Self-Control, Agency, and the Placebo Brain Stimulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 189-202
Author(s):  
Davide Rigoni ◽  
Naomi Vanlessen ◽  
Rossella Guerini ◽  
Mario De Caro ◽  
Marcel Brass
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Metacognitive Knowledge ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Control Performance ◽  
The Core ◽  
Actual Outcome ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter focuses on the relationship between control beliefs and self-control. After providing an overview of the research showing how control beliefs affect self-control performance, the authors present a novel experimental procedure based on a placebo brain stimulation that aims at altering people’s belief about their own self-control. They then describe a heuristic framework that accounts for belief-related changes in self-control performance. The core idea is that beliefs should be conceptualized as metacognitive knowledge about the self and that such metacognitive knowledge is used to predict the success of self-control behavior. When people form the expectation that they can exert self-control but experience failure, they perceive a discrepancy between their expectation and the actual outcome. Under specific circumstances, the perception of such discrepancy or prediction error will motivate people to exert more effort to match their expectation, which will lead to increased self-control.

Trust-Based Theories of Promising

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (280) ◽  
pp. 443-463
Author(s):  
Daniele Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Normative Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Core ◽  
Philosophical Account ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper discusses the prospects of a comprehensive philosophical account of promising that relies centrally on the notion of trust. I lay out the core idea behind the Trust View, showing how it convincingly explains the normative contours and the unique value of our promissory practice. I then sketch three distinct options of how the Trust View can explain the normativity of promises. First, an effect based-view, second, a view drawing on a wider norm demanding respect to those whom one has invited to something, and finally, as a new suggestion, a Normative Interest View. This view holds that promising is a normative power that serves our interest in facilitating or enabling the relationship of trust between promisor and promisee. I argue that only those embracing the third view can fully account for the distinctive obligation that results from the giving of a valid promise in all cases.

Back to Practices and Narratives

2022 ◽  
pp. 265-279
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Risi ◽  
Riccardo Pronzato
Keyword(s):  
Critical Pedagogy ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Core ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Auto Ethnography ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship

The role of digital platforms in everyday life is a concern within different research fields; therefore, several authors have supported the need to investigate them and their underlying meshing of human and computational logic. In this chapter, the authors present a methodological proposal according to which auto-ethnographic diaries can be fruitfully employed to examine the relationship between individuals and algorithmic platforms. By drawing on a critical pedagogy approach, they consider auto-ethnography both as a practice of access to algorithmic logics through rich first-hand data regarding everyday usage practices as a response to datafication. The core idea behind this narrative method is to use inductive self-reflexive methodological tools to help individuals critically reflect on their daily activities, thereby making their consumption of algorithmic contents more aware and allowing researchers to collect in-depth reports about their use of digital platforms and the following processes of subjectification.

scholarly journals New Ways to Explore the Relationship–Emotion–Health Connection

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-78
Author(s):  
David A. Sbarra ◽  
James A. Coan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Health ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Interpersonal Process ◽  
The Core ◽  
Emotional Responding ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Sharing ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship

The commentaries by Rimé (2018) and Scherer (2018) underscore and extend many of the central themes discussed in our target article (Sbarra & Coan, 2018). This response filters the commentaries through the lens of our review article and highlights the core idea that relationships provide a vital context for the types of emotional responding outlined in the commentaries, including the social sharing of emotion (an inherently interpersonal process) as well as the link between emotional competence and physical health (which can unfold both within and between people).

The Development of Metacognitive Knowledge in Children and Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Schneider ◽  
Elisabeth Löffler
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Metacognitive Knowledge ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Metacognitive Skills ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter aims at depicting the development of metacognitive knowledge from early childhood through early adolescence. Children’s ability to reflect on their mental states develops rapidly in early childhood, beginning around the age of three. Thus the chapter first discusses important precursors of metacognitive knowledge, in particular, the correct use of mental verbs and the development of a “theory of mind.” Subsequently, it highlights essential stages in the acquisition of declarative metacognitive knowledge, with an emphasis on knowledge about the effectiveness of different strategies. Next, it discusses how and when important aspects of procedural metamemory, that is, monitoring and self-control, develop in childhood and how they interact. It then discusses developmental trends in the relationship between metamemory and memory in more detail. Finally, it presents attempts to assess and foster metacognitive skills in applied settings and discusses possible future directions of research on the development of metacognition.

scholarly journals From pool to profile: Social consequences of algorithmic prediction in insurance

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 205395172093922 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cevolini ◽  
Elena Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Social Consequences ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
New Era ◽  
Risk Pooling ◽  
The Core ◽  
Predictive Algorithms ◽  
Risk Spreading ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship

The use of algorithmic prediction in insurance is regarded as the beginning of a new era, because it promises to personalise insurance policies and premiums on the basis of individual behaviour and level of risk. The core idea is that the price of the policy would no longer refer to the calculated uncertainty of a pool of policyholders, with the consequence that everyone would have to pay only for her real exposure to risk. For insurance, however, uncertainty is not only a problem – shared uncertainty is a resource. The availability of individual risk information could undermine the principle of risk-pooling and risk-spreading on which insurance is based. The article examines this disruptive change first by exploring the possible consequences of the use of predictive algorithms to set insurance premiums. Will it endanger the principle of mutualisation of risks, producing new forms of discrimination and exclusion from coverage? In a second step, we analyse how the relationship between the insurer and the policyholder changes when the customer knows that the company has voluminous, and continuously updated, data about her real behaviour.

The Evolution of Conative Representational Decision Making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armin W. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

This chapter defends a cognitive-efficiency-based account of the evolution of conative representational decision making. The core idea behind this account is that, similarly to cognitive representational decision makers, conative representational decision makers can, in some circumstances, adjust more easily to a changed environment and streamline their neural decision making machinery. However, as I also make clearer, the origins of these benefits are different here than in the case of cognitive representational decision making: they center on patterns in the way the organism reacts to the world, and not on patterns in the states of the world that the organism can react to. This has some important implications for the situations in which conative representational decision making is adaptive relative to when cognitive representational decision making is adaptive. The chapter ends by combining the picture laid out here with that laid out in the previous chapter to develop a clearer account of the relationship between the evolution of conative and the evolution of cognitive representational decision making.

scholarly journals Two Models of the Subject–Properties Structure

Axiomathes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-390
Author(s):  
Marek Piwowarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Functional Model ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Shapes ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In the paper I discuss the problem of the nature of the relationship between objects and their properties. There are three contexts of the problem: of comparison, of change and of interaction. Philosophical explanations of facts indicated in the three contexts need reference to properties and to a proper understanding of a relationship between them and their bearers. My aim is to get closer to this understanding with the use of some models but previously I present the substantialist theory of object and shortly argue for its main theses. The two models enabling us the understanding of the subject–properties structure are: the plastic stuff model and the functional model. On the ground of the first a subject is compared to a piece of plastic stuff which is informed by different shapes. Properties are ways how a subject is, they “give” some “figure” to a subject. The core idea of the second model is that essences (performing the role of subjects) are immanent functional laws governing correlations of properties. As such they are similar to mathematical functions which are saturated by values. The relationship between a subject and properties can be grasped by analogy to such a saturation.

scholarly journals Why use predictive processing to explain psychopathology? The case of anorexia nervosa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gadsby ◽  
Jakob Hohwy
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Prediction Error ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
The Core ◽  
Prediction Error Minimization ◽  
Core Idea ◽  
Perceptual Reasoning ◽  
Processing Framework

Predictive processing accounts are increasingly called upon to explain mental disorder. They seem to provide an attractive explanatory framework because the core idea of prediction error minimization can be applied to simultaneously account for several perceptual, attentional and reasoning deficits often implicated in mental disorder. However, it can be unclear how much is gained by such accounts: the proffered explanations can appear to have several weaknesses such as being too liberal, too shallow, or too wedded to formal notions of statistical learning. Here, we taxonomise the relatively unrecognised variety of explanatory tools under the framework and discuss how they can be employed to provide substantial explanations. We then apply the framework to anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder that is characterised by a complex set of perceptual, reasoning and decision-making problems. We conclude that the predictive processing framework is a valuable type of explanation for psychopathology.

Physical Fitness and Resting EEG in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Wen Huang ◽  
Chung-Ju Huang ◽  
Chiao-Ling Hung ◽  
Chia-Hao Shih ◽  
Tsung-Min Hung
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Relationship

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by a deviant pattern of brain oscillations during resting state, particularly elevated theta power and increased theta/alpha and theta/beta ratios that are related to cognitive functioning. Physical fitness has been found beneficial to cognitive performance in a wide age population. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and resting-state electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations in children with ADHD. EEG was recorded during eyes-open resting for 28 children (23 boys and 5 girls, 8.66 ± 1.10 years) with ADHD, and a battery of physical fitness assessments including flexibility, muscular endurance, power, and agility tests were administered. The results indicated that ADHD children with higher power fitness exhibited a smaller theta/alpha ratio than those with lower power fitness. These findings suggest that power fitness may be associated with improved attentional self-control in children with ADHD.

Examining the relationship between self-control and social inclusion

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine D. Rawn ◽  
Kathleen D. Vohs ◽  
Darrin R. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
The Relationship
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