Spanish República and Inca Tyranny

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
S. Elizabeth Penry
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
The People ◽  
Planned Towns

For Spaniards civilization was only possible in a república, a self-governing town that was both urbs, the built environment, and, more importantly, civitas, the people and their social bonds. Theologians taught that God had granted sovereignty collectively to the people, who in turn loaned it to the king. But if he proved to be a tyrant, the people could revoke their sovereignty and overthrow the king. This political ideology underwrote both the 1521 Comunero Revolution in Spain and provided justification for overthrow of the Incas: if a people were so oppressed by a tyrant that they could not act, another power could intervene and overthrow the tyrant. Understood this way, Spaniards rescued Andeans from Inca tyrants. In order to civilize Andeans and convert them to Christianity, Viceroy Toledo began a process of undercutting encomenderos’ control of Andean labor and resettled Andeans into planned towns, modeled on the Spanish república.

Whither the people in the ASEAN Community?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-57
Author(s):  
See Seng Tan
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Management Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Derechos Humanos ◽  
The People ◽  
Droits Humains ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Abstract: The longstanding effort to develop a people-based regionalism in Southeast Asia has been shaped by an inherent tension between the liberal inclination to privilege the individual and the community under formation, on the one hand, and the realist insistence on the primacy of the state, on the other. This article explores the conditions and constraints affecting ASEAN’s progress in remaking Southeast Asia into a people-focused and caring community in three areas: disaster management, development, and democratization (understood here as human rights). Arguably, the persistent gap in Southeast Asia between aspiration and expectation is determined less by political ideology than by the pragmatic responses of ASEAN member states to the forces of nationalism and protectionism, as well as their respective sense of local and regional responsibility.Resumen: El esfuerzo histórico para desarrollar un regionalismo basado en las personas del sudeste de Asia ha estado marcado por una tensión fundamental entre la inclinación liberal de privilegiar el individuo y la comunidad y la insistencia realista sobre la primacía del estado. Este artículo explora las condiciones y limitaciones que afectan el progreso de la ASEAN en la reestructuración de Asia sudoriental en una comunidad centrada en el cuidado de las personas en: gestión de desastres, desarrollo y democratización (i.e., derechos humanos). La brecha persistente en el sudeste asiático entre la aspiración y la expectativa está determinada por las respuestas pragmáticas de los miembros de la ASEAN sometidos a las fuerzas del nacionalismo y proteccionismo, así como su respectivo sentido de responsabilidad local y regional.Résumé: L’effort historique pour développer un régionalisme fondé sur les peuples en Asie du Sud-Est a été marqué par une tension fondamentale entre l’inclination libérale qui privilégie, d’une part, l’individu et la communauté et, d’autre part, l’insistance réaliste sur la primauté de l’État. Cet article explore les conditions et les contraintes qui nuisent aux progrès de l’ANASE dans le cadre d’une refonte de l’Asie du Sud-Est en une communauté centrée et attentive aux peuples dans trois domaines : la gestion des désastres, le développement et la démocratisation (en référence aux droits humains). Le fossé persistant en Asie du Sud-Est entre les aspirations et les attentes est vraisemblablement moins déterminé par l’idéologie politique que par les réponses pragmatiques des États membres de l’ANASE soumis aux forces du nationalisme et du protectionnisme ainsi que par leur sens respectif de la responsabilité locale et régionale.

Parkour, Masculinity, and the City

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L. Kidder
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
The People ◽  
Ethnographic Data ◽  
Performance Of Gender ◽  
Spatial Appropriation ◽  
The City ◽  
A Performance

Parkour is a new, and increasingly popular, sport in which individuals athletically and artistically negotiate obstacles found in the urban environment. In this article, I position parkour as a performance of masculinity involving spatial appropriation. Through ethnographic data I show how young men involved in the sport use the city (both the built environment and the people within it) as a structural resource for the construction and maintenance of gender identities. The focus of my research highlights the performance of gender as a spatialized process.

scholarly journals Issues of Ethnic Benefits in Ho Chi Minh

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Assoc. Prof, Dr. Pham Ngoc Tram ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Leader ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Party Building ◽  
The People ◽  
State Construction ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Historical Methods

