School Choice and Choice Schools: Resisting, Realizing, or Replacing Brown?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Minow
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
School Reform ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Poor Students ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual

To school desegregation activists in the 1960s, school choice plans represented one of a series of tactics of avoidance or obstruction. Yet choice programs became part of school desegregation remedies and then became initiatives for varied school reforms. Political alliances and clashes around the issue of school choice color public perceptions even more than the actual effects of school choice on students’ achievement or social integration. School choice can enable both self-segregation or student mixing across many lines of difference. As a tool of school reform, school choice continues to hold promise and risks for those seeking equality and integration within schools while enhancing pluralism and respect for differences in society as a whole. Yet some forms of school choice could undermine equality goals unless they are accompanied by direct efforts to maintain and enforce these goals. Widespread perceptions that American schools are failing have fueled a major nationwide movement for school reform since the early 1980s. At the forefront have been business leaders who—worried about American competitiveness and the qualifications of the workforce for jobs requiring increasing technical skills—have brought conceptions of competition and innovation to the school reform initiatives. Parents and teachers, seeking greater control of local schools, have also energized the movement. Challenging established school bureaucracies and political arrangements, these reformers have pushed for performance standards, voucher systems to promote competition and consumer choices, site-based management, and other opportunities for innovation at the level of the individual school rather than the district or statewide system. One of the key themes pursued by a range of parents, teachers, business leaders, and other advocates as a motor for reform is parental choice. This concept combines a market-style consumer sovereignty idea with notions of personal liberty. School choice stimulates competition among providers, as parents look for benchmarks for assessing quality. As a result, states and localities have initiated institutional innovations. These include magnet and pilot schools, which draw students from an entire district by offering a special focus. Vouchers permit poor students to use public funds to pay tuition in private schools.

Michel Foucault and Western Medicine

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-81
Keyword(s):  
Western Medicine ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Social Medicine ◽  
Western Society ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes Michel Foucault’s philosophical ideas on Western medicine and delves into three main insights that the French philosopher developed to expose the presence of power behind the veil of the conventional experience of medicine. These insights probe the power-disciplining function of psychiatry, the administrative function of medical institutions, and the role of social medicine in the administrative and political system of Western society. Foucault arrived at theses insights by way of his intense interest in three elements of the medical system that arose almost simultaneously at the end of the 18th century - psychiatry as “medicine for mental illness”, the hospital as the First and most well-known type of medical institution, and social medicine as a type of medical knowledge focused more on the protection of society and far less on caring for the individual. All the issues Foucault wrote about stemmed from his personal and professional sensitivity to the problems of power and were a part of the “medical turn” in the social and human sciences that occurred in the West in the 1960s and 1970s and led to the emergence of medical humanities. The article argues that Foucault’s stories about the power of medical knowledge were philosophical stories about Western medicine. Foucault always used facts, dates, and names in an attempt to identify some of the general tendencies and patterns in the development of Western medicine and to reveal usually undisclosed mechanisms for managing individuals and populations. Those mechanisms underlie the practice of providing assistance, be it the “moral treatment” practiced by psychiatrists before the advent of effective medication, or treating patients as “clinical cases” in hospitals, or hospitalization campaigns that were considered an effective “technological safe-guard ” in the 18th and most of the 19th century.

Collegiate Principal Structures in Implementing a School Behaviour Support Program: The Role of the Local Management Group Model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Judith Foggett ◽  
Robert Conway ◽  
Kerry Dally
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Professional Learning ◽  
School Principals ◽  
Individual Student ◽  
Group Model ◽  
Local Management ◽  
Problem Behaviour ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Student problem behaviour in schools is an issue for teachers, schools, and education jurisdictions. Problem behaviour also has an effect on families, the individual student, and the community. It is one of the principal issues of discussion for teachers, preservice teachers, principals, and policymakers. The purpose of this study was to examine a model that supports schools in managing available resources to promote positive behaviour and address problem behaviour. Interviews were conducted with 12 primary and high school principals to investigate their experiences of working together in 6 local management groups (LMGs) for the management of student behaviour. The findings revealed that the LMG model supported effective collaborative leadership practices between the high school and primary school principals and encouraged collegial networks among primary and high school teachers through joint professional learning opportunities. The benefits of the LMG model highlighted some positive outcomes for principals, teachers, and students with problem behaviour within their local schools.

scholarly journals Interactive use of online health resources: a comparison of consumer and professional questions

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 802-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirk Roberts ◽  
Dina Demner-Fushman
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Information Access ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Health And Wellness ◽  
Medical Problems ◽  
Online Resource ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Processing Techniques

