses on the analysis of expenditures on culture covered by the voivodship budgets, taking into consideration the structure of cultural institutions by their types, between 2003-2015. The location quotient (LQ) was applied to two selected years (2006 and 2015) to illustrate the diversity of expenditures on culture in individual voivodships.

General Particulars Regarding the Conflict of Interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-149
Author(s):  
Aurelia Teodora Drăghici
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
National Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Legal Implications ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Changing Role

SummaryTheme conflicts of interest is one of the major reasons for concern local government, regional and central administrative and criminal legal implications aiming to uphold the integrity and decisions objectively. Also, most obviously, conflicts of interest occur at the national level where political stakes are usually highest, one of the determining factors of this segment being the changing role of the state itself, which creates opportunities for individual gain through its transformations.

Enterprise Development Programming in Partnership with Local Government, Science and Business. The Example of Rybnik

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kiljańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Enterprise Development ◽  
Entrepreneurship Development ◽  
Development Programming ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Resources And Capabilities ◽  
The City

The article concerns the mechanisms of entrepreneurship development in partnership with local government, science and business. The author presents evidence that the sector partnership is crucial for the success of projects developing entrepreneurship in the local and regional perspective. Local government has the resources and capabilities to act as initiators of projects and programs supporting the economic development of the city or voivodeship. At the same time, representatives of local government units must use appropriate operational and management methods in the implementation of the policy of strengthening entrepreneurship. Inter-sectoral collaboration requires the application of organisational solutions allowing for the involvement of units in different fields and basing on various legislation. The author also indicates that the source of the competitive advantage of cities and regions may be the specialisation, as well as the commercialisation of knowledge and technology. In this case, the inter-sectoral partnership is crucial as it conditions the success of economic development programs in its social, economic and political sense. At the same time, the article describes the methods of building the inter-sectoral cooperation. As a basis for the appropriate use of the different potential of the cooperating participants, the authors indicated projects and programs embracing groups of projects. All this is worth being recognised within the framework of strategic documents, such as development plans, strategies, and other records used by local government agencies. The article uses the outcome of the participatory workshops during the preparation of the Rybnik Enterprise Development Program. The aim of the study is the verification of the assumption that the sectoral partnership is crucial to the processes of local and regional entrepreneurship development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document