Ho Chi Minh is the eminent political leader of the nation and the Communist Party of Vietnam, one of the major politicians in the world. Ho Chi Minh's ideology on national interests is the viewpoints expressed deeply in Party building, formation and state construction of the people, by the people, for the people. From a historical point of view, the article uses historical methods and qualitative analysis to clarify the issue of national interests - Ho Chi Minh's core political ideology expressed through the work of Duong Kach Menh. The article argues that the national interest in Ho Chi Minh's thought is a creative philosophy, philosophy, thought of action, meeting the aspiration of independence and freedom of the entire nation, in accordance with the context. Specific aspects of the Vietnamese revolution and inherited and applied by the Communist Party of Vietnam in the current country development policy.

Vandalism and Resistance in Republican Rome

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-24
Author(s):  
Penelope J. E. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Dominant Class ◽  
The People ◽  
Republican Rome ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Elected Representatives

As political unrest seethed in late Republican Rome, a series of violent acts were perpetrated against well-known buildings, public and private, by the people (the plebs) and their elected representatives, the tribunes. On the rare occasions when scholars mention these events, they tend to treat them as random, isolated acts of vandalism; conspicuously missing is any accounting for them in commentaries on Rome's built environment. In Vandalism and Resistance in Republican Rome, Penelope J. E. Davies assesses these acts against a broad spectrum of political activism over the ages, as well as in the narrower context of contemporaneous politics, when strict, exclusionary norms governed the sponsorship of public architecture. She argues that the destructive acts were, in fact, deliberate, ideologically driven attempts by Rome's less powerful to defy and circumvent the language of power established by the dominant class.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDS FOR SENSE OF PLACE AND PERSONAL SPACE IN PUBLIC AREA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-83
Author(s):  
P.Meena Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The People ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Public Area ◽  
And Behavior

Environmental phycology and behavior in built environment is the field that interests the social scientists and environmental designers for many years. In-depth study and research finding are conducted and have discussed in detail the philosophy and the abstract theories on concept of privacy, personal space, sense of place by the people in a given built environment. As per Roger Barker (1951) statement, the paper proposes that the ecological environment does not demand much but permits some behavioral pattern to take place naturally and elucidate that the built environment tends to act as a catalyst in providing space for the users to perform but also act as a despot in making the users to alter their needs and behavior to the built setting. The paper also touches on the important issues in understanding, and translation of these psychological and behavioral theories and concepts into the real tangible substantial world that the architects and designers can imply upon. The fundamental primal need of people to have personal space and a sense of place in public area is reviewed in this paper and concludes for a cohesive way to achieve this ,by means of participation, cooperation and understanding among designers and environmental psychologists with the people.

scholarly journals Makna Ritual Paruman Barong di Pura Luhur Natar Sari, Desa Apuan, Kabupaten Tabanan

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Bontot
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The People ◽  
Economic Ideology ◽  
Religious Theory

<p>Piodalan ageng ritual in Luhur Natar Sari Temple, its implementation is slightly different from the other temples in general in Bali. A long and complex ritual, beginning with ngelawang ritual to three regencies in Bali, melasti, at the time of the peak of the ritual was attended by dozens of barong and thousands of pemedek. The implementation takes a lot of time, energy and not a small amount for the pemedek involved in the piodalan ageng series. This research proposes three problems, namely the ideology of barong meeting ritual, the form of the barong meeting ritual, and the meaning of barong meeting ritual. The problem is examined with eclectic theory, structuration theory, religious theory, and practical theory.<br />The presence of dozens of barong and thousands of pemedek on piodalan ageng in Luhur Natar Sari Temple, motivated by the existence of three ideologies, namely theological ideology, political ideology, and economic ideology. The form of barong meeting ritual in the sublime Luhur Natar Sari Temple is a series of nangiang Tapakan Ida Bhatara Sakti ceremonies, chanting to jaba kuta for 42 days, bhatara tedun kabeh or barong meeting, penganyaran, barong dance, and closing ceremonies. The meaning of barong meeting ritual in Luhur Natar Sari Temple is a recitation in accordance with history, withnessing the people up close, pasupati begging for taksu, pujawali, and meeting in noetic terms.</p>

scholarly journals Passive Design, Urban-Rural Architectural Morphology for Subtropics