Abstract Objective To understand how consumer questions on online resources differ from questions asked by professionals, and how such consumer questions differ across resources. Materials and Methods Ten online question corpora, 5 consumer and 5 professional, with a combined total of over 40 000 questions, were analyzed using a variety of natural language processing techniques. These techniques analyze questions at the lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels, exposing differences in both form and content. Results Consumer questions tend to be longer than professional questions, more closely resemble open-domain language, and focus far more on medical problems. Consumers ask more sub-questions, provide far more background information, and ask different types of questions than professionals. Furthermore, there is substantial variance of these factors between the different consumer corpora. Discussion The form of consumer questions is highly dependent upon the individual online resource, especially in the amount of background information provided. Professionals, on the other hand, provide very little background information and often ask much shorter questions. The content of consumer questions is also highly dependent upon the resource. While professional questions commonly discuss treatments and tests, consumer questions focus disproportionately on symptoms and diseases. Further, consumers place far more emphasis on certain types of health problems (eg, sexual health). Conclusion Websites for consumers to submit health questions are a popular online resource filling important gaps in consumer health information. By analyzing how consumers write questions on these resources, we can better understand these gaps and create solutions for improving information access. This article is part of the Special Focus on Person-Generated Health and Wellness Data, which published in the May 2016 issue, Volume 23, Issue 3.

The Americanisation of C. L. R. James

Race & Class ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Global Impact ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cultural Climate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Political Activist ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
To Receive

The writings of the Black Marxist-Leninist thinker and activist C. L. R. James are now widely known and studied, although most of his long career was passed in obscurity. His two most influential books, The Black Jacobins (1938) and Beyond a Boundary (1963) now have a global impact. But his work did not begin to receive wide recognition until the 1980s and 1990s. And it is the nature of that recognition, and the ends to which his work has been put in the US academy, that this article explores. In critiquing a wide range of influential theoretical approaches to James’ work, the author relates current interpretations of it to the wider political and cultural climate engendered by neoliberalism, with its emphasis on the individual not as a historical agent, but as primarily concerned with self-fashioning and cultural identity. In the process, the article demonstrates how the political activist thrust of James’ analyses and work, and its concerns with imperialism and resistance, has been set aside as part of the corporate world’s continuing appropriation of the ‘alternative and adversarial culture of the 1960s’.

scholarly journals Racial Integration, White Appropriation, and School Choice: The Demise of the Colored Schools of Late Nineteenth Century Brooklyn

2020 ◽  
pp. 009614422093322
Author(s):  
Judith Kafka ◽  
Cici Matheny
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
School Choice ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Black Schools ◽  
White Families ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Enrollment Data

This study examines school desegregation in late-nineteenth-century Brooklyn from a spatial perspective, analyzing enrollment data and policy debates within the context of the shifting racial and geographic contours of the city. We argue that “choice” on the part of black families only partially explains the demise of designated-black schools during this period. White interests also played a role in the closing of these institutions, as white families and developers sought, and ultimately acquired, control over formerly black spaces. This study contributes to a growing body of research on school desegregation in northern U.S. cities by exploring the perceived benefits of school desegregation for white families and property owners, and by examining how the end of official school segregation may have helped to shape the racial contours of nineteenth-century urban development.

scholarly journals The Normativity of Habermas’s Public Sphere from the Vantage Point of Its Evolution

2019 ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Maciej Hułas
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Public ◽  
Age Of Reason ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Classical Setting ◽  
Bourgeois Culture ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual

The paper argues that the original normativity that provides the basis for Habermas’s model of the public sphere remains untouched at its core, despite having undergone some corrective alterations since the time of its first unveiling in the 1960s. This normative core is derived from two individual claims, historically articulated in the eighteenth-century’s “golden age” of reason and liberty as both sacred and self-evident: (1) the individual right to an unrestrained disposal of one’s private property; and (2) the individual right to formulate one’s opinion in the course of public debate. Habermas perceives the public sphere anchored to these two fundamental freedoms/rights as an arena of interactive opinion exchange with the capacity to solidly and reliably generate sound reason and public rationality. Despite its historical and cultural attachments to the bourgeois culture as its classical setting, Habermas’s model of the public sphere, due to its universal normativity, maintains its unique character, even if it has been thoroughly reformulated by social theories that run contrary to his original vision of the lifeworld, organized and ruled by autonomous rational individuals.     

Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayala Levin
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
African Unity ◽  
United Nations Economic Commission ◽  
The Past ◽  
Economic Commission ◽  
Organization Of African Unity ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

In the 1960s, Addis Ababa experienced a construction boom, spurred by its new international stature as the seat of both the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the Organization of African Unity. Working closely with Emperor Haile Selassie, expatriate architects played a major role in shaping the Ethiopian capital as a symbol of an African modernity in continuity with tradition. Haile Selassie's Imperial Modernity: Expatriate Architects and the Shaping of Addis Ababa examines how a distinct Ethiopian modernity was negotiated through various borrowings from the past, including Italian colonial planning, both at the scale of the individual building and at the scale of the city. Focusing on public buildings designed by Italian Eritrean Arturo Mezzedimi, French Henri Chomette, and the partnership of Israeli Zalman Enav and Ethiopian Michael Tedros, Ayala Levin critically explores how international architects confronted the challenges of mediating Haile Selassie's vision of an imperial modernity.

School Desegregation and Resegregation in the Upper South: An Introduction and Overview

2021 ◽  
pp. 000276422110332
Author(s):  
Toby L. Parcel ◽  
Roslyn A. Mickelson
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
School Choice ◽  
School Desegregation ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Upper South ◽  
Opinion Polls

Despite strong progress toward school desegregation in the late 20th century, many locations in the Upper South have recently experienced school resegregation. The articles in this issue investigate similarities and differences across this region in attitudes underlying these developments. Individual papers treat factors including resident location within and across school districts, as well as the role of school choice. Papers also advocate for combining the results of case studies and opinion polls in elucidating these dynamics. The issue concludes with a look forward regarding the social and political forces that will contribute to whether or not the Supreme Court’s mandate, based on Brown v. Board of Education, will be realized by its 100th anniversary in 2054.

Polizeikulturelle Rahmungen von gesundheitlicher Arbeitsbelastung: eine qualitativ-empirische Annäherung

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-258
Author(s):  
Josephine Jellen
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Social Transformation ◽  
Police Department ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Professional Lives ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Late Modern ◽  
Transformation Processes

Zusammenfassung In meinem Beitrag gehe ich der Frage nach, wie Polizist*innen gesundheit­lichen Belastungen im Allgemeinen und im Zuge der Fluchtbewegung 2015 im Speziellen deutend begegnen. Dabei befasse ich mich mit den sozialen und polizeikulturellen Überformungen des Themas Arbeitsbelastung von Polizist*innen. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass polizeiliche Belastungen im Zuge von gesellschaftlichen Umbruchsphasen dazu führen, dass die Behörde sekundäre Gewinne (z.B. Anerkennung, aber auch personelle und andere Ressourcen) erlangt. Die Polizei als Institution geht gestärkt aus gesellschaftlichen Phasen des Umbruchs hervor, während die einzelnen Beamt*innen die gesundheitlichen Belastungen spätmoderner Gesellschaften im beruflichen Alltag aushalten müssen. So entwickeln Polizist*innen zur Überbrückung dieser Ambivalenzen eigene Sinnkonstruktionen oder wählen kurz- bis mittelfristige Ausstiegsstrategien aus dem beruflichen Alltag. Abstract: How Do Police Offices Frame Health-Related Stress? – A Qualitative-Empirical Approach In the article, I explore how police officers interpret health-related stress and discuss social and cultural framing processes. The special focus of my analysis lies on the time of the refugee movement in 2015. The findings show that workloads for police officers, that arise during social transformation processes such as the refugee movement, result in an achievement of secondary gains on the side of the institution, in this case the police department (recognition, but also personnel and other resources). While social transformation processes strengthen the institution, the individual police officers have to endure the ambivalences of late-modern societies in their everyday professional lives. In order to cope with this workload, they develop their own constructions of meaning or choose short- to medium-term exit strategies from their everyday professional lives.

Deception Detection Tests: A Subdued Investigating Tool

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 419-422
Author(s):  
Senthil Kumaran M ◽  
Bedanta Sarma ◽  
Arun Kumar S
Keyword(s):  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Personal Liberty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Extract Information

The increasing demand to dispose of the cases swiftly, police often resort to third-degree methods to extract information from the individual; and in the process violate the fundamental rights to life and personal liberty stated under article 21 of the constitution of India. With the development of science and technology quickly eliciting the information is possible by adopting methods of polygraph, brain mapping, and narco analysis. In the past various experts, committees and judgements in courts have recommended these technologies to be used. Though there is a demand, it also raises serious legal, ethical and medical issues. Through this article we attempted to analyze the issues from various angles, and should take steps in the future to implement them. Keywords: Deception Detection Test (DDT), polygraph, brain mapping, narco analysis.

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