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 376
Author(s):  
Asma Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Vernacular Architecture ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
The People ◽  
Passive Design ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Architectural Planning

Built environment is a function of man-made setting, surroundings, conditions which is the center of human activity in architectural places. The integration of nature into the built environment determines the urban or the rural form of settlements. The present research aims to specify architectural morphology of sub-tropical region through a case analysis of the situation in Pakistan. The field study analyses the existing housing stock in Pakistan, in urban settings and as a result of vernacular traditions in the villages. The paper identifies the regional characteristic behaviour of highland, lowland, coastal and arid region. It gives an overview of the current urban housing situation in Pakistan. It discusses the type of housing unit, the occupant behaviour, lifestyle of the people, It also identifies the pattern of energy used within the residential buildings of Pakistan. The architectural planning in urban and rural regions, their long term passive design techniques to cope with the climate challenges of a particular area have been discussed in detail. The paper recommend some contextual and adapted passive features of vernacular architecture in urban houses.  Keywords: Architectural-morphology, Urban, Housing, Vernacular, Passive Design, Built Environment

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY IN SAFEGUARDING THE HISTORY OF DENPASAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
Ni Ketut Ayu Siwalatri
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Cultural Character ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Economic Capacity

Denpasar has a variety of heritage assets that are still used by the people. Living Culture or intangible cultural heritage refers to the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, and skills owned by the local community. Globalization and information technology are factors that influence people to change and reinterpret their traditions that have been carried out for generations. This paper aims to explore the role and rights of the community in safeguarding their architecture and the built environment. From this study can be concluded that the changes made to the architecture and built environment are mostly carried out by following the current trends as a representation of the economic capacity of the owner and sometimes ignoring the rules and knowledge/tatwa and norm/susila that were previously used by the community for the spatial arrangement of their environment. In the past, knowledge was possessed by Brahmins in the power of the king, and the people only carry out traditions with little knowledge of the meaning contained in it. The knowledge stored in artifacts needs to be socialized or published so the changes made are still rooted in the local cultural character and can maintain the identity of the city of Denpasar.

“The Little Stairway under the Bell”

2019 ◽  
pp. 106-132
Author(s):  
Marcus Alan Watson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
York City ◽  
African Descent ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Underground Railroad ◽  
Antebellum America ◽  
The People ◽  
The Family

The Lott House in Brooklyn, one of the few remaining Dutch colonial farmhouses in New York City, was a place of multiple and transforming identities in encounters between persons of Dutch, English, and African descent. At one time the family was among the largest slaveholders in Brooklyn, yet they may have become abolitionists and used their house as part of the Underground Railroad. This chapter looks at the Lott family in the first half of the nineteenth century and how they fashioned and adapted their identities within the changing environment of antebellum America, particularly in relation to the people of African descent whom they owned, employed, or otherwise encountered. Making use of the built environment and archival evidence, the author argues that identity formation for the Lotts was a troubled endeavor, made difficult by the contradictory and sometimes clashing facets of their ethnic, religious, and social identities.

EQUINOCTIAL SUN AND ASTRONOMICAL ALIGNMENTS IN MESOAMERICAN ARCHITECTURE: FICTION AND FACT

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Ivan Šprajc
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Proper Understanding

Abstract Archaeoastronomical studies carried out during the last decades in Mesoamerica have demonstrated that civic and ceremonial buildings were largely oriented on astronomical grounds, mostly to sunrises and sunsets on certain dates, allowing the use of observational calendars that facilitated the scheduling of agricultural and related ritual activities. One of the deeply rooted but unfounded ideas is that many alignments recorded the Sun's positions at the equinoxes. By examining such proposals and analyzing their methodological flaws, I argue that they are not based on reliable and objectively selected alignment data, but rather derive from the preconceived significance attributed to the equinoxes. The most likely targets of the near-equinoctial orientations were the so-called quarter days, which occur two days after/before the spring/fall equinox and mark mid-points in time between the solstices. Considering that the astronomical alignments dominate extensive parts of the built environment, they must have played an important role in religion, worldview, and political ideology. Therefore, only a correct identification of their celestial referents, a prerequisite for any convincing interpretation of their meaning, underlying intents, and observational practices employed, can contribute to a proper understanding of some prominent aspects of architectural and urban planning in Mesoamerica.